ACID-BASE TITRATION

A. Objectives
a. Student can prepare acid standard solution
b. Student can determine the normality of the acid/base using a standard solution
c. Student can determine the equivalence point using titration curve
d. Student can understand the acid-base titration principle.
B. Theory
By this time you know that a strong acid solution contains H+ ions and a solution
of strong base contains OH- ions. As we saw earlier, when a strong acid and a strong base
are mixed, the H+ and OH- react to form H2O:
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O(l)
This reaction is called a neutralization reaction because if equal amounts of H+ and OH-
are available for reaction, a neutral solution (pH = 7) will result. (Zumdahl,dkk, 2007)
To analyze the acid or base content of a solution, chemists often perform a titration.
Titration is a technique in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine
the concentration of another solution. A titration involves the delivery of a measured
volume of a solution of known concentration (the titrant) into the solution being analyzed
(the analyte). The titrant contains a substance that reacts in a known way with the analyte.
For example, if the analyte contains a base, the titrant would be a standard solution (a
solution of known concentration) of a strong acid. Standard solution is a solution in which
the concentration is accurately known.To run the titration the standard solution of titrant is
loaded into a buret. Buret is a device used for the accurate measurement of the delivery of
a given volume of a liquid or solution. A buret is a cylindrical device with a stopcock at
the bottom that allows accurate measurement of the delivery of a given volume of liquid
(see Figure 1).
(a) The titrant (the base) is in the buret, and the flask contains
the acid solution along with a small amount of indicator.
(b) As base is added drop by drop to the acid solution in the
flask during the titration, the indicator changes color, but the
color disappears on mixing.
(c) The stoichiometric (equivalence) point is marked by a
permanent indicator color change. The volume of base added
is the difference between the final and initial buret readings.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1. The titration of an acid with a base

Figure 1 shows three steps in the titration of a solution of strong acid (the analyte) with a
solution of sodium hydroxide (the titrant). The titration is stopped (equivalence point
 reached) after the drop of NaOH(aq) that first changes the indicator permanently from
colorless to red. (Zumdahl,dkk, 2007)
In a modern acid–base titration, typically the probe of a pH meter is inserted in the solution
being analyzed and the pH is monitored during the entire titration. A plot of the resulting data (pH
versus volume of titrant added) is called the titration curve (or pH curve). Titration curve (pH
curve) a plot of the pH of a given solution versus the volume of titrant added to the solution. The
pH curve for the titration of 0.200 M HN O3 with 0.100 M NaOH is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. The pH curve for the titration of 50.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3 with 0.100 M NaOH

Notice from this pH curve that the pH changes very rapidly when the titration nears the equivalence
point. So far we have discussed the titration of a strong acid with a strong base such as NaOH(aq).
Weak acids can also be titrated with NaOH(aq). For example, acetic acid (HC2H3O2), the weak acid
found in vinegar, can be titrated according to the following reaction:
OH-(aq) + HC2H3O2(aq) → H2O(l) + C2H3O2-(aq)
Here the formula for the entire acid is written in the neutralization reaction instead of just H+ , as is
the case for strong acids. This is done because acetic acid is a weak acid and retains its H+ in water.
In contrast, OH- is such a strong base that it can easily extract the H+ from HC2H3O2.. (Zumdahl,dkk,
2007)
Determining the Acidity of a Solution
a. The acidity of a solution is expressed in terms of [H+].
b. pH = -log [H+]
Lower pH means greater acidity ([H+]).
c. pOH = -log [OH-]
d. For a neutral solution [H+] = [OH-]
e. For an acidic solution [H+] > [OH-].
f. For a basic solution [H+] < [OH-].
g. The pH of a solution can be measured by
• Indicators
• pH meter
h. For a strong acid the concentration of H+ in the solution equals the initial acid concentration
Titrations
a. An acid–base titration is called a neutralization reaction.
b. In a titration a measured volume of a standard solution (titrant) is added to the solution being
analyzed (analyte).
c. The titration is stopped as close to the stoichiometric point (equivalence point) as possible as
marked by an indicator or pH meter. (Zumdahl,dkk, 2007)

