BROADCASTING - refers to the airborne transmission of Frequenry and Channel Allocation

- electromaBnetic audio signals (radio) or audiovisual signals 3. Alternate Maln Transmitter Considerations
(television) that are readily accessible to a wide population via The regular & alternate main transmitter is to be located
standard receivers. Where: in a single place.
Componenb ofRadio and W BroadcasUng fc = carrier frequency for a given channel number (n) Both Tx shall maintain the same parameters especially {
\7 reBardto authorized operating power, freq stability etc.

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-$;l.--] ..J_ Servlce Areas 4, Auxiliary Transmltter Conslderations
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1. Prlmary Service Area - a broadcast station service area means May be installed in the same place as the main Tx or in
1;_;1i";i", the area in which the groundwave field of 1mV/m is not subject to another location.
objectionable interference or objectiona ble fading. Its operating power may be less but never greater than
Transmitter - an electronic equipment used to modulate an 2, Secondary Scrvice Area - a broadcast station service area the authorized power ofthe main Tx.
information to an RF signal. lt has 2 types: Main Transmitter &
Auxiliary Transmitter
means the area serve by the skywave and not subject to AM BROADCAST OPERATING REQUIREMENTS
Console or thc Technical Operation Center (TOC) - the control
Objectionable interference. The signal is subject to intermittent in l. OperatingSchedule
board is the nerve center of a broadcasting station, lt is used to
intensity. - 713 of the total hours that is authorized to operate
mix, amplifo & route signal information from the program source.
3. lntermittent Scrvlce Area - a broadcast station service area between 6AM to 6PM local standard time.
means the area receiving service from the groundwave but - 2/3 of the total hours that is authorized to operate
It has 2 types: Audio Console for Radio Broadcastins and beyond the primary service area and subject to some interference between 6PM to midnight local standard time.
Switching Board for TV broadcastine
Slgnal Processing Equipment - any device that can do the
and fading. 2. Program LogEntries
- An entry of the time each station identification
following tasks/processes: Equalizer, Noise reduction, Reverb and
Maximum PowerAllocation in kW announcement is made.
Character Generator
Low Band Mid Band High Band - An entry briefly describing each program broadcast.
Program Source - may come from any of the following: Area
- An entry showing that each sponsored program broadcast
Microphone, CD players, Taped, Turn Table or Studio,
525-918kHz 919-13l2kHz 1313- 1705kHz
Metro Manila 10 20 30 has been announced as sponsored.
Metro Cebu 10 20 30 - An entry showing. for each program of network origin,
AM BROADCASTING
Other Areas 5 10 15 the name of the network originating the program.
Medium Frcquency Broadcast Station - an AM Broadcast Station
licensed for aural or sound transmission intended for direct
3. Operating LoB Entrles
AM Antenna Systcm - An entry of the time the station begins to supply power to
reception by the general public and operated on a channel in the
1. Antenna Site Consideratlons the anteRna and the time it stops.
MF band (3O0 kHz to 3 MHz).
- Location in relation to the population to be served & to - An entryofthetimethe program begins and ends.
Operating Frequency - is the carrier frequency at any particular
other installations and airports. - An entry of each interruptions.
time.
Authorized Fr.qucncy - is the carrier frequency authorized by the - Conductivity ofthe soil at & immediately adjacent to the - An entry of the following every 30 minutes: Operating
site. constants and antenna cufrent.
authority which is the National Telecommunication Commission
- Conductivity of the path between the site & the target AM TERMINOIOGIES:
(Nrc).
area. r Carricr wave *a sinusoidal voltage or current generated in a
2. Antenna Design Conslderatlons transmitter and modulated by a modulating wave.
Some lmportant Standards in AM Broadcastlng (Comparison
betrreen KBP Standards and - lt shall be vertically polarized & shall radiate an effective o Carricr freq - the freq of the carrier wave,
Parameters standard field of not less than that of a 60o vertical radiator. . Daytime - refers to the period of time betweeh 2100 GMT -
XBP FCC standard
Freq. Band - The antenna, antenna lead-in and counterpoise shall be 1000 GMT (5:00AM - 6:O0PM local standard time).
