CATALYST- A SUBSTANCE THAT SPEEDS UP A REACTION.

INHIBITOR- SUBSTANCES THAT SLOWS DOWN A CHEMICAL REACTION

PRODUCT IS A RESULTING SUBSTANCE AFTER A CHEMICAL REACTION

REACTANT- THE SUBSTANCE ENTERING A CHEMICAL REACTION

ACTIVATION ENERGY- IS NEEDED TO BREAK THE BOND BETWEEN REACTANT MOLECULES TO FORM NEW BONDS
LEADING TO FORMATION OF THE PRODUCTS

COLLISION THEORY- IT EXPLAINS HOW COLLISION BETWEEN REACTANT MOLECULES MAY OR MAY NOT BE IN A
SUCCESSFUL CHEMICAL REACTION.

4 MAIN TYPES OF BIOMOLECULE: PROTEIN, LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES, NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN

CARBOHYDRATES- ARE THE MAJOR SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE BODY. THESE ARE SIMPLE SUGAR, STARCH AND
CELLULOSE. ALL CARBOHYDRATES CONTAIN CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN.

MONOSACCHARIDES- PREFIX MONO WHICH MEANS ONE. IT IS THE SIMPLEST SUGAR AND THE BASIC SUBUNIT OF A
CARBOHYDRATE. THESE ARE WHITE SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE BECAUSE THEY ARE POLAR STRUCTURE, SOLUBLE
IN WATER, COMMON EXAMPLE ARE GLUCOSE WHICH IS CALLED DEXTROSE AND FRUCTOSE,

ISOMERS- WHEN COMPOUNDS HAVE THE SAME MOLECULAR FORMULAS

LIVER AND PANCREAS- DURING DIGESTION CARBOHYDRATES ARE BROKEN INTO MONOSACCHARIDE. IT IS ABSORBED
INTO THE BLOOD AS INSTANT ENERGY. EXCESS GLUCOSE IS STORED IN THE LIVER AS GLYCOGEN, WHEN TOO MUCH
GLUCOSE, PANCREAS SECRETE INSULIN TO TRANSFORM GLUCOSE INTO FATS OR GLYCOGEN.

FRUITS LIKE GRAPES, APPLE CONTAIN A MONOSACCHARIDE CALLED FRUCTOSE OR FRUIT SUGAR

DISACCHARIDES ALSO KNOWN AS SUCROSE. EXAMPLE SUGAR IN COFFEE

CONDENSATION REACTION- IN WHICH TWO MOLECULES OR PARTS OF THE SAME MOLECULE COMBINE. WATER IS
ALWAYS LOST.

• EXAMPLE: CONDENSATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES WILL FORM DISACCHARIDES.

• WHEN TWO GLUCOSE IS COMBINE MALTOSE IS FORMED.

EXAMPLE OF DISACCHARIDES:

• LACTOSE ALSO KNOWN AS MILK SUGAR, IS MADE UP OF SUGAR CALLED GALACTOSE AND GLUCOSE.

• LACTASE IS A SPECIFIC ENZYME NECESSARY TO HELP BREAK THE BOND BETWEEN THE TWO MONOSACCHARIDES
WHEN TWO LACTOSE IS DIGESTED.

• LACTOSE INTOLERANT- PEOPLE WHO CANNOT DIGEST MILK PRODUCTS, BECAUSE THEY DO NOT PRODUCE
LACTASE ENZYME.

HYDROLYSIS- OCCURS WHEN THE BOND BETWEEN MONOSACCHARIDES IS BROKEN WITH THE ADDITION OF WATER

POLYSACCHARIDE- PREFIX POLY MEANS MANY OR COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES. THEY ARE MADE UP OF SMALLER UNITS
THAT ARE JOINED TOGETHER. THESE FOOD TURNS FROM BLUE TO BALCK BECAUSE OF THEY STARCHY CONTENTS.

THREE COMMON POLYSACCHARIDES ARE STARCH, GLYCOGEN, CELLULOSE.

STARCH IS A CHIEF STORAGE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN PLANTS, AND MAIN SOURCE OF CARBOHYDRATE OF HUMAN. IT IS
A POLYSACCHARIDE ASSEMBLED FROM THE SIMPLE SUGAR GLUCOSE JOINED BY COVALENT BOND. STARCH IS MADE UP
OF TWO TYPES OF POLYSACCHARIDES AMYLOSE WHICH IS COILED OR HELICAL, AND AMYLOPECTIN WHICH IS
BRANCHED

GLYCOGEN IS A POLYSACCHARIDE THAT IS SIMILAR TO STARCH BECAUSE IT IS ALSO COMPOSED OF ALPHA GLUCOSE
UNITS. IT IS STORED IN THE LIVER.

CELLULOSE- SUBSTANCE THAT IS THE MAIN PART OF THE CELL WALL OF THE PLANTS.

LIPIDS- STORED ENERGY FOR LATER USE, FOUND IN HORMONE AND CELL MEMBRANE COMPONENTS,

STRUCTURAL TYPES OF LIPIDS- FATTY ACIDS, STEROIDS, WAXES.

FATTY ACID -NATURAL OCCURING ESTERS ARE LIPIDS THAT CONTAIN ONE OR MORE LONG CHAIN CARBOXYLIC ACID.

.TRIGLYCERIDES- MOSHT ABUNDANT LIPIDS CONSIST OF FATS AND OILS

STEROIDS- ARE ANOTHER CLASS OF LIPIDS WHOSE MOLECULES ARE COMPOSED OF FUSED RINGS OF ATOM. THE MOST
IMPORTANT STEROID IS CHOLESTEROL.

PROTEIN- ARE MADE UP OF THE ELEMENTS CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN NITROGEN, AND SULFUR.

EXAMPLE; ,MEAT, FISH, EGG WHITE, CHEESE

AMINO ACIDS- SIMPLER UNITS OF PROTEIN

ENZYMES- KNOWN AS BIOLOGICAL CATALYST, EXAMPLE. LACTASE

LACTASE- IS AN ENZYME WHICH ROLE IS TO BREAKDOWN LACTOSE INTO GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE.

NUCLEIC ACIDSLONG CHAINS OF POLYMERS CONSISTING SIMPLER UNIT OF MONOMERS.

TWO TYPES: DNA AND RNA

MONOMER OF NUCLEIC ACID IS NUCLEOTIDE