Figure 3 Indicator paper being

used to measure the pH of a
solution. The pH is determined
by comparing the color that the
solution turns the paper to the
color chart.
Figure 3. Indicator paper
The solution that contains the precisely known concentration of a solute is known
as a standard solution. It is often called simply the known solution. To be certain of the
concentration of the known solution, that solution must first be compared with a solution
of a primary standard. A primary standard is a highly purified solid compound used to
check the concentration of the known solution in a titration. The known solution is prepared
first, and its volume is adjusted to give roughly the desired concentration. The
concentration is then determined more precisely by titrating the solution with a carefully
measured quantity of solution of the primary standard. (Zumdahl,dkk, 2007)
1. Acid-base reaction (asidi-alkalimetri = neutralization)
The determination of these levels is based on protondar transfer of alkaline or acidic
substances, either in water or water-free environments.
2. Reaction oxidation-reduction (redox)
The basis used is the transfer of electrons. Determination of the levels of the
compounds based on these are widely used such as permanganometri, serimetry,
iodometry, iodametry and bromatometry.
3. Deposition reaction (precipitation)
Determination of the content based on the formation of soluble precipitates such as
the determination of the content argentometri.
4. The reaction of complex formation (complexometri)
The cultivated basis is the occurrence of a reaction between organic complexing
agents with metal ions to produce a stable complex compound. Determination of levels
using this principle is a method of complexometry.
a. Types of acid-base titration
Acid-base titration can be grouped into the following:
1. Strong or strong acidic odor
Titran used in this type of acid-base titration is a strong acid and a strong base. The
end point of the titration is easily known by making the titration curve of the plot between
the pH of the solution as a function of the added titrant volume. As an example of strong
acid titration and a strong base is the titration of HCl with NaOH. The reaction is as follows:
 HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
H + + OH- H2O
The general reaction occurring in acid-base titration can be written according to the
second reaction above. The H + ion reacts with OH- forming H2O so that the titration end
result at the pH equivalent point of the solution is neutral. Titration curve between 50 mL
0.1 M HCl with 50 mL NaOH 0.1 M can be shown with the following figure:

Figure 2. The Titration Curve 0.1 M HCl with 0.1 M NaOH

1. Titration of weak base and strong acid

Titration of weak bases and strong acids is analogous to weak acid titration with a
strong base, but the curve formed is a reflection of the weak acid titration curve vs. strong
base. An example here is a 0.1 M NH4OH titration of 25 ml with 0.1 HCl 25 mL where
the reaction can be written as:
NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O
The titration curve can be written as follows:

Figure 3. The Titration curve of 0.1 M NH4OH with 0.1 M HCl

At the beginning of the titration in Erlenmeyer there is only NH4OH, since NH4OH
is a weak base then not all will be ionized to find its pH
2. Titration of strong base and weak acid
The weak acid exemplified here is CH3COOH acetic acid (usually shortened to
HOAc) and titrated with a strong base of NaOH. The reaction can be written as follows:
 HOAc + NaOH -> NaOAC + H2O
And the titration curve between 0.1 M HOAc 50 mL with 0.1 M NaOH 50 mL can
be described as follows :

Figure 4. The Titration curve 0.1 M CH3COOH with 0.1 M NaOH

The titrant is added slowly to the analyte until exactly enough has been added to
just react with all of the analyte. This point is called the stoichiometric point or
equivalence point for the titration. Equivalence point (stoichiometric point) is the point
in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in
solution that is being titrated. For an acid–base titration the equivalence point can be
determined by using a pH meter or indicator. In the titration of a strong acid and a strong
base, the equivalence point occurs when an equal amount of H+ and OH- have reacted so
that the solution is neutral (pH = 7). Thus the titration would stop when the pH meter shows
pH = 7. Alternatively, an indicator could be used that changes color near pH = 7.
(Raymond, dkk, 2006)
An aproximate value for the pH of the solution can be obtain using acid-base
indicators. Acid base indicators are compounds whose colors are sensitive to pH. In other
words, the color of an indicator changes as the pH of solution changes.
Indicator (acid–base) is a chemical that changes color depending on the pH of a
solution.
Indicator paper is a strip of paper coated with a combination of acid–base indicators.
pH meter is a device used to measure the pH of a solution. (Raymond, dkk, 2006).
Standard Solutions. The accuracy of any titration analysis depends on an accurate
knowledge of the concentration of the titrant. Most titrants are first standardized; that is,
their concentration is measured by titration with astandard solution, which is a
solution whose concentration is known precisely. Only pure crystalline compounds that
do not react with water or carbon dioxide are suitable for use in preparing a standard
solution. One such compound is potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), a weak
monoprotic acid suitable for standardizing solutions of bases such as sodium hydroxide.
The reaction of KHP with NaOH is a simple acid–base reaction. If the
 concentration of the KHP solution is known accurately and the titration of a NaOH
solution with the KHP solution is carried out carefully, then the concentration of the
NaOH solution can be calculated precisely. The standardized NaOH solution can then be
used to titrate a solution of an acid whose concentration is unknown. (Averill, 2011)

C. Apparatus and Reagent

a. Analytical balance h. Oxalic Acid Crystal
b. 100 ml volumetric flask i. Distilled Water
c. 100 ml erlenmeyer j. 0.1 M and 0.2 M NaOH
d. 50 ml buret k. 0.1 M HCl
e. Clamps and statif l. 0.1 M CH3COOH
f. 10 ml volumetric pipet m. pp Indicator
g. pH meter/universal indicator

D. Procedure
1. Preparation of primary standard solution of H2C2O4(COOH)2.2H2O

Weight 1,2607 g of Dissolve the oxalic acid Put in the mixture of

oxalic acid crystals crystals using aquades oxalic acid crystals with
accurately solutions aquades into a
volumetric flask up to
100 ml

