The Human Circulatory System

 The circulatory system, also called as the

cardiovascular system, is an organ that
permits blood to circulate and transport
nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
hormones, and blood cells in the body to
provide nourishment and help in fighting
diseases.
 Humans and other vertebrates have a closed
circulatory system:
- This means that circulating blood is
pumped through a system of vessels
- This system consists of the heart
(pump), series of blood vessels and the
blood that flows through them.
 Deoxygenated blood passes from the
right atrium into the right ventricle and
The Heart then goes to the lungs.
- Located near the center of your chest  From the lungs, blood moves back
- Hollow structure toward the heart into the left atrium to
the left ventricle and then passes into the
- Composed almost entirely of muscle aorta to go to the rest of the body
- About the size of your clenched fist Valves
- Enclosed in a protective sac called the - As the heart contracts, blood flows
pericardium into the ventricles and then out
through the ventricles.
- In the walls of the heart, two layers of
tissue form a sandwich around a thick - Flaps of connective tissue, called
layer of muscle called the myocardium. valves, are located between the atria
and ventricles.
- Contractions of the myocardium pump
blood through the circulatory system. - Blood moving keeps the valves
open.
- The heart contracts about 72 times per
minute - When the ventricles contract, the
valves close which prevent blood
- Pumps about 70mL of blood with each
from flowing back into the atria.
contraction.
- There are also valves that stop blood
- The right and left sides of the heart are
from re-entering the ventricles after
separated by a septum or wall that
the blood has left.
prevents the mixing of oxygen rich and
- This system of valves keeps blood
oxygen poor blood.
moving in one direction which
increases the pumping efficiency of
the heart.
Heart Beat
Pathway of Blood
 Heart muscles are composed of
individual fibers

 Each atrium and ventricle contracts as a

unit.

 Each contraction begins with a group of

cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium
known as the sinoatrial node (SA node)
  Because the SA node paces the heart it
is known as the pacemaker.
 The impulse spreads from the
pacemaker to the rest of the atria.
 From the atria, a signal is sent to the
atrioventricular node and then to a
bundle of fibers in the ventricle.
 When the ventricle contracts, blood
flows out.
Blood Vessels
 As blood moves through the circulatory
system it moves through 3 types of
blood vessels:
 Arteries
- Large vessels
- Carry blood from heart to
tissues of body
- Carry oxygen rich blood,
with the exception of
pulmonary arteries.
- Thick walls-need to
withstand pressure produced
when heart pushes blood
into them.
 Capillaries
- Smallest blood vessels
- Walls are only one cell thick
and very narrow.
- Important for bringing
nutrients and oxygen to
tissues and absorbing CO2
and other waste products.
 Veins
- Once blood has passed
through the capillary
systems it must be returned
to the heart.
- Done by veins
- Walls contains connective
tissue and smooth muscle.
- Largest veins contain one
way valves that keep blood
flowing toward heart.
- Many found near skeletal
muscles. When muscles
contract, blood is forced
through veins.
Blood Pressure
 The heart produces pressure
 The force of blood on the wall of the
arteries is known as blood pressure.
 Blood pressure decreases as the heart
relaxes, but the rest of the circulatory
system is still under pressure.
 When blood pressure is taken, the cuff is
wrapped around the upper portion of the
arm and pumped with air until blood
flow in the artery is blocked.
 As the pressure in the cuff is relaxed, 2
numbers are recorded.
 Systolic pressure- the first
number taken, is the force felt in
the arteries when the ventricles
contract.
 Diastolic pressure- the second
number taken, is the force of the
blood on the arteries when the
ventricles relax.
Disorders of Circulatory System
 Atherosclerosis
- Fatty deposits (plaque) in walls
of arteries
- Deposits can obstruct flow of
blood which can raise blood
pressure
- Increases risk of blood clots
- If clot breaks free it can obstruct
blood flow to tissues.
 Heart Attack
- Due to atherosclerosis, coronary
arteries may become blocked
(blood can’t get to heart muscle)
- Heart muscle begins to die due
to lack of O2
 Stroke
- Blood clot may break free and
block a vessel leading to the
brain.
- Brain cells are starved of
oxygen and nutrients
- Loss of function may occur
- Can cause paralysis, loss of
ability to speak or death.
Blood o Platelets

