Introduction

This chapter represents related literature and studies, local and foreign, after the
through and in-depth search done by our team. This will also present the
synthesis of works stated to fully understand the different perspectives upon
looking inside a broken family and its members.

2.1 Local Literature Studies

2.1.1 Divorce

According to krepublishers.com a Divorce (or the dissolution of marriage) is the

final termination of a marital union, canceling the legal duties and responsibilities
of marriage and dissolving the bonds of matrimony between the parties (unlike
annulment, which declares the marriage null and void). Divorce laws vary
considerably around the world, but in most countries it requires the sanction of a
court or other authority in a legal process. The legal process of divorce may also
involve issues of alimony (spousal support), child custody, child support,
distribution of property and division of debt. Between 1971 and 2011, several
countries legalized divorce, the last one being Malta in 2011. The majority
Catholic Philippines is the last officially secular country that does not have civil
divorce for the whole population; Muslims, however, are granted divorce rights as
per their religion. Vatican City, an ecclesiastical sovereign city-state, also has no
procedure for divorce.

The results show the relationship of work status with the married life, reason for
divorce, attitude towards divorce, residence and source of income. It was found
that among working women for 47.83% women marriage was successful in the
beginning, for 21.74 % marriage from the very beginning was a failure
while as for 8.7% marriage was a compromise. Amongst non-working women
41.18% had successful marriage in the beginning, it was total failure for
35.29% whereas, and for 23.53% it deteriorated soon after
marriage.

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 2.1.2 Parental

It is very usual for people to think that teenagers doing such nasty acts are
rooted to family disorientation. Even countless studies show that child’s mislead
life is blamed to separated parents. According to Eschica (2010), children with
separated parents do not perform well in school which is a very terrifying incident
because a school that is an institution for learning is failing to deliver education.
Thus, it merely becomes unproductive.

2.1.3 Marriage

Marriage is also known to be the joining of two people in a promise that putatively
lasts until death. According to (Psychology Today, 2012) as time passes by,
there will be some changes regarding their attitude as well as their physical
appearance causing that promise to be the other way around leading couples to
divorce.

In the southern island of Mindanao, Philippines a girl named Numina who was 14
when she married Sid, a 23yr old man. The two were very much close with each
other. Because of this, people started jumping into conclusions and gossip flew
all over their area triggering their family to insist them into marriage to prevent
putting their family’s name into a bad reputation.

In the report of (Tubeza, 2010) these trials being encountered by married couples
caused the number of marriage annulment cases in the Philippines to rise by 40
percent in the last decade.

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2.2 Foreign Literature and Studies

2.2.1 Poverty

Poverty According to Alfred J. Kahn, a member of the Institute's National

Advisory Committee since 1967, is professor of social policy and planning at the
Columbia University School of Social Work. His recent work has dealt with
international comparisons in the handling of social problems. Poverty reached
the agendas of several major Western industrial societies in the latter part of the
nineteenth century as researchers, journalists, novelists, religious reformers,
social workers, and others began to document and report on the causal role of
social and economic conditions. They attacked the notion that failure of people
and their personal inadequacies were always at the root of economic
disadvantage. Gradually "poverty" was distinguished from the moral category,
"pauperism," and was counted. Charles Booth reported on London1 and
Seebohm Rowntree on York before Robert Hunter3 and others surveyed U.S.
cities. But a tradition was born. The U.S. antipoverty effort required a research
capacity to provide needed intelligence and assessment in order to continually
justify the societal response.

The Institute for Research on Poverty was established for this purpose.
Although a number of small antipoverty research "think tanks" came and went in
West Europe, none had the IRP's sanction, mission, and scale-because none of
the other countries had focused its social welfare strategy quite as sharply upon
the antipoverty objective. Countries such as West Germany, the Netherlands,
and Denmark did not consider poverty as a large problem or good issue around
which to shape policy research. Britain, France, and others did far more along
these lines. In general, the relevant European research focused more on income
distribution, redistribution, and equality as basic issues-and as subjects which
were important to labor market policy and to debates about the size of social
benefits. Many investigators studied the comparative adequacy of benefits (child
allowance value, pension replacement rates, unemployment insurance

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replacement). The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) developed an important and continuing series of comparative studies on
the tax benefit position of the average worker.

2.2.2 Socio Economic Status

Based on the article by McLanahan and Sandefur (1994), the effects of single-
parent family life on children fall into two categories: those attributed to the lower
socioeconomic status of single parents and the short-term consequences of
divorce. Four factors are predictive of children's adjustment to the divorce of their
parents: the passage of time, the quality of the children's relationship with their
present parent, the level of conflict between parents, and the economic standing
of the children's family. In the first few years after a divorce, the children have
higher rates of antisocial behavior, aggression, anxiety, and school problems
than children in two parent families.

2.2.3 Gongla (1982) gave a common explanation for the problems found
among the children of single parents has been the absence of a male adult in the
family. The relationship between children and non-custodial fathers can be
difficult. Fathers often become disinterested and detached from their children. In
one study by Wallerstein and Blakeslee (1989), more than 60 percent of fathers
either did not visit their children or had no contact with them for over a year. The
loss of a father in the family can have implications beyond childhood . However,
the lack of a male presence may not be as critical as the lack of a male income to
the family.

The economic deprivation of single-parent family life, in combination with other

sources of strain and stress, is a major source of the problems experienced by
both parents and children. However, some of these problems may be attributed
to a decrease in available resources and adult super-vision; many of the negative
effects disappear when there is adequate supervision, income, and continuity in
social networks.

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