Until reaching mark

on volumetric flask
and shake the solution

2. Determine the concentration of NaOH

The reaction : (COONa)2 + 2H2O → 2NaOH + (COOH)2
 Clean buret with Filled the buret with Filled 10 ml of oxalic
NaOH solution NaOH solution up to the 0 acid standard solution
that will be used ml mark into two Erlenmeyer flask

Shake at the same Drop down NaOH

time until the color solution in the buret Add 2-3 drops of
changes from into acid solution indicator PP
colorless pink

Record the volume Perform the above Calculate the

(ml) of NaOH used experiment in duplicate concentration of NaOH

3. Determination of the concentration of HCl using secondary standard solution of

NaOH
The reaction : HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Filled the buret with Filled 10 ml of HCl into Add 2-3 drops of
standardized NaOH two Erlenmeyer flask indicator PP
solution

Shake at the sametime Drop down NaOH

Record the volume
(ml) of NaOH used until the color changes solution in the buret
from colorless pink into acid solution

Calculate the
Perform the above
concentration of NaOH
experiment in duplicate
by the formula

4. Making titration curve

 Put 10 ml of 0.1 M Put standardized Measure the
HCl into the NaOH into buret up initial pH of
erlenmeyer to the 0 ml mark HCl

Measure the pH Shake and

Add 1ml of
every addition of measure the pH of
NaOH dropwise
NaOH solution
into erlenmeyer

Do in the same way

by replacing HCl with
0.1 M CH3COOH

E. The experimental data and calculation

1. Preparation of primary standard solution of H2C2O4(COOH)2.2H2O
Mass of oxalic acid = 1.2607 grams
Volume of solution = 100 ml
Molarity of oxalic acid solution = 0.1 M

Normality of oxalic acid solution = 0.2 M

2. Determine the concentration of NaOH

Volume of oxalic acid = 10.00 ml
Volume of NaOH (1) = 20.50 ml
Volume of NaOH (2) = 21.10 ml
Average volume of NaOH = 20.80 ml

3. Determination of the concentration of HCl using secondary standard solution of

NaOH
Volume of HCl = 10.00 ml
Volume of NaOH (1) = 9.70 ml
Volume of NaOH (2) = 10.50 ml
Average volume of NaOH = 10.10 ml
 4. Relationship of volume of titrant with pH in acid-base titration
pH HCl = 1 pH CH3COOH = 4

Volume of Volume of
NaOH added to NaOH added to
No. pH No. pH
10 ml of 0.1 M 10 ml of 0.1 M
HCl CH3COOH
1. 1 ml 1 1. 1 ml 4
2. 2 ml 1 2. 2 ml 4
3. 3 ml 1 3. 3 ml 4
4. 4 ml 1 4. 4 ml 4
5. 5 ml 1 5. 5 ml 4
6. 6 ml 1 6. 6 ml 5
7. 7 ml 2 7. 7 ml 5
8. 8 ml 2 8. 8 ml 6
9. 9 ml 3 9. 9 ml 6
10. 10 ml 6 10. 10 ml 8
11. 11 ml 8 11. 11 ml 10
12. 12 ml 10 12. 12 ml 10
13. 13 ml 10 13. 13 ml 10
14. 14 ml 10 14. 14 ml 10
15. 15 ml 10 15. 15 ml 10

F. Calculation

1. Make a standart solution of oxalic acid

m (COOH)22H2O : 1.26 gram

Mr (COOH)22H2O: 126

M (COOH)22H2O : n /v
: 0.01 / 0.1
: 0.1 M
N (COOH)22H2O : M x a
: 0.1 x 2
: 0.2 N
2. Determination the concentration of NaOH
V1 N1 = V2 N2
 10 0.2 = 20.80 N2 Mmol NaOH = 0.096 x 20.80
N2 = 0.096 Mmol NaOH = 2
N2 = M x e
0.096 = M

Curve of titration can create based this calculation

First PH
[H+] = √𝑘𝑎 𝑥 [(COOH)22H2O]
[H+] = √10−5 𝑥 10−1
[H+] = √10^ − 6
[H+] =10-3
PH = - log [10-3] = 3
Equivalen PH
2NaOH(aq) + (COOH)22H2O(aq) 2COONa(aq) + 4H2O(l)
m 2 mmol 1 mmol - -
r 2 mmol 1 mmol 2 mmol
s 0 0 2 mmol
M COONa = 2 mmol
10 + 20.80 ml
M COONa = 0.065 M
𝑘𝑤 𝑥 [𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
[OH-] =√
𝑘𝑎
10−14 𝑥 𝑜.065
[OH-] =√ 10−5