535 - 1605 kHz 535 - 16O5 kHz
o Experim.ntel Period - refers to the period of time between
BW per channel
installed so as not to pr€9ent hazard,
9 kHz 1O kHz
AM TRANSMITTER 1600 GMT - 2100 GMT (12 midnight - 5:0OAM local
No. ofChannels 118 to7
Station Spacins
1. TransmitterLayoutConslderations standard time).
36 kHz 3O kHz
- Adequate space r Maxlmum Rated Carrier Pourer - the max power at which
Operating Frequency i10 Hz ofthe tlo Hz of the - Adequate ventilation and airconditioning the Tx can be operated satisfactorily and is determined by
Limits assigned frequencv assiened freouencv
- Adequate lighting the design of the Tx.
Operating Power +10% ofthe +10 % ofthe o
2. Transmitter Nlghttlme-referstotheperiodoftimebetween 1000GMT
limits assicned nower assiened oower
Parameters Phllippine Standard -2100 GMT (6:OOPM - 5:@AM local standard time).
Tvpe of AM emission 43E A3E .
Carrier Power Limits 10% offull oower Operating Power - the power that is actually supplied to the
lF in AM Receiver 455 kHz 455 kHz radio station.
Max m for Satisfactorv Operation 85%
Carrier Shift Not exceedine 5 % Not exceedinE 5 % .
Ooeratins Freouencv Limits +10H2 ofassisned freq Spurious Emission - the emission of any frequency outside
Center Freq Stability +20H2 +7OHt the assigned channel or authorized band of freq and
Carrier Shift 5%
Antenna Polarization Vertical Vertical tolerances allowed by these regulations.
Carrier Hurn &
Type of Receiver Superheterodyne Superheterodyne
Extraneous Noise Level
45dB below 400H2 tone . Total Harmonic Distortion [fHD) - the effective value of the
Baseband Freo 15 - 15000kH2 15 * 15000kH2 ' harmonic voltages present in the audio freq output of the
<5% harmonics @ 0-84 %m
Total Audio Freq Distortion equipment under test.
<7.5% @ 85-95 %m
 BROADCASTING Cities PARAMETERS PHI[IPPINE STANDARDS
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FM Broadcast Station - a station employing ftequency CH# Freq CH # Freq #
CH Freq Pilot Subcarrier 19kHz + 2Hz
modulation in the FM broadcast band and intended to be FM2 88.3 tM34 94.7 FM66 101.1
Stereophonic 5ubcarrier
38kHz (2"' harmonic of Pilot
received by the general public. FM6 89.1 FM38 95.s FM70 101.9 Subcarrier)
Frequency Moduladon - a system of modulation where the FM10 89.9 FM42 96.3 FM72 102.7 Stereophonic Subcarrier <1% modulation of the main
instantaneous frequency varies in proportion to the FM14 90.7 FM46 97.t FM78 103.5 Suppression Level carrier
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, and the FM18 91.5 FM5O 97.9 FM82 104.3
instantaneous radio frequency is independent of the frequency of FM22 92.3 FM54 98.7 tM86 105.1 Broadcast Tren$mlsslon Services
the modulating signal. FM26 93.1 FM58 99.5 FM90 105.9 X. Studio-to-Transmitter Link (STU - stations in this service are
Ccntcr Frequency - the carrier frequency allocated by the FM30 93.9 FM62 100.3 FM94 106.7 to be used for relay of aural programming materials from
authority. FM98 107.5 studio to Tx and between fixed facilities in other locations.
FM St reophonlc Broadcast - the transmission of stereophonic STL FREQU ENCY BAN D ALLOCAN O N
program by a single FM broadcast station utilizing the main FM TRANSMITTER CONSIDERATIONS Band Frequency (MHz)
channel. 1. Construction - the Tx shall be constructed either on racks Band A 310 - 315
and panels or in totally enclosed frames protected as Band B 734 - 752, 860 - 880, 942 - 952
FM EROADCAST STAIIDARDS required by the Philippine Electronics Code and the 2. Remote Pickup Broadcast Stations - stations in this service
PARAMETERS PHILIPPIT{E STANDARDS Philippine Electrical Code. are to be used for the transmission of aural programming
Freq Band 88 - 1O8 MHz 2. Enclosure - the Tx shall be enclosed in a metal frame or materials & associated cues & data.