 Composed of plasma and blood cells - Aid the body in clotting

- Small fragments
 Types of Cells are: - Stick to edges of broken blood cell
 Red Blood Cells and secrete clotting factor to help
form clot.
 White Blood Cells
 Platelets Blood Clotting Problems

 Hemophelia
- Genetic disorder that disrupts
o Plasma clotting

- Straw colored - People must be very careful to

avoid injury
- 90% water
- Can be treated by injecting
- 10% dissolved gases, salts, extracts that contain the missing
nutrients, enzymes, hormones, clotting factor.
wastes, and proteins.
o Plasma proteins
Circulatory System of the Frog
- 3 Types: Albumins, globulins
and fibrinogen. Circulatory System- Is the system of blood ,
heart, and blood vessels.
- Albumins and Globulins-
transport substances such as Heart
fatty acids, hormones and
vitamins.
- Fibrinogen- Responsible for
blood’s ability to clot
o Red Blood Cells
- Most numerous type
- Transport oxygen
- Get color from hemoglobin
- Disk shaped
- Made in red bone marrow
- Circulate for 120 days
• Heart of frog is situated ventrally to the
liver in the pericardial cavity.
o White Blood Cells
• Heart is three –chambered.
- Guard against infection, fight
parasites, and attack bacteria • Upper two chambers are called auricle
sand lower one chamber is called
- Number of WBC’s increases ventricle.
when body is fighting
• Its anterior end is broader than posterior
- Lymphocytes produce end.
antibodies which fight
pathogens and remember them • The broader part anterior is known as
auricle.
 • The posterior part is known as ventricle.
• The ventricle is thick walled than
auricles .right auricle is larger than left
auricle.
External Structure of Heart
 From the ventral view
The tubular structure is present on right side
of anterior part of ventricle, which is called
truncus arterious gives two branches called
aortic trunks.
 From the dorsal view
There is somewhat triangular structure called
sinus venosus. It opens into right auricle. The
right precaval, left precaval and post caval veins
open into sinus venosus.
Internal structure of the Heart
 Two auricles are separated by a septum
called internal auricular septum.
 The right auricle bears opening of sinus
venous called sinu-auricular aperture
which is guarded by valves called sinu-
auricular valves.
 It allows flow of blood from sinus
venous to right auricle and prevents
back flow of blood.
 Left auricle bears opening of pulmonary
vein without valve.
 Auricles open to ventricles by auriculo-
ventricular aperature, which is guarded
by four auriculo-ventricular valves.
Venous System of Frog
 Blood vessels, which carry the
deoxygenated blood from different parts
of the body to the heart, are called veins.
They constitute a system called venous
system.
Venous system of frog can be studied under
to heading:
A) Systematic Venous System
This system includes the three large veins, which
receives the deoxygenated blood from all the
parts of the body and collect to the sinus venous.
The three veins are Right Precaval, Left
Precaval, Post Cavals
1.) Right and Left Precaval Vein: Each precaval
is formed by the union of 3 veins
External jugular vein- it is formed by the two
veins.
a. Lingual Vein- it receives deoxygenated
blood from mouth and tongue.
b. Mandibular Vein- it receives
deoxygenated blood from lower jaw.
2.) Post Caval Vein: It receives deoxygenated
blood from following 3 veins.
a. Hepatic vein- it receives
deoxygenated blood from liver.
b. Gonodial Vein- it receives
deoxygenated blood from gonads.
c. Renal Vein- it receives deoxygenated
blood from kidney.
B) Pulmonary Venous System
The pulmonary vein receives pure blood from
lungs into left auricle of heart.