[OH-] = √65 𝑥 10−12

[OH-] = 8.062 x 10-6
POH = 6 – log 8.062
PH = 14 – ( 5 – log 8.062)
PH = 9.906
Last PH
[OH-] = 0.096
POH = - log 0.096
POH = 1.0177
PH = 12.982
3. Determine the concentration of HCI
V1 N1 = V2 N2
10 0.1 = 10.10 N2 Mmol NaOH =0.099 x 10.10
N2 = 0.099 Mmol NaOH = 1.00
N2 = M x e
M = 0.099
 NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
m 1 mmol 1 mmol - -
r 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
s 0 0 1 mmol 1 mmol
[H+] = M x valensi
[H+] = 0.1 x 1
[H+] = 0.1
PH = 1
M NaCl = 1 mmol
10 + 10.10 ml
M NaCl = 0.04975 M
-
[OH ] = M x valensi basa
-
[OH ] = 0.099 x 1
POH = 2 – log 9.9
PH = 14 – ( 2 – log 9.9)
PH = 14 – 1.004
PH = 12.9956
Last PH = 7
4. Determination the concentration of CH3COOH with standart solution NaOH
V1 N1 = V2 N2
10 0.1 = 13.3 N2 Mmol NaOH = 0.075 x 13.3
N2 = 0.075 Mmol NaOH = 1.00
N2 = M x e
M = 0.075
Curve of titration can create based this calculation
First PH
[H+] = √𝑘𝑎 𝑥 [CH3COOH]
[H+] = √10−5 𝑥 10−1
[H+] = √10−6
[H+] =10-3
PH = - log [10-3] = 3

Equivalen PH
NaOH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
m 1 mmol 1 mmol - -
r 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
s 0 0 1 mmol
M CH3COONa = 1 mmol
10 + 13.3 ml
M CH3COONa = 0.043 M
 𝑘𝑤 𝑥 [𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
[OH-] =√
𝑘𝑎
10−14 𝑥 0.043
[OH-] =√ 10−5

[OH-] = √43 𝑥 10−12

[OH-] = 6.56 x 10-6
POH = 6 – log 6.56
PH = 14 – ( 6 – log 6.56)
PH = 8.82
Last PH
[OH-] = 0.075
POH = - log 0.075
POH = 1.125
PH = 12.875

1. Volume of NaOH added to 10 ml of 0.1 M HCl

a. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 1 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2 O

M) 0.09 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.09 mmol 0.09 mmol 0.09 mmol 0.09 mmol

S) - 0.91 mmol 0.09 mmol 0.09 mmol

Ma = moles HCl/total volume pH = - log [H+]

= 0.91/11 = - log 8.3 x 10-2

= 0.083 M = 2- log 8.3

[H+] = Ma . a = 1.08

= 0.083 . 1

= 0.083 M

b. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 2 ml NaOH 0.09 M

 NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2 O

M) 0.18 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.18 mmol 0.18 mmol 0.18 mmol 0.18 mmol

S) - 0.82 mmol 0.18 mmol 0.18 mmol

Ma = moles HCl/total volume pH = - log [H+]

= 0.82/12 = - log 6.8 x 10-2

= 0.068 M = 2- log 6.8

[H+] = Ma .a = 1.17

= 0.068 . 1

= 0.068 M

c. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 3 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2 O

M) 0.27 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.27 mmol 0.27 mmol 0.27 mmol 0.27 mmol

S) - 0.73 mmol 0.3 mmol 0.3 mmol

Ma = moles HCl/total volume pH = - log [H+]

= 0.73/13 = - log 5.6 x 10-2

= 0.056 M = 2- log 5.6

[H+] = Ma .a = 1.25
 = 0.056 . 1

= 0.056 M

d. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 4 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

M) 0.36 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.36 mmol 0.36 mmol 0.36 mmol 0.36 mmol

S) - 0.64 mmol 0.36 mmol 0.36 mmol

Ma = moles HCl/total volume pH = - log [H+]

= 0.64/14 = - log 4.6 x 10-2

= 0.046 M = 2- log 4.6

[H+] = Ma .a = 1.34

= 0.046 . 1

= 0.046 M

e. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 5 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2 O

M) 0.45 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.45 mmol 0.45 mmol 0.45 mmol 0.45 mmol

S) - 0.55 mmol 0.45 mmol 0.45 mmol

Ma = moles HCl/total volume pH = - log [H+]

= 0.55/15 = - log 3.7 x 10-2

= 0.037 M = 2- log 3.7

 [H+] = Ma .a = 1.43

= 0.037 . 1

= 0.037 M

f. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 6 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2 O

M) 0.54 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.54 mmol 0.54 mmol 0.54 mmol 0.54 mmol

S) - 0.46 mmol 0.54 mmol 0.54 mmol

Ma = moles HCl/total volume pH = - log [H+]

= 0.46/16 = - log 2.9 x 10-2

= 0.029 M = 2- log 2.9

[H+] = Ma .a = 1.54

= 0.029 . 1

= 0.029 M

g. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 7 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

M) 0.63 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.63 mmol 0.63 mmol 0.63 mmol 0.63 mmol

S) - 0.37 mmol 0.63 mmol 0.63 mmol

Ma = moles HCl/total volume pH = - log [H+]

= 0.37/17 = - log 2.2 x 10-2

= 0.022 M = 2- log 2.2

 [H+] = Ma .a = 1.66

= 0.022 . 1

= 0.022 M

h. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 8 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

M) 0.72 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.72 mmol 0.72 mmol 0.72 mmol 0.72 mmol