No. of Channels 25 grille separated from the operating space by a barrier or REMOTE PICKUP BROADCAST ALLOUIION
Bandwidth per Channel 2O0kHz other equiualent means. Band Frequency (MHz)
Permitted Bandwidth 240kHz (monophonel 3. Grounding of Controls - all external metallic handles and Band A 305 - 310
Channel Soacine SOOkHz controls accessible to the operating personnel shall be Band B 450 -4s1
Center Freouencv Stabilitv +2kHz effectively grounded. No circuit excess of 150V shall have 45s
Band C - 456
any part exposed to direct contact.
Baseband Freouencv 50 - 15000kH2 3. Communicatlons, Coordinatlon and Control Links
Tvoe of Modulation FM 4. lnterlocks = allaccess doors shall be provided with
BAND ALLOCATION
Tvoe of Emission F3t
interlocks which will disconnect all voltages in excess of
Band Frequencv (MHz)
350V when any access door is opened,
25kHz above Upper Sideband Band A 4-L2
Guardband 5. Wiring and Shielding - wiring between the Tx, w/ the
25kHz below Lower Sideband Band B 25.10- 26.48
exception of circuits carrying radio frequency energy, shall
Frequencv Deviation +75kHz {for 1O0% modulation)
be installed in conduits of fiber or metal raceways for Band C 162.235 - 152.615, 166.250, 170.150
Pre-emohasis 7susec time constant Band D 880-890
protection from mechanical injury. All instruments having
Pilot Subcarrier 19kHz FM BROADCAST TERMINOLOG1
more than 1@0V potential to ground shall be protected by a
Antenna Polarization
Horizontal or cate or cover, . Antenna Helght Ahove Average Terrain (HAAT) -the height
Circularlv-nolarized ofthe radiation center ofthe antenna above the terrain 3 to
FM STEREO BROADCASTING
Tvpe of Receiver Superheterodyne 16 km from the antenna.
lntermediate Freouencv 1O.7MHz o Antenna Field Galn - it is the ratio of the effective free
space field intensity produced at 1.6km in the horizontal
CLASSES OF STATIONS plane expressed in mVlm for 1kW antenna input power to
Authorized 137,6mV/m.
Class Service ERP HAAT
Power Antenna Power Galn - the square of the ratio of the rms
A Commercial 25kW 125kW 2000ft free space field strength produced at 1.6 km in the
I Commercial 1okw 30kw 500ft horizontal plane, in mV/m.
c Non-commercial 1kw 1kw 2 audio channels (L & R) are mixed to provide 2 new signals, Center Frequcncy - the average freq of the emitted wave
D Educational 10w the sum (L+R) and difference {L-R) signal. modulated by a sinusoidal signal.
The sum channel (L+R) is modulated directly in the baseband Crosstalk - an undesired signal occurring in one channel
FM Broadcast Frequenry Allocation assignment between 5O and 15kHz. caused by an electrical signal in another channel.
The difference signal {L-R) is DSBSC modulated in the 23 to Effectlve Radiated Power (ERP) - the product of the Tx
53kHz slot about a stereophonic subcarrier of 38kHz, power and the antenna power gain or the antenna field gain
Where:
FM - channel frequency
Some FM stations are frequency division multiplexing an squared.
FM1 - ld FM channel freq (88.1MH2)
additlonal channel on their carrier for the purpoce of Fleld lntensity - the electric field intensity in the horizontal
providing background music for public buildings, a system direction.
n - channel number
licensed as Subsidlary Cornmunications Authorization {SCA) FM Stereophonic Broadcast - transmission of stereophonic
BW -channel bandwidth (2@kHz)
program by a single FM broadcast station utilizing the main
channel & stereophonic subcha nnel.