DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS
PROJECT ON
ROLE OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING IN
IMPROVING LIFE CONDITIONS IN URBAN SLUMS

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

AKHILESH KUMAR (2K17/SE/014) MR. MAND KUMAR
SE-A1
HOW SOFTWARE ENGINEERES HELP
THESE SOCIETY
Some applications of technology harm society. For instance, software can
facilitate forms of illegal activity or be used in military applications that end up
harming humans.

The good and bad don’t lie with the technology. Technology is like a
mechanical lever - it increases the abilities of humans beyond what they could
accomplish alone. And as long as we have more people doing good things with
technology it will continue to offer a net benefit.

Society pretty much can’t function at all without software. Virtually everything
uses software now — your car, stoplights, trains, airplanes, buses, hotel
reservations, your phone, computer, thermostat, tv, security systems, robots
that do most of the world’s manufacturing, shipping and logistics, retailers,
steel mills, schools, banks, etc.

The software engineer works on the development of the software's.

The software's are making the life easier (everybody knows!).
It have reduced the load on the common man and also make the things easily
available.

Think of some of the examples like for the speed post, you are being able to
track the post online, for passport application is online, online ticket booking,
online bill payment and may more.

If we were not having the technology, just think how much we were just
spoiling in the queues.

Mobile banking improves access to water:-

Before the mobile banking system was introduced in India, water was scarce for
people living in the slums on thecity's outskirts. They'd often have to wait in long
lines at the bank and then hunt around to find water they could buy.
But the introduction of mobile banking several years ago changed that, according
to a Newsweek report.
Because people could pay for water service with their phones, the local water
company was willing to connect the neighbourhood to its system. This new
initiative has really changed their lives. They can now request and pay their
bills through their own mobile phones instead of queuing at the banking halls.

Data collection and GPS empower slum residents:-

A network of grassroots organizations -- Shack/Slum Dwellers International

(SDI) – is promoting community-based data collection in slums around the
world so that residents are not overlooked in the provision of basic services or
development of housing alternatives. SDI introduced a standardized data
collection method that residents complete with help from community activists,
detailing current conditions, number of residents, history, community life, etc.
Residents are taught to use digital GPS devices to document facilities in their
neighbourhoods, according to research by Diana Mitlin on the D+C
Development and Cooperation website. Thousands of slum profiles have been
created to date, making it possible for urban planners to better assess citywide
living conditions and slum residents to more effectively lobby to get their
needs met.
 WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?
Sustainability is development that satisfies the needs of the present
without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing
the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and
social well-being.
Sustainable development is a concept that appeared for the first time in
1987 with the publication of the Brundtland Report, warning of the
negative environmental consequences of economic growth and
globalization, which tried to find possible solutions to the problems
caused by industrialization and population growth.

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY:-

At the environmental level, sustainability prevents nature from being

used as an inexhaustible source of resources and ensures its protection
and rational use.
Aspects such as environmental conservation, investment in renewable
energies, saving water, supporting sustainable mobility, and innovation in
sustainable construction and architecture, contribute to achieving this
environmental sustainability on several fronts.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY:-

At the social level, sustainability can foster the development of people,

communities and cultures to help achieve reasonable and fairlydistributed
quality of life, healthcare and education across the globe.
The fight for gender equality, especially in developing countries, is
another aspect which in coming years will form the basis of social
sustainability.

ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY:-

Sustainability focusses on equal economic growth, that generates wealth

for all, without harming the environment.
Investment and an equal distribution of the economic resources will
strengthen the other pillars of sustainability for a complete development.
“MANY OF THE CHALLENGES FACING HUMANKIND, SUCH AS CLIMATE
CHANGE, WATER SCARCITY, INEQUALITY AND HUNGER, CAN ONLY BE
RESOLVED AT A GLOBAL LEVEL AND BY PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT.”
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were born at the United
Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in
2012. The objective was to produce a set of universal goals that meet the
urgent environmental, political and economic challenges facing our world.
The SDGs replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which
started a global effort in 2000 to tackle the indignity of poverty. The
MDGs established measurable, universally-agreed objectives for tackling
extreme poverty and hunger, preventing deadly diseases, and expanding
primary education to all children, among other development priorities.
For 15 years, the MDGs drove progress in several important areas:
reducing income poverty, providing much needed access to water and
sanitation, driving down child mortality and drastically improving
maternal health. They also kick-started a global movement for free
primary education, inspiring countries to invest in their future
generations. Most significantly, the MDGs made huge strides in
combatting HIV/AIDS and other treatable diseases such as malaria and
tuberculosis.
India, as the fastest growing economy, is undergoing this dilemma of
sustainable development too. India’s immediate priority is to provide
livelihoods and employment to its population besides creating sustainable
economic opportunities at both- micro & macro – levels to keep its promises to
take the GDP growth of the country to an ambitious double-digit target of 10
percent.
India has to provide houses to millions, ensure food & nutritional security, and
make health services accessible & affordable. For the sustainable inclusive
growth, jobs have to be created. In order to tackle its developmental
challenges, and to push the economic growth further, India, apart from
conventional development programs, plans to set up smart cities, construction
of roads, railways, and other large infrastructure projects.
Under ‘Make in India’ mission, it lays emphasis on manufacturing sector which
will help create jobs. But, all these actions put together will increase India’s
cumulative as well as per capita Co2 emission rate which will potentially
weaken India’s global position on responses to climate change.
India‘s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets to lower the
emissions intensity of GDP by 33%–35% by 2030 below 2005 levels, to increase
the share of non-fossil based power generation capacity to 40 percent of
installed electric power capacity by 2030, and to create an additional
(cumulative) carbon sink of 2.5–3 GtCO2e through additional forest and tree
cover by 2030.
Sustainable Development is, therefore, a historic opportunity for the world
communities to deliver inclusive growth, eliminate poverty and reduce the risk
of climate change by changing perspectives and approaches to economic
development. It entails everyone to participate in making efforts to achieve
sustainable development.
So, while well-thought out policies will make growth and climate objectives
mutually reinforcing in the short and long term, businesses will be required to
make investments in the drive to low carbon economy. And, we as individuals
also have to grow into responsible consumers by committing to a changed
lifestyle. If we do not act now, we will be delayed to reverse the impact.
 Achieving the Sustainable Development
Goals in India
The global community, after dedicated and consistent efforts over the last
year, has developed an agenda that promises to address the concerns of
human development for all while ensuring the health of the planet and its
ecosystems.

The Post 2015 UN Development Agenda is a unique participatory

exercise that has led to the design of a Sustainable Development framework
consisting of 17 Goals that address the key concerns of humanity and 169
interlinked Targets within these Goals that reflect the complex and interrelated
nature of social, economic and ecological well-being parameters.

In September 2015, the post 2015 UN Development Agenda, comprising of 17

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will be adopted, replacing the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These ambitious and aspirational
SDGs call for significant rethinking in development processes across the world.

They also call for significant resources to be dedicated and invested in priority
areas as identified in the framework of Goals and Targets for each member
state.
 Role of SDGS in India
India has, over the past years, directed its development pathway to meet its
priorities of employment, economic growth, food, water and energy security,
disaster resilience and poverty alleviation.

India has also aimed to restore itsnatural capital and adopt transparent and
robust governance along democratic lines. However, emerging challenges of
climate change impacts, increasinginequities, and lagging human development
indices are well recognised by both the citizens as well as the government.

The post 2015 UN Sustainable Development Agenda framework provides an

opportunity to renew and integrate efforts in order to meet, to a significant
degree, national and global aspirations in a defined time frame.
HOW CAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
BE ACHIEVED?
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
• the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's
poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
• the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social
organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future
needs."

Can sustainable development be achieved?

Maybe, but it is very difficult. Due to a number of factors, including lack of

regulation, lack of widespread political support (e.g. developing countries want
to grow economically) and economic support (e.g. big multi-national
corporations don't want environmental regulations--calls it unnecessary
bureaucracy).

But all is not doom and gloom. The United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) developed the millennium development goals in the Millennium
Summit in 2000 which comprised of 8 goals that were to be achieved by 2015.

These were:
1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality
4. To reduce child mortality
5. To improve maternal health
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. To ensure environmental sustainability
8. To develop a global partnership for development

While many of the goals were addressed, there were some shortfall and a new
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) was establish in 2015 for the next 15
years that due to the expiry of the Millennium Development Goals in 2015. The
SDG was officially adopted on the UN Sustainable Development Summit in
New York on Sept 25-27, 2015. The new SDG targets will be reviewed in 2030
when that will expire.