S) - 0.28 mmol 0.72 mmol 0.72 mmol

Ma = moles HCl/total volume pH = - log [H+]

= 0.28/18 = - log 1.5 x 10-2

= 0.015 M = 2- log 1.5

[H+] = Ma .a = 1.82

= 0.015 . 1

= 0.015 M

i. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 9 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

M) 0.81 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.81 mmol 0.81 mmol 0.81 mmol 0.81 mmol

S) - 0.19 mmol 0.81 mmol 0.81 mmol

Ma = moles HCl/total volume pH = - log [H+]

= 0.19/19 = - log 1.0 x 10-2

= 0.010 M = 2- log 1
 [H+] = Ma .a =2

= 0.010 . 1

= 0.017 M

j. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 10 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

M) 0.9 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.9 mmol 0.9 mmol 0.9 mmol 0.9 mmol

S) - 0.1 mmol 0.9 mmol 0.9 mmol

Ma = moles HCl/total volume pH = - log [H+]

= 0.1/20 = - log 5 x 10-3

= 0.005 M = 3- log 5

[H+] = Ma .a ` = 2.30

= 0.005 . 1

= 0.005 M

k. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 11 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

M) 0.99 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.99 mmol 0.99 mmol 0.99 mmol 0.99 mmol

S) - 0.01 mmol 0.99 mmol 0.99 mmol

Ma = moles HCl /total volume pH = - log [H+]

= 0.01/21 = - log 5 x 10-4

= 0.0005 M = 4 – log 5
 [H+] = Ma .a = 3.30

= 0.0005 . 1

= 0.0005 M

l. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 12 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

M) 1.08 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol

S) 0.08 mmol - 1 mmol 1 mmol

Mb = moles NaOH /total volume pOH = - log [OH-]

= 0.08/22 = - log 4 x 10-3

= 0.004 M = 2.40

[OH-] = Mb .a pH = 14 -
pOH

= 0.004 . 1 = 14 – 2.40

= 0.004 M = 11.60

m. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 13 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

M) 1.17 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol

S) 0.17 mmol - 1 mmol 1 mmol

Mb = moles NaOH/total volume pOH = - log [OH-]

= 0.17/23 = - log 0.7 x 10-2

 = 0.007 M = 2.15

[OH-] = Mb .v pH = 14 - pOH

= 0.007 . 1 = 14 – 2.15

= 0.007 M = 11.85

n. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 14 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

M) 1.26 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol

S) 0.26 mmol - 1 mmol 1 mmol

Mb = moles NaOH total volume pOH = - log [H+]

= 0.26/24 = - log 1.1 x 10-2

= 0.011 M = 1.96

[OH-] = Mb .b pH = 14 - pOH

= 0.011 . 1 = 14 -1.96

= 0.011 M = 12.04

o. Titration between 10 ml HCl 0.1 M with 15 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
M) 1.35 mmol 1 mmol - -
R) 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol
S) 0.35 mmol - 1 mmol 1 mmol

Mb = moles NaOH/total volume pOH = - log [OH-]

= 0.35/25 = - log 1.4 x 10-2

 = 0.014 M = 1.85

[OH-] = Mb .b pH = 14 - pOH

= 0.014 . 1 = 14 – 1.85

= 0.014 M =12.15

Titration NaOH - HCl

14

12

10

8
pH

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Volume NaOH

Theoretical Experiment
2. Volume of NaOH added to 10 ml of 0.1 M CH3COOH
a. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 1 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 0.09 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.09 mmol 0.09 mmol 0.09 mmol 0.09 mmol

S) - 0.91 mmol 0.09 mmol 0.09 mmol

[acid]
[H+] = Ka. pH = - log [H+]
[salt]

= 1.8 x 10-5 . 0.91/0.09 = - log 1.82 x 10-4

= 1.82 x 10-4 = 3.74

b. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 2 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 0.18 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.18 mmol 0.18 mmol 0.18 mmol 0.18 mmol

S) - 0.82 mmol 0.18 mmol 0.18 mmol

[acid]
[H+] = Ka. pH = - log [H+]
[salt]

= 1.8 x 10-5 . 0.82/0.18 = - log 8.20 x 10-5

= 8.20 x 10-5 = 4.09

c. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 3 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 0.27 mmol 1 mmol - -

 R) 0.27 mmol 0.27 mmol 0.27 mmol 0.27 mmol

S) - 0.73 mmol 0.27 mmol 0.27 mmol

[H+] = Ka. pH = - log [H+]

= 1.8 x 10-5 . 0.73/0.27 = - log 4.87 x 10-5

= 4.87 x 10-5 = 4.31

d. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 4 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 0.36 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.36 mmol 0.36 mmol 0.36 mmol 0.36 mmol

S) - 0.64 mmol 0.36 mmol 0.36 mmol

[H+] = Ka. pH = - log [H+]

= 1.8 x 10-5 . 0.64/0.36 = - log 3.20 x 10-5

= 3.20 x 10-5 = 4.49

e. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 5 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 0.45 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.45 mmol 0.45 mmol 0.45 mmol 0.45 mmol

