Date:02-04-2019 Power Distribution Lab

Assignment No:01

Transformer:
A transformer is a static device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly used to increase (‘step
up’) or decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels between circuits.

Working Principle of Transformer:

The working principle of a transformer is very simple. Mutual induction between two or more
windings (also known as coils) allows for electrical energy to be transferred between circuits.
This principle is explained in further detail below.
Transformer Theory:
Say you have one winding (also known as a coil) which is supplied by an alternating electrical
source. The alternating current through the winding produces a continually changing and
alternating flux that surrounds the winding. If another winding is brought close to this winding,
some portion of this alternating flux will link with the second winding. As this flux is continually
changing in its amplitude and direction, there must be a changing flux linkage in the second
winding or coil.

According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, there will be an EMF induced in the
second winding. If the circuit of this secondary winding is closed, then a current will flow
through it. This is the basic working principle of a transformer. Let us use electrical symbols
to help visualize this. The winding which receives electrical power from the source is known as
the ‘primary winding’. In the diagram below this is the ‘First Coil’.

The winding which gives the desired output voltage due to mutual induction is commonly known
as the ‘secondary winding’. This is the ‘Second Coil’ in the diagram above.

A transformer that increases voltage between the primary to secondary windings is defined as a
step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer that decreases voltage between the primary to
secondary windings is defined as a step-down transformer.

Maryam Tahir. ( P1) 2K16-ELE-077

 Date:02-04-2019 Power Distribution Lab
Assignment No:01

While the diagram of the transformer above is theoretically possible in an ideal transformer – it
is not very practical. This is because in open air only a very tiny portion of the flux produced
from the first coil will link with the second coil. So the current that flows through the closed
circuit connected to the secondary winding will be extremely small (and difficult to measure).

The rate of change of flux linkage depends upon the amount of linked flux with the second
winding. So ideally almost all of the flux of primary winding should link to the secondary
winding. This is effectively and efficiently done by using a core type transformer. This provides
a low reluctance path common to both of the windings.

The purpose of the transformer core is to provide a low reluctance path, through which the
maximum amount of flux produced by the primary winding is passed through and linked with
the secondary winding.
The current that initially passes through the transformer when it is switched on is known as the
transformer inrush current.

The reason for transforming the voltage to a much higher level is that higher distribution
voltages implies lower currents for the same power and therefore lower I2*R losses along the
networked grid of cables. These higher AC transmission voltages and currents can then be
reduced to a much lower, safer and usable voltage level where it can be used to supply electrical
equipment in our homes and workplaces, and all this is possible thanks to the basic Voltage
Transformer.

A Typical Voltage Transformer

Maryam Tahir. ( P1) 2K16-ELE-077

 Date:02-04-2019 Power Distribution Lab
Assignment No:01

Transformer Construction (single-phase):

 Where:

 VP - is the Primary Voltage

 VS - is the Secondary Voltage

 NP - is the Number of Primary Windings

 NS - is the Number of Secondary Windings

 Φ (phi) - is the Flux Linkage

The two coil windings are not electrically connected but are only linked magnetically. A single-
phase transformer can operate to either increase or decrease the voltage applied to the primary
winding. When a transformer is used to “increase” the voltage on its secondary winding with
respect to the primary, it is called a Step-up transformer. When it is used to “decrease” the
voltage on the secondary winding with respect to the primary it is called a Step-down
transformer.

A Transformers Turns Ratio:

Assuming an ideal transformer and the phase angles: ΦP ≡ ΦS

The order of the numbers when expressing a transformers turns ratio value is very important as
the turns ratio 3:1 expresses a very different transformer relationship and output voltage than one
in which the turns ratio is given as: 1:3.

Power in a Transformer:

Maryam Tahir. ( P1) 2K16-ELE-077

 Date:02-04-2019 Power Distribution Lab
Assignment No:01

Where: ΦP is the primary phase angle and ΦS is the secondary phase angle.
Since power loss is proportional to the square of the current being transmitted, that is: I2R,
increasing the voltage, let’s say doubling ( ×2 ) the voltage would decrease the current by the
same amount, ( ÷2 ) while delivering the same amount of power to the load and therefore
reducing losses by factor of 4. If the voltage was increased by a factor of 10, the current would
decrease by the same factor reducing overall losses by factor of 100.

Transformer Efficiency:

Where: Input, Output and Losses are all expressed in units of power.
Generally when dealing with transformers, the primary watts are called “volt-amps”, VA to
differentiate them from the secondary watts.

Then the efficiency equation above can be modified to:

Basic Representation of the Transformer:

The ratio of the transformers primary and secondary windings with respect to each other
produces either a step-up voltage transformer or a step-down voltage transformer with the ratio
between the number of primary turns to the number of secondary turns being called the “turns
ratio” or “transformer ratio”.

Maryam Tahir. ( P1) 2K16-ELE-077

 Date:02-04-2019 Power Distribution Lab
Assignment No:01

If this ratio is less than unity, n < 1 then NS is greater than NP and the transformer is classed as a
step-up transformer. If this ratio is greater than unity, n > 1, that is NP is greater than NS, the
transformer is classed as a step-down transformer. Note that single phase step-down transformer
can also be used as a step-up transformer simply by reversing its connections and making the low
voltage winding its primary, and vice versa as long as the transformer is operated within its
original VA design rating.
If the turns ratio is equal to unity, n = 1 then both the primary and secondary have the same
number of windings, therefore the voltages and currents are the same for both windings.

Losses in transformer:

(I) Core Losses Or Iron Losses:

Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depend upon the magnetic properties of the material used
for the construction of core. Hence these losses are also known as core losses or iron losses.