The SD Goals are the following:

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and
promote sustainable agriculture
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
sanitation for all
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy
for all
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full
and productive employment and decent work for all
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialisation and foster innovation
10. Reduce innovation within and among countries
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources
for sustainable development
15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions at all levels
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development
So, as you can see, targets are being achieved but at a very slow level. It is
mainly the UN who has initiated the sustainable development goals. But
without the cooperative support of those with power like governments of
both developed and developing countries, businesses that generate a lot
of money and services and the civil society and NGOs. It will be difficult to
achieve complete sustainable development often due to overlapping
national, political and economic interests.

But luckily now major economies like the US, China, India, Brazil,
European Union, etc. are working towards addressing one of the major
impediments to sustainable development which is CLIMATE CHANGE due
to the severe risk it produces to food security, marine and land
biodiversity, as well as the economy. I suppose there needs to be a similar
approach to sustainable development goals from countries to achieve the
goals. Just like how CLIMATE CHANGE is viewed by many governments as
serious problem that needs urgent solution. Sustainable Development
Goals also need the same urgency to have them addressed.
HOW OUR BRANCH AFFECTING PEOPLES
LIVING IN SLUMS
Technology, today, runs not only our lives but everything around us. Whether
it’s in the way we communicate with one another, do research, or even
shopping, technology has claimed the centre of it all. Things that once took
hours to complete can now be done in seconds, all thanks to the power of
technology. Through social media and the 21st century methods of
communication, the once unreachable world has now been placed in the palm
of our hands.

While many in the world are experiencing, benefitting, and utilizing from all
the privileges that technology provides, there are also many who are not able
to gain access to such privileges. The digital divide affects poverty and people
living in poverty by limiting the access to achieve enhancement of both social
and cultural capital.
According to Poverty & Wealth, an article written by
Louise May, the author states: the skills that are needed in the workforce—
today—are becoming those associated with information provided by
technology rather than the industrial skills of the 19th and 20th centuries. It is
becoming more increasingly important to have these skills in order to gain
employment, and to earn adequate incomes.

For those that can neither afford nor keep up with our ever-advancing world of
technology, their state of poverty only worsens. The growing importance of
information technology means that those on the non-access side of the divide
risk experiencing another kind of marginalization. Where once upon a time
majority of the news came in the form of paper (newspapers, magazines, etc)
which allowed almost anyone to gain access to information, newspaper
businesses are now being wiped away due to the internet. Supporting this
claim, Newsweek wrote “The past decade is the era in which the Internet
ruined everything. Just look at the industries that have been damaged by the
rise of the Web: Newspapers, Magazines, Books, TV, Movies, Music, etc.” In
addition to the many industries that the Internet has damaged, it’s birth has
also affected the lives of many among us living in poverty.

According to recent studies reported by Journalist Charlie S., which focused on

the importance of technology in education, it was found that “students who
cannot attend colleges due to financial reasons can sit at home and study using
the online learning methods.” Sure, that suggests an option for lower class
citizens, but what options are there for those that cannot neither afford school
nor the internet? It seems as though the people in the lowest level of the
totem pole aren’t given any resources whatsoever.

Studies show that the internet is revolutionizing the way people of our world
live, as well as the growth of our societies. Therefore, people living in poverty
are being pulled further and further apart from the rest of the advancing
world. Some of today’s basic requirements for obtaining a job is the basic
knowledge of using a computer; emails, Microsoft Word, Outlet, Excel, social
media and etc.
As this shouldn’t be a problem for majority of Americans who,
from a young age start practicing the use of a computer, it is a completely
different story for those who grow up without the proper resources for
obtaining such “skills”.
The importance of technology/internet can be utilized to improve life in the
healthcare, business, education, and social aspects of living. In other words,
technology/internet drastically alters and improves our very lives. They say
that children are our future, but what does the future hold for those children
who lack the very necessity of surviving in our technologically driven world.
How can one understand the media culture, education, or even obtain a job
when the one thing they all have in common is the very thing many fail to gain
access to?
VARIOUS PROGRAMS FOR SLUM DWELLERS