S) - 0.55 mmol 0.45 mmol 0.45 mmol

[H+] = Ka. pH = - log [H+]

= 1.8 x 10-5 . 0.55/0.45 = - log 2.20 x 10-5

 = 2.20 x 10-5 = 4.66

f. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 6 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 0.54 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.54 mmol 0.54 mmol 0.54 mmol 0.54 mmol

S) - 0.46 mmol 0.54 mmol 0.54 mmol

[H+] = Ka. pH = - log [H+]

= 1.8 x 10-5 . 0.46/0.54 = - log 1.53 x 10-5

= 1,53 x 10-5 = 4.82

g. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 7 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 0.63 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.63 mmol 0.63 mmol 0.63 mmol 0.63 mmol

S) - 0.37 mmol 0.63 mmol 0.63 mmol

[H+] = Ka. pH = - log [H+]

= 1.8 x 10-5 . 0.37/0.63 = - log 1.06 x 10-5

= 1.06 x 10-5 = 4.97

h. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 8 ml NaOH 0.09 M
NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 0.72 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.72 mmol 0.72 mmol 0.72 mmol 0.72 mmol

S) - 0.28 mmol 0.72 mmol 0.72 mmol

[H+] = Ka. pH = - log [H+]

= 1.8 x 10-5 . 0.28/0.72 = - log 7.0 x 10-6

= 7.0 x 10-6 = 5.15

i. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 9 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 0.81 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.81 mmol 0.81 mmol 0.81 mmol 0.81 mmol

S) - 0.19 mmol 0.81 mmol 0.81 mmol

[H+] = Ka. pH = - log [H+]

= 1.8 x 10-5 . 0.19/0.81 = - log 4.2 x 10-6

= 4.2 x 10-6 = 5.38

j. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 10 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 0.9 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.9 mmol 0.9 mmol 0.9 mmol 0.9 mmol

S) - 0.1 mmol 0.9 mmol 0.9 mmol

 [H+] = Ka. pH = - log [H+]

= 1.8 x 10-5 . 0.1/0.9 = - log 2.0 x 10-6

= 2.0 x 10-6 = 5.70

k. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 11 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 0.99 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 0.99 mmol 0.99 mmol 0.99 mmol 0.99 mmol

S) - 0.01 mmol 0.99 mmol 0.99 mmol

[H+] = Ka. pH = - log [H+]

= 1.8 x 10-5 . 0.01/0.99 = - log 1.8 x 10-7

=1.8 x 10-7 = 6.74

l. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 12 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 1.1 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol

S) 0.1 mmol - 1 mmol 1 mmol

Mb = n/V total pOH = -log [OH-]

= 0.1/22 = -log 5.0 x 10-3

= 0.005 = 2.30

[OH-] = Mb . v pH = 14 - pOH
= 0.005 . 1 = 14 - 2.3
 = 0.005 = 11.7

m. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 13 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 1.17 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol

S) 0.17 mmol - 1 mmol 1 mmol

Mb = n/V total pOH = -log [OH-]

= 0.17/23 = -log 7.4 x 10-3
= 0.0074 = 2.13

[OH-] = Mb . v pH = 14 - pOH
= 0.0074 . 1 = 14 - 2.13
= 0.0074 = 11.87

n. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 14 ml NaOH 0.09 M

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 1.26 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol

S) 0.26 mmol - 1 mmol 1 mmol

Mb = n/V total pOH = -log [OH-]

= 0.26/24 = -log 1.1 x 10-2

= 0.011 = 1.96

[OH-] = Mb . v pH = 14 - pOH

= 0.011 . 1 = 14 – 2.0

= 0.011 = 12.04
 o. Titration between 10 ml CH3COOH 0,1 M with 15 ml NaOH 0.09 M
NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O

M) 1.35 mmol 1 mmol - -

R) 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol 1 mmol

S) 0.35 - 1 mmol 1 mmol

Mb = n/V total pOH = -log [OH-]

= 0.35/25 = -log 1.4 x 10-2

= 0.014 = 1.85

[OH-] = Mb . v pH = 14 - pOH

= 0.014 . 1 = 14 – 1.85
= 0.014 = 12.15

14 Titration CH3COOH-NaOH

12

10

8
pH

theoretical
6
experimental
4

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
volume NaOH (ml)
 5. Relationship of the volume of titrant with pH in acid-base titration based from
calculation (theory)

Volume of
Volume of NaOH
NaOH added to
No. pH No. added to 10 ml of 0.1 pH
10 ml of 0.1 M
M CH3COOH
HCl
1. 1 ml 1.08 1. 1 ml 3.74
2. 2 ml 1.17 2. 2 ml 4.09
3. 3 ml 1.25 3. 3 ml 4.31
4. 4 ml 1.34 4. 4 ml 4.49
5. 5 ml 1.43 5. 5 ml 4.66
6. 6 ml 1.54 6. 6 ml 4.82
7. 7 ml 1.66 7. 7 ml 4.97
8. 8 ml 1.82 8. 8 ml 5.15
9. 9 ml 2 9. 9 ml 5.38
10. 10 ml 2.30 10. 10 ml 5.70
11. 11 ml 3.30 11. 11 ml 6.74
12. 12 ml 11.60 12. 12 ml 11.7
13. 13 ml 11.85 13. 13 ml 11.87
14. 14 ml 12.04 14. 14 ml 12.04
15. 15 ml 12.15 15. 15 ml 12.15

