Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Take the curl of the first equation and make use of the
second and the third equations, we have: Note :
∇ × ∇ × E = ∇(∇ ⋅ E ) − ∇ 2 E
∂ ∂ 2
∇ 2 E = μ ∇ × H = με 2 E
∂t ∂t
This is called the wave equation:
∂ 2
∇ 2E − με 2 E = 0
∂t
A similar equation for H can be obtained:
∂ 2
∇ H − με 2 H = 0
2
∂t
Hon Tat Hui
2 Plane Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
NUS/ECE EE2011
∂ 2
∇ E − μ 0ε 0 2 E = 0
2
∂t
where
1
μ 0ε 0 = 2
c
∂n ⎧ ∂n • j ωt ⎫
E( x, y, z , t ) = Re ⎨ n E( x, y, z )e ⎬
∂t n
⎩ ∂t ⎭
⎧ •
jωt ⎫
= Re ⎨( jω ) E( x, y, z )e ⎬
n
⎩ ⎭
⎧ •
⎫
∫ "∫ E(x, y, z, t )dt " dt = Re⎨⎩∫ "∫ E(x, y, z )e dt " dt ⎬⎭
jωt
⎧ 1 • jωt ⎫
= Re⎨ E( x, y, z )e ⎬
⎩ ( jω )
n
⎭
Hon Tat Hui
5 Plane Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
NUS/ECE EE2011
∂t
(dropping the dot sign) ⇒ ∇ 2 E + μ0ε 0ω 2 E = 0
Hon Tat Hui
6 Plane Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
NUS/ECE EE2011
∇ × E = - jωB
∇ × H = jωD
∇⋅D = ρ
∇⋅B = 0
Using the phasor form expression, the wave equation for
E field is also called the Helmholtz’s equation, which is:
∇ 2 E + μ0ε 0ω 2 E = ∇ 2 E + k 2 E = 0
where k = ω μ0ε 0
⎛ ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 2⎞
⎜⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 + k ⎟⎟ Ex = 0
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
Consider a special case of the Ex in which there is no
variation of Ex in the x and y directions, i.e.,
∂2 ∂2
Ex = 2 Ex = 0
∂x 2
∂y
Hon Tat Hui
9 Plane Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
NUS/ECE EE2011
d 2 Ex (z ) 2
2
+ k Ex (z ) = 0
dz
At t = 0, E x (z ,0 ) = cos(− z ) 1
Ex
-1
-1
At t = 2 s, E x (z ,2 ) = cos(2 − z ) 1
Ex
-1
( 2) E x z = E0 e → E x z , t = Re E0 e e }
( ) − + jkz
( ) { − + jkz jωt
= E0− cos(ωt + kz )
At t = 0, E x (z ,0 ) = cos( z ) 1
Ex
-1
-1
At t = 2 s, E x ( z ,2 ) = cos(2 + z ) 1
Ex
-1
E
(1) At t = 0, x ( z ,0 ) = E0 cos(− kz ).
+
E x ( z ) ωμ ωμ μ
η= = = = (Ω)
H y (z ) k ω με ε
μ0
η0 = = 120π ≈ 377 Ω
ε0
E = E0 e − jk ⋅r
− jk ⋅r
H = H 0e
E0 and H0 are vectors in arbitrary directions. k is the
vector propagation constant whose magnitude is k
and whose direction is the direction of propagation of
the wave. r is the observation position vector.
k = k x xˆ + k y yˆ + k z zˆ , k = k x2 + k y2 + k z2
r = xxˆ + yyˆ + zzˆ
Hon Tat Hui
23 Plane Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
NUS/ECE EE2011
k Right-hand rule:
H
(middle finger)
Example 1
A uniform plane wave with E = xˆ E x propagates in the +z-
direction in a lossless medium with εr = 4 and μr = 1.
Assume that Ex is sinusoidal with a frequency of 100 MHz
and that it has a positive maximum value of 10-4 V/m at t = 0
and z = 1/8 m.
(a) Calculate the wavelength λ and the phase velocity up,
and find expressions for the instantaneous electric and
magnetic field intensities.
(b) Determine the positions where Ex is a positive
maximum at the time instant t = 10-8s.
(a) k̂ ˆ ⋅r = kz,
, kkk̂
k
ω 1 c
up = = = = 1.5 × 108 (m/s)
k με 4
k̂
(phasor form)
(instantaneous form)
Hon Tat Hui
27 Plane Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
NUS/ECE EE2011
k̂
k̂
kˆ = zˆ
(m)
See animation “Plane Wave Simulator”
Ex Ex Ex
E = xˆ E x + yˆ E y E x = E x 0 e − jkz
= xˆ E x 0 e − jkz
− yˆ jE y 0 e − jkz E y = − jE y 0 e − jkz
Example 2
Two circularly polarized plane waves watched at z = 0 are
given by:
E1 (t ) = xˆ 5 cos(ωt + 53.1°) + yˆ 5 sin (ωt + 53.1°)
E 2 (t ) = xˆ 5 cos(ωt − 53.1°) − yˆ 5 sin (ωt − 53.1°)
Show that they combine together to form a linearly
polarized wave.
Solutions:
E = E1 + E2 = xˆ [5 cos(ωt + 53.1°) + 5 cos(ωt − 53.1°)]
+ yˆ [5 sin (ωt + 53.1°) − 5 sin (ωt − 53.1°)]
= xˆ 10 cos(ωt )cos(53.1°) + yˆ 10 cos(ωt )sin (53.1°)
= xˆ 6 cos(ωt ) + yˆ 8 cos(ωt )
Hon Tat Hui
36 Plane Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
NUS/ECE EE2011
Now,
E x = 6 cos(ωt ), E y = 8 cos(ωt )
Let X = Ex , Y = E y
Y 8 cos(ωt ) 4
Then = =
X 6 cos(ωt ) 3
4 4
Y = X ⇒ equation of a straight line with slope =
3 3
Hence the locus of the combined electric field falls on a
straight line and the polarization of the combined wave is
thus linear.
Hon Tat Hui
37 Plane Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
NUS/ECE EE2011
1. Ratio of E y 0 to E x 0
⎛ Ey0 ⎞
⇒ γ = tan ⎜⎜ −1
⎟⎟, 0 ≤ γ ≤ 90°
⎝ Ex0 ⎠
2. Phase difference between E x and E y ,
i.e., δ , - 180° ≤ δ ≤ 180°
Hon Tat Hui
38 Plane Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
NUS/ECE EE2011
For example:
γ = 0 or 90º and for any value of δ
⇒ linearly polarized
γ = 45° and δ = 90°
⇒ (right - hand) circularly polarized