Table 2

Comparison between some of the properties of different types of wrought SSSs in the solution annealed
condition. AISI 2205 DSS (UNS number S31803), AISI 316 L ASS (UNS number S31603) and AISI 446 FSS
(UNS number S44600) [13].

Cr eq = Cr + 1.37Mo + 1. 5Si + 2Nb + 3Ti (1)

𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶𝑟 + 1.37𝑀 + 1.5 𝑆𝑖 + 2𝑁𝑏 + 3 𝑇𝑖

𝑁𝑖𝑒𝑞 = 𝑁𝑖 + 2𝐶 + 0.31 𝑀𝑛 + 14.2 𝑁 + 𝐶𝑢

(i) Austenitic solidification path (𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑞 / 𝑁𝑖𝑒𝑞 < 0.9), see Fig. 4a and b:

[28] Mu´ nez CJ, Utrilla MV, Uren˜ aA, Otero E. Influence of thefiller material on pitting corrosion in
welded duplex stainlesssteel 2205. Weld Int 2010;24:105–10.

[32] Muthupandi V, BalaSrinivasan P, Seshadri SK, Sundaresan S.Effect of weld metal chemistry and heat
input on the structureand properties of duplex stainless steel welds. Mater SciEng A2003;358:9–16.

[34] Roguin P. Improved weld microstructure in welding austenitic– ferritic stainless steels. Weld Int
1998;12(6):461–7.

[39] Kordatos JD, Fourlaris G, Papadimitriou G. The effect ofcooling rate on the mechanical and
corrosion properties ofSAF 2205 (UNS 31803) duplex stainless steel welds. ScriptaMater 2001;44:401–8.

[47] Wang S, Ma Q, Li Y. Characterization of microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion

resistance of dissimilarwelded joint between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR.Mater Des
2011;32(2):831–7.

[51] Young MC, Tsay LW, Shin CS, Chan SLI. The effect of shorttime post-weld heat treatment on the
fatigue crack growth of2205 duplex stainless steel welds. Int J Fatigue2007;29:2155–66.

[57] Mourad A-HI, Khourshid A, Sharef T. Gas tungsten arc andlaser beam welding processes effects on
duplex stainless steel2205 properties. Mater SciEng A 2012;549:105–13.
[60] Yang Y, Wang Z, Tan H, Hong J, Jiang Y, Jiang L, et al. Effectof a brief post-weld heat treatment on
the microstructureevolution and pitting corrosion of laser beam welded UNSS31803 duplex stainless
steel. CorrSci 2012;65:472–80.

[61] Paulraj P, Garg R. Effect of welding parameters on pittingbehavior of GTAW of DSS and super DSS
weldments. EngSciTechnol, Int J 2016;19(2):1076–83.

[69] Bhatt RB, Kamat HS, Goshal SK, De PK. Influence ofnitrogen in the shielding gas on corrosion
resistance of duplexstainless steel welds. J Mater Eng 1999;8:591–7.

[70] de Salazar JM G}omez, Soria A, Barrena MI. The effect of N2addition upon the MIG welding process
of duplex steels. JMater Sci 2007;42:4892–8.

[84] Garcı´a-Renterı´a MA, Lo´ pez-Morelos VH, Garcı´a-Herna´ ndezR, Dzib-Pe´rez L, Garcı´a-Ochoa EM,
Gonza´ lez-Sa´ nchez J.Improvement of localized corrosion resistance of AISI 2205Duplex Stainless Steel
joints made by gas metal arc weldingunder electromagnetic interaction of low intensity. Appl SurfSci
2014;321:252–60.

[87] Bhattacharya A, Singh PM. Stress corrosion cracking ofwelded 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulfide
containing causticsolution. J Fail Anal Prevent 2007;7:371–7.

[94] Mercan S, Aydin S, O¨ zdemir N. Effect of welding parameterson the fatigue properties of dissimilar
AISI 2205–AISI 1020joined by friction welding. Int J Fatigue 2015;81:78–90.

[95] Bettahar K, Bouabdallah M, Badji R, Gaceb M, Kahloun C,Bacroix B. Microstructure and mechanical
behavior indissimilar 13Cr/2205 stainless steel welded pipes. Mater Des2015;85:221–9.