G. Discussion
1. primary standard solution of Oxalic acid
The standard solution is a solution already known to contain the
concentration of a substance appropriately. From this concentration can be known
a weight. Of the known weight is then dissolved to produce a certain volume.
Standard solutions are used to determine the concentration of other substances,
such as the solution in the titration. On this labwork the primary standard solution
that will to use in titration acid base is solution of oxalic acid. Oxalid acid is solid,
delicate, white, can dissolved well in the water, and easily be obtained in pure
crystalline form.
In this practical work, the main standard solution of acid bases uses oxalic
acid solution. The oxalic acid used is white, solid, smooth, soluble in water, and
can be obtained in the form of pure crystals.
 To make the main standard solution, we use 1,2607 gram of oxalic acid,
100 ml of solution, so we get molarity of oxalic acid by finding mole of oxalic
acid with mass formula divided by mr from oxalic acid 1,2607 / 126.07 to get
mole from oxalic acid that is 0.01. From the mole obtained then the mole of
oxalic acid is divided by 100 ml or equal to 0.1 liters. Thus, the molarity of the
oxalic acid solution was 0.01 divided by 0.1 so that the molarity of oxalic acid
was 0.1 M.
Then, we can look for the normality of oxalic acid by calculating molarity
multiplied by the valence of the oxalic acid. The molarity of the oxalic acid
solution has been calculated and has been discussed at the top, so it has been
known that oxalic acid molarity is 0.1 M and then, the formula of oxalic acid is
H2C2O4(COOH)2 so it is known that the oxalic acid valence is 2. We can look for
the normality of the oxalic acid solution by multiplying the molarity and valence
of the oxalic acid. Thus, the molarity of oxalic acid is 0.1 M multiplied by the
valence of oxalic acid 2. Thus, 0.1 x 2 is obtained which is 0.2 N.
2. Determine the concentration of NaOH solution
In this experiment, we determined the concentration of a solution of sodium
hydroxide, NaOH, using oxalic acid dihydrate, H2C2O4.2H2O, as the principal
standard acid solution. of the known mass of oxalic acid dihydrate, we can
calculate the number of moles of dihydric oxalic acid used. The oxalic acid
dihydrate mole used corresponds to the mole NaOH has. The volume of the
solution is also known. So we can calculate the concentration of NaOH that is by
formula :

M NaOH = n NaOH / V solution

With this formula we can determine the unknown molar mass of the acid. To find
the concentration of NaOH we can use the formula

(M.V.valence) NaOH = (M.V.valence) C2H2O4

The first color on the indicator used is the pink color which means it is a sign that
the added NaOH is equivalent to the oxalic acid used. and the volume we count
from the titration is used for the concentration of NaOH. So we get the volume of
NaOH 20,80 ml. and the concentration of NaOH is 0.096 M.
3. Determine the concentration of HCI
To know the unknown acid concentration, we can calculate using known
hydroxide concentrations. How to know the acid concentration not yet known. The
reaction to know the concentration of unknown acid is neutralization reaction, that
is by using acid and base reactant and produce reaction product that is salt and air.
The neutralization reaction can be written as follows:

Acid + Base → Salt + H2O

In the neutral reaction we must, of course, be able to and use an indicator,

where the indicator can be seen or shown with a perfectly neutralized reaction. The
indicator is a pH indicator, the indicator can change the color according to the pH
of the material given the indicator. It is made us use pH indicator that is PP
indicator.
The equivalent point is the point where all the acid is inserted and the
absence of a base excess until pink appears. From that equivalent point, we can
determine the initial concentration of acid by calculation. Through titration we can
get as close to the equivalent point as possible with the addition of a careful base,
this corresponds to the concentration of acid that is ascertained and calculated as
close as possible to the true value. How to know NaOH, we can use the formula:

(M.Valvalence) HCl = (M.V.valence) NaOH

We use the volume of NaOH inserted in the titration is 10.10 ml. of the
above process, we have calculated the molarity or concentration of NaOH and have
found the result is 0.096 M. of the volume of NaOH introduced in the titration and
the NaOH concentration sought in the previous process, we can find the
concentration of HCl. The known volume of HCl is 10 ml. with all these
components, we can determine the concentration of HCl. The concentration of HCl
is 0.096 M.
4. Making titration curve
In this titration experiment, we use PP indicator to tell us when we have the acid
and alkali mixed in exactly the right proportions to neutralise each other. When
the indicator changes color, this is describe the end point of the titration.
1) Titration HCl-NaOH