INTRODUCTION
According to the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003, Slums represent
the worst of urban poverty and inequality. Without integrated efforts of
municipal authorities, national Governments, civil society actors and the
international community, the number of slum inhabitants is likely to increase
in most developing countries. And if no serious action is taken, the number of
slum dwellers worldwide is projected to rise over the next 30 years to about 2
million. 22 One in three people in cities, in the developing world, live in slum.
And the problems of urban poor are different to that of Rural Poor.
According to Harsh Mander (2009) Urban Poor have unique problems. The
following problems are mentioned by him –
a) Urban migrants from the countryside have been cut from their community.
b) The social security systems, both formal and informal, which survive in the
rural areas,
are not well developed in the urban areas.
c) The cost of living in urban areas is many times higher than in the rural areas.
d) The rural economy is still not fully monetized, where as in urban areas for
everything
one has to pay.
e) The physical environment in which the majority of the urban poor are forced
to live is
very unhygienic, degraded and violent.
f) Almost all the efforts for shelter and livelihood of urban poor are illegalized.
Their
equal citizenship is always challenged.
g) Many of the rural poor have some land or cattle or any other asset which
urban poor
lack. Their only security of livelihood is their labour power.
Although conditions vary, research shows that women and girls often suffer
the worst effects of slum life, such as poor access to clean drinking water,
inadequate sanitation, unemployment, insecurity of tenure and gender-based
violence. Their problems are not only worsened at home by stressful and
overcrowded
living 61 conditions, but they are also insecure when in public areas
due to poor security and eviction threats
 NATIONAL INITIATIVES FOR SLUM DEVELOPMENT

Urban Poverty is posing a great challenge for Government of India. It is a

matter of grave concern that 39% of total world’s urban poor live in India. Over
62 million people live in slum settlements without basic amenities. The vision
of urban India in 2021 is to make every Indian urban settlement safe, healthy,
productive and sustainable place in which every family has adequate shelter
and basic services and every individual has a socially desirable minimum
quality of life. Slums are the products of the growing industrialisation and
exploding urbanisation.
Government of India is leaving no stone unturned for alleviation of Urban
Poverty and Slum Development. Several policies and programmes have been
initiated from time to time to achieve the desired results.

The different programmes implemented for the slum development are –

1. The first formal attempt to experiment with community

development approach in cities was the Urban Community
Development (UCD) pilot project which was started in 1958 and
followed by a series of UCD pilot projects based on an area
oriented approach. Subsequently, Environmental Improvement of
Urban Slums (EIUS) was identified as a basic need of slum
population in the Fifth Five Year Plan and consequently, the
Scheme of EIUS was started in 1972 at the Central level to provide
basic physical facilities to urban poor like safe drinking water,
sewerage, storm water drains, community baths and latrines,
street lighting, etc. This Scheme was later on transferred to State
Governments for onward implementation in 1974.26 Urban Basic
Services Scheme was initiated in 1986 with the support of UNICEF
and State Governments for the provision of basic social services
and physical amenities in Urban Slums. During 1990-91 UBS
scheme was revised and became a new scheme known as Urban
Basic Services for the poor. UBSP emphasized community based
management. Importance was given to women and setting up of
Neighborhood level Development committees. UBSB has
eventually absorbed into Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana.
Nehru Rozgar Yojana was a 63 centrally sponsored scheme
launched in 1989 to provide employment to the unemployed and
underemployed urban poor. NRY consisted of three schemes.
They are
i) The scheme of Urban-Micro Enterprise (SUME)
ii) The Scheme of Urban Wage Employment(SUWE),
iii) The Scheme of Housing and Shelter (SHASHU). Prime
Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme
(PMIUPEP) is the first integrated poverty reduction programme,
launched in 1995.
This programme’s main objective was to address urban poverty problems of
small towns. It aimed at skill development, provide basic physical amenities
etc. PMIUEP was merged with SJSRY after two years
.
2. Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) was launched in
December 1997 to provide employment to the urban unemployed or
underemployed by encouraging setting up of Self-employment ventures
or provision of wage employment. Earlier three Programmes UBSP, NRY,
PMIUPEP were merged in this programme. SJSRY consists of two
components i) The Urban Self-Employment Programme (USEP) ii) The
Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP). A subcomponent of
USEP is the Development of Women and Children in Urban areas
(DWCUA). DWCUA’s objective is to make women to take up selfemployment
activities. UWEP aims to provide wage employment to
beneficiaries living below poverty line within the jurisdiction of urban
local bodies for construction of socially and economically useful assets.

3. National Slum Development Programme (NSDP)’s main objective is up

gradation of urban slums by providing physical amenities. The focus is
also on Community infrastructure, provision of shelter, empowerment of
urban poor women, training, skill up gradation, etc.

4. The primary aim of Valmiki Ambedkar awas Yojana (VAMBAY) which

was launched in 2001 was to facilitate the construction and up gradation
of dwelling units for people living below poverty line in urban slums and
who do not possess adequate shelter. It also aimed to provide health
services and an enabling urban environment through community toilets
under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyaan, a component of the scheme.
 5. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)’s
objectives are to Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of
utilities with emphasis on universal access to the urban poor. Provision
of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at
affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and
sanitation,ensuring delivery of other existing universal services of the
government for education, health and social security.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission
1. The Mission Mission Statement

The aim is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of

identified cities. Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service
delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs/
Parastatal agencies towards citizens.