[97] Neissi R, Shamanian M, Hajihashemi M. The effect ofconstant and pulsed current gas tungsten arc
welding on jointproperties of 2205 duplex stainless steel to 316L austeniticstainless steel. J Mater Eng
Perform 2016;25(5):2017–28.

[98] Wang J, Lu M, Zhang L, Chang W, Xu L, Hu L. Effect ofwelding process on the microstructure and
properties ofdissimilar weld joints between low alloy steel and duplexstainless steel. Int J Miner, Metall,
Mater 2012;19(6):518–24.

[99] Moteshakker A, Danaee I. Microstructure and corrosionresistance of dissimilar weld joints between
duplex stainlesssteel 2205 and austenitic stainless steel 316L. J Mater SciTechnol 2016;32:282–90.

[102] Srinivasan PB, Muthupandi V, Dietzel W, Sivan V. Anassessment of impact strength and corrosion
behavior ofshielded metal arc welded dissimilar weldments between UNS31803 and IS 2062 steels.
Mater Des 2006;27:182–91.

4. Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) and stress corrosion cracking of Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS)
[46] T.F. Fontes, R. Magnabosco, M. Terada, A.F. Padilha, I. Costa, Corrosion versus mechanical tests for
indirect detection of alpha-prime phase in UNS S32520 superduplex stainless steel, Corrosion 64 (4)
(2011).

[47] V. Shamanth, K.S. Ravishankar, Dissolution of alpha-prime precipitates in thermally embrittled2205

duplex steels during reversion-heat treatment, ResultsPhys. 5 (2015) 297–303.

[49] T. Cassagne, F. Busschaert, A review on hydrogen embrittlement of duplex stainless steels,

Corrosion 2005, Houston, Texas, 3-7 April 2005, NACE International,2005Paper No. 05098.

[50] ISO 15156-3:201. Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Materials for Use in H2S-Containing
Environments in Oil and Gas Production – Part 3: Cracking-Resistant CRAs (Corrosion-Resistant Alloys)
and Other Alloys.

[51] A. Turnbull, T.A. Reid, A.J. Griffits, Hydrogen embrittlement of duplex stainless steels – simulating
service experience, Corrosion 99, San Antonio, Texas, 25-30April 1999, NACE International, 1999Paper
No. 99148.

[52] T. Zakroczymski, A. Glowacka, W. Swiatnicki, Effect of hydrogen concentration on the

embrittlement of a duplex stainless steel, Corros. Sci. 47 (6) (Jun. 2005)1403–1414.

[53] F. Zucchi, V. Grassi, C. Monticelli, C. Trabanelli, Hydrogen embrittlement of duplex stainless steel
under cathodic protection in acidic artificial seawater in thepresence of sulphide ions, Corros. Sci. 48 (2)
(Feb. 2006) 522–530.

[54] A. Yousefi, G. Itoh, Tensile properties of an electrolytically hydrogen charged duplex stainless steel
affected by strain rate, ISIJ Int. 58 (3) (2018) 561–565.

[55] T. Cassagne, J. Peultier, S.L. Manchet, C. Duret, An update on the use of duplex stainless steels in
sour environments, Corrosion 2012, Salt Lake City, Utah, 11-15March 2012, NACE International,
2012Paper No. 0001381.

[56] K.R. Chasse, P.M. Singh, Hydrogen embrittlement of a duplex stainless steel in alkaline sulfide
solution, Corrosion 67 (1) (2011).

[57] P. Woolin, W. Murphy, Hydrogen embrittlement stress corrosion cracking of superduplex stainless
steel, Corrosion 2001, Houston, Texas, 12–16 March 2001,NACE International, 2001Paper No. 01018.

[58] D. Hutchings, Hydrogen embrittlement of duplex stainless steel, Ph.D. Thesis University of
Manchester, 1994.

[59] W.A. Baeslack, D.J. Duquette, W.F. Savage, Technical note: stress corrosion cracking in duplex
stainless steel weldments, Welding Res. Suppl. (Jun. 1978)175s–177s.