Titration NaOH - HCl

14
12
10
8
pH

6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Volume NaOH

Theoretical Experiment

Graph 1. The pH curve for the titration of 10 mL of 0.1 M HCl with 0.09
M NaOH (based from the theoretical and experiment)

Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydoxide is typical a strong acid and a

strong base. We can see in the theoretical curve that the pH start low and
increases as we add more sodium hydroxide solution. Again, the pH
doesn’t change every much until get close to the equivalent point. Then, it
surges upwards very steeply.
But in plain view, both of the grafik almost have a same pH of the
equivalent, that is 7.
 2) Titration NaOH - CH3COOH
14 Titration CH3COOH-NaOH
12
10
8

pH
6 theoretical
4 experimental
2
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
volume NaOH (ml)

Graph 2. The pH curve for the titration of 10 mL of CH3COOH 0.1 M

with 0.09 M NaOH
(based from theoretical and experiment)

NaOH is a strong base, and acetic acid is weak acid. From the theoretical curve, the
start of the graph shows a relatively rapid rise in pH but this slows down. Beyond the
equivalent point (when the sodium hydroxide excess) the curve is just the same as
that end of the curve.The pH of equivalent point in titration strong base and acetic
acid is more than 7. From both of curve we can get the pH of equivalent point is there
about 8.

Based from experiment we know that the curve from data its different with the
curve from theoretical. Theoretical titration curves is higher than the practical. We
suspect the homogeneit of the mixture is playing an important role. Acid-base reaction
are often very fast. Very small concentration gradients can be difficult to eliminate
entirely due to the low speed of diffusion of substances in liquid. The other point, the
pH could not be calibrated correctly, and the concentration might not be as precise as
we they are.

H. Conclusion
1. Standar solution are prepared by using standard substance; there are oxalic acid,
which made from 1.2607 g of oxalic acid crystal with dissolved in 100 ml of
aquades.
2. From this experiment we get that the normality of NaOH is 0.09 N and normality
of HCl is 0.1 N
 3. In the titration of a strong acid and a strong base, the equivalence point occurs when
the solution is neutral (pH = 7). In the titration of a weak acid and a strong base, the
equivalence point occurs when the solution have pH more than 7.
I. References
Averill, Bruce Patricia E. R.H. Hand . 2011. General Chemistry : Principles, Patterns,
and Application. Saylor Academy
Raymond, E.D. Regina F. Sarquis M. Sarquis Jerry L. 2006. Modern Chemistry.
Austin:A Harcourt Education Company
Zumdahl, S.S. Zumdahl S.L. Donald J. DeCoste. 2007. World of Chemistry. Boston:A
Houghton Mifflin Company
J. Appendix
Problem
1. Determine the molarity and normality of standard oxalic acid solution
m (COOH)22H2O : 1.26 gram

Mr (COOH)22H2O: 126

M (COOH)22H2O : n /v
: 0.01 / 0.1
: 0.1 M
N (COOH)22H2O : M x a
: 0.1 x 2
: 0.2 N
2. Determine the molarity and normality solution of NaOH
V1 N1 = V2 N2
10 0.2 = 20.80 N2
N2 = 0.096
N2 =Mxe
0.096 = M
3. Determine the normality and molarity solution of HCl
V1 N1 = V2 N2
10 0.1 = 10.10 N2
N2 = 0.099 N
N =Mxe
M = 0.099 M
5. Graph Titration NaOH - HCl

Titration NaOH - HCl

14
12
10
8
pH
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Volume NaOH

Theoretical Experiment

Graph Titration NaOH – CH3COOH

14 Titration CH3COOH-NaOH
12
10
8
pH

6 theoretical
4 experimental
2
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
volume NaOH (ml)

6. pH of the mix at the equivalence point is 7

7. PH = 3
[H+] =10-3
[H+] = √𝑘𝑎 𝑥 [CH3COOH]
10-6= √𝑘𝑎 𝑥 10−1
10-6 = Ka x 10-1
Ka = 10-5
8. M CH3COONa = 1 mmol
10 + 13.3 ml
M CH3COONa = 0.043 M
𝑘𝑤 𝑥 [𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
[OH-] =√
𝑘𝑎
 10−14 𝑥 0.043
[OH-] =√ 10−5

[OH-] = √43 𝑥 10−12

[OH-] = 6.56 x 10-6
POH = 6 – log 6.56
PH = 14 – ( 6 – log 6.56)
PH = 8.82

M CH3COONa = 1 mmol

10 + 13.3 ml

M CH3COONa = 0.043 M

𝑘𝑤 𝑥 [𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
[OH-] =√
𝑘𝑎

10−14 𝑥 0.043
[OH-] =√ 1.8 𝑥 10−5

[OH-] = √23.89 𝑥 10−12

[OH-] = 4.8876 x 10-6

POH = 6– log 4.8876

PH = 14 – ( 6 – log 4.8876 )

PH = 8.689
 Documentation

NaOH 0.1 M solution HCl 0.1 M solution CH3COOH 0.1 M solution

PP Indicator Insert NaOH solution into Titration Process Product of Titration

buret