2. Objectives of the Mission

(1) The objectives of the JNNURM are to ensure that the following are
achieved in the urban sector;
(a) Focussed attention to integrated development of
infrastructure services in cities covered under the Mission;.
(b) Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and assetmanagement
through a slew of reforms for long-term project
sustainability;.
(c) Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban
infrastructural services;.
(d) Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban
areas, outgrowths and urban corridors leading to dispersed
urbanisation;.
(e) Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities
with emphasis on universal access to the urban poor;.
(f ) Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city
areas to reduce congestion; and
(g) Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security
of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply
and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing universal
services of the government for education, health and social
security.
3. Scope of the Mission

The Mission shall comprise two Sub- Missions, namely:

(1) Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance: This will be
administered by the Ministry of Urban Development through the Sub-
Mission Directorate for Urban Infrastructure and Governance. The main
thrust of the Sub-Mission will be on infrastructure projects relating to
water supply and sanitation, sewerage, solid waste management, road
network, urban transport and redevelopment of old city areas with a
view to upgrading infrastructure therein, shifting industrial and
commercial establishments to conforming areas, etc.

(2) Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor: This will be
administered by the Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty
Alleviation through the Sub-Mission Directorate for Basic Services to the
Urban Poor. The main thrust of the Sub-Mission will be on integrated
development of slums through projects for providing shelter, basic
services and other related civic amenities with a view to providing
utilities to the urban poor.

4. Strategy of the Mission

The objectives of the Mission shall be met through the adoption of the
following strategy:
(1) Preparing City Development Plan: Every city will be expected to
formulate a City Development Plan (CDP) indicating policies,
programmes and strategies, and financing plans.
(2) Preparing Projects: The CDP would facilitate identification of
projects. The Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) / parastatal agencies will be
required to prepare Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for undertaking
projects in the identified spheres. It is essential that projects are planned
in a manner that optimises the life-cycle cost of projects. The life-cycle
cost of a project would cover the capital outlays and the attendant O&M
costs to ensure that assets are in good working condition. A revolving
fund would be created to meet the O&M requirements of assets
created, over the planning horizon. In order to seek JNNURM assistance,
projects would need to be developed in a manner that would ensure and
demonstrate optimisation of the life-cycle costs over the planning
horizon of the project.
(3) Release and Leveraging of Funds: It is expected that the JNNURM
assistance would serve to catalyse the flow of investment into the urban
infrastructure sector across the country. Funds from the Central and
State Government will flow directly to the nodal agency designated by
the State, as grants-in-aid. The funds for identified projects across cities
would be disbursed to the ULB/Parastatal agency through the
designated State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) as soft loan or grant-cumloan
or grant. The SLNA / ULBs in turn would leverage additional
resources from other sources.
(4) Incorporating Private Sector Efficiencies: In order to optimise the
life-cycle costs over the planning horizon, private sector efficiencies can
be inducted in development, management, implementation and
financing of projects, through Public Private Partnership (PPP)
arrangements.

5. Duration of the Mission

The duration of the Mission would be seven years beginning from the year
2005-06. Evaluation of the experience of implementation of the Mission would
be undertaken before the commencement of Eleventh Five Year Plan and if
necessary, the program calibrated suitably

6. Expected Outcomes of the JNNURM

On completion of the Mission period, it is expected that ULBs and parastatal

agencies will have achieved the following:
(1) Modern and transparent budgeting, accounting, financial management
systems, designed and adopted for all urban service and governance functions
(2) City-wide framework for planning and governance will be established and
become operational
(3) All urban residents will be able to obtain access to a basic level of urban
services
(4) Financially self-sustaining agencies for urban governance and service
delivery will be established, through reforms to major revenue instruments
(5) Local services and governance will be conducted in a manner that is
transparent and accountable to citizens
(6) E-governance applications will be introduced in core functions of
ULBs/Parastatal resulting in reduced cost and time of service delivery
processes.
CONCLUSION

The government project have limited effect on the of slum dwellers. Moreover
the rate of the government facilities reaching the poor is very slow as
compared to the rate of new slums being created.
However , there has been few improvements , take a look at the report by
delhi govt.
Works Cited
1. URBAN SLUMS IN DELHI - NSS SURVEY

2. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION REPORT

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