 Hysteresis loss in transformer: Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization in the

transformer core. This loss depends upon the volume and grade of the iron, frequency of
magnetic reversals and value of flux density. It can be given by, Steinmetz formula:
Wh= ηBmax1.6fV (watts)
where, η = Steinmetz hysteresis constant
V = volume of the core in m3
 Eddy current loss in transformer: In transformer, AC current is supplied to the primary
winding which sets up alternating magnetizing flux. When this flux links with secondary
winding, it produces induced emf in it. But some part of this flux also gets linked with other
conducting parts like steel core or iron body or the transformer, which will result in induced
emf in those parts, causing small circulating current in them. This current is called as eddy
current. Due to these eddy currents, some energy will be dissipated in the form of heat.

(Ii) Copper Loss In Transformer:

Copper loss is due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. Copper loss for the primary
winding is I12R1 and for secondary winding is I22R2. Where, I1 and I2 are current in primary and
secondary winding respectively, R1 and R2 are the resistances of primary and secondary winding
respectively. It is clear that Cu loss is proportional to square of the current, and current depends
on the load. Hence copper loss in transformer varies with the load.

Efficiency Of Transformer:
Just like any other electrical machine, efficiency of a transformer can be defined as the output
power divided by the input power. That is
efficiency = output / input .

Maryam Tahir. ( P1) 2K16-ELE-077

 Date:02-04-2019 Power Distribution Lab
Assignment No:01

Uses and Application of Transformer:

The most important uses and application of Transformer are:
 It can rise or lower the level of level of Voltage or Current ( when voltage
increases, current decreases and vice virsa because P =V x I, and Power is same ) in an AC
Circuit.
 It can increase or decrease the value of capacitor, an inductor or resistance in an
AC circuit. It can thus act as an impedance transferring device.
 It can be used to prevent DC from passing from one circuit to the other.
 it can isolate two circuits electrically.
Transformer is the main reason to transmit and distribute power in AC instead of DC, because
Transformer not work on DC so there are too difficulties to transmit power in DC. in the DC
Transition and distribution, the level of voltage Step up by Buck and Boost Converter but it is
too costly and not suitable economically.
The main application of Transformer is to Step up ( Increase) or Step down (Decrease) the level
of Voltage.
in other words, Increase or decries the level of Current, while Power must be same.
It step up the level of voltage at generation side before transmission and distribution.
in distribution side, for commercial or domestic use of electricity, transformer step down
( decries) the level of voltage for example from 11kV to 220 V single phase and 440 V three
phase.
The Current Transformer and Potential Transformer also used power system and in the industry.
Also, it is used for impedance matching. So these were the simple uses and application of
transformer.

Characterizing the Electric Tube wells .

Distribution of Tube wells based on Size of Prime Movers The sample data of 10,002 electric tube wells
was used to develop distribution based on size of the prime movers (electric motors). The distribution
analysis indicated that 91% tube wells are having prime movers, potential for improving energy and water
use efficiency through delivery pipe.

It is normally observed that most of the tube wells in Balochistan are not flowing full due to inefficient
and inadequate pumping systems. The energy and water use efficiency will be optimal for full pipe-flow
of the tube well – tube well running at full discharge. Thus emphasis should be on sustainable abstraction
of groundwater rather than maximizing the discharge of tube well. Based on the analysis, it appears that
the tube well delivery size can be restricted to a maximum of 3 inch diameter to provide subsidy in a
uniform manner and to control mining of groundwater in the province. The groundwater aquifer in major
part of Balochistan can provide sustainable abstraction with a delivery size of 3 inch diameter.

Maryam Tahir. ( P1) 2K16-ELE-077

 Date:02-04-2019 Power Distribution Lab
Assignment No:01

Distribution of Tube wells

based on Power
Factor:
The power factor of 0.67 is a
computed number for
agricultural tube wells by QESCO.
Using the power factor of 0.67,
transformer capacity in KW was estimated using the following relationship

KW = KVA x Power Factor

Distribution of Tube
wells based on Size of
Delivery Pipe :
The sample data of 10,002 electric tube wells indicated that 97.3 % tube wells are in the range of 3 or 4
inch diameter of the delivery pipe (Table 2). Almost half of the tube wells are having delivery size of 3
inch diameter (49%) and the rest half having 4 inch delivery diameter (49%). It is estimated that 3 inch
diameter pipe tube well in Balochistan requires a maximum size of the prime mover of around 25 hp, if
water and energy efficient pumping systems are used (system efficiency of 80%), instead of the prevailing
prime mover size of 40 hp with system efficiency of 50%. Thus there is a potential for improving energy
and water use efficiency through imposing a condition of restricting delivery size of tube wells.

Maryam Tahir. ( P1) 2K16-ELE-077

 Date:02-04-2019 Power Distribution Lab
Assignment No:01

Distribution based on Depth of Bore:

The data for the depth of bore of tube wells was available for 6468 tube wells, representing 64.7% of the
sample size. The distribution analysis indicated that around 48% tube wells are having bore depth in the
range of 600-700 ft, around 21% tube wells are having bore depth of more than 700 ft, and rest 31% tube
wells are having bore depth of less than 600 feet.

Distribution of tube wells having motors exceeding capacity of transformers:

The real question is that why tube wells are running on higher power factor. One of the logical reasons is
that power of the transformers has been enhanced through replacing the coils and this is possible through
a farmer’s initiative with the consent of the QESCO staff. In case the QESCO staff is not involved then
there has to be some system of monitoring and enforcement developed by the QESCO. The other logical
reason might be of having some error in collection of data, which is normally not possible as the
measurements for the size of the connected load and size of the transformer are simple and straight
forward,

Maryam Tahir. ( P1) 2K16-ELE-077

 Date:02-04-2019 Power Distribution Lab
Assignment No:01

Required transformer size for electric motors:

Maryam Tahir. ( P1) 2K16-ELE-077