Functions of Several Variables 2

UNIT IV FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

SHORT ANSWER

du
Problem 1: Using the definition of total derivative, find the value of given
dt
u = y2 - 4ax, x = at2; y = 2at.
du  u dx  u dy
Solution:   (1)
dt  x dt  y dt
u  y2  4 ax
u
 4a
x
u
 2y
y
 2  2at   y  2at , given 
 4 at
du
1    4a  2at    4at  2a 
dt
 8a 2 t  8a 2 t
0

Problem 2: State Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions.

u u
Solution: If u be a homogenous function of degree n in x and y then x y  n u.
x y
x y u u
Problem 3: If u  sin 1 , Find x y
x y x y
x y
Solution: Given: u  sin 1
x y
x y
sin u 
x y
x y
Let f  x, y  sin u 
x y
t x t y x y
f  tx, ty    f  x, y
t x t y x y
f is a homogenous function of degree 0 in x and y
Hence using Euler’s theorem,
Functions of Several Variables 3

f f
x  y   0  f   0
x y
  sin u    sin u 
i.e., x y 0
x y
u u
x cos u  y cos u  0
x x
u u
i.e., x  y 0
x y
r
Problem 4: If x  r cos  , y  r sin  find
x
Solution: Given x  r cos  , y  r sin 
x2  r 2 cos 2  , y2  r 2 sin 2 
x2  y2  r2 cos 2   r 2 sin 2 
 r 2 cos 2   sin 2  
 r 2 1
 r2
i.e., r  x 2  y2
r 1 x x
  2 x  
 x 2 x2  y2 x2  y2 r

u u
Problem 5: If u  log  x2  xy  y2  , prove that x y  2.
x y
Solution: Given u  log  x2  xy  y2 
Here u is not a homogeneous function
eu  x2  xy y2
eu is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x, y
 By Euler’s theorem, we have
 u  u
x
x
 e  y
y
 e   2 eu

u u
xeu  yeu  2 eu
x y
u u
x y 2
x y

du
Problem 6: Find if u  x2  y2 , x  at2 , y  2 at .
dt
Functions of Several Variables 4

du u dx  u dy
Solution:  .  (1)
dt x dt  y dt
u  x2  y2 x  at 2 y  2 at
u dx dy
 2a
 2x  2 at
x dt dt
u
 2y
y
 4at
  2at 2   2at    4at  2a
du
1  
dt
 4a 2 t 3  8a 2 t
 4a 2 t t 2  2 
  x, y
Problem 7: If x  r cos  and y  r sin  , evaluate .
  r , 
Solution:
x x
  x, y r  cos  r sin 
, 
  r ,  y y sin  r cos 
r 
 r cos 2   sin 2    r
  u , v
Problem 8: If u  2 xy, v  x2  y2 and x  r cos  , y  r sin  . Evaluate without
  r 
actual substitution.

Solution:

u  2 xy u  x2  y2 x rcos  y  rsin 
u v x  y
 2y  2x  cos   sin 
x x r r
u v x u
 2x  2 y   r sin   r cos 
y y  
u u x x
  u , v    u, v   x, y  x y r 
 
  r ,    x, y    r ,    v u y  y
x y r 
Functions of Several Variables 5

2y 2 x cos   r sin 

2 x 2 y sin  r cos 
  4 y  4 x
2
 r cos   r sin  
2 2 2

 4  x  y  r  cos   sin  
2 2 2 2

 4  x  y  r cos   sin   1
2 2 2 2

x2  y2   r cos     r sin  
2 2

 r 2 cos 2   r 2 sin 2 
 r 2 cos 2   sin 2  
 r2
  u, v
  4r r 2   4r 3
  r , 
 x  y u u
Problem 9: If u  yf    g  find x  y
 y  x x  y

 x  y
Solution: u  yf    g  
 y  x
u  x  1   y    y
 yf '     g '    2 
x  y  y   x  x 
 x  y  y
 f '   2 g ' 
 y x  x
u  x  x  y 1
 yf '  2   f    g'  
x y   y  x x
x  y   x  1  y
 f '   f    g' 
y  x  y  x  x
u u  x y  y  x  y  x
x y  xf '     xf'    yf   g'    yf 
x y  y x  x  y  x  y
x y z u u u
Problem 10: If u    find x y z
y z x' x  y  z
x y z
Solution: u   
y z x
u 1 z
 
 x y x2
u x z
x  
x y x
Functions of Several Variables 6

 u x 1
 
 x y2 z
 u x y
y  
y y z
u y 1
 
 z z2 x
u y z
z  
z z x
u u u
x y z 0
x y z
du  x
Problem 11: Find when u  sin   , x  et , y  t2
dt  y
Solution:
du  u dx  u dy
 
dt  x dt  y dt
1  x   x x
 cos   et   2  cos 2t
y  y  y  y
1 t x  x x
 e cos  2t  2  cos
y y  y  y
1 x 2 xt 
 cos et 
y y y 

Problem 12: Find the Taylor’s series expansion of xy near the point (1,1) up to the first
degree terms.

Solution:
Function Value at (0,0)
f  x,, y  xy f 1
fx  yxy1 fx  1
f y  xy log x fy  0

By Taylor theorem
f  x, y  f  a, b   hfx  a, b  kfy  a, b    ..
Here a = 1, b = 1
h=x-a =x-1
k=y–b=y-1
xy = 1 + [(x - 1)(1) + (y - 1)0] +…= 1 + (x - 1) +…
Functions of Several Variables 7

 
Problem 13: Find the Taylor’s series expansion of ex sin y near the point  1,  up to
 4
the first degree terms.
Solution:

Function  
Value at  1, 
 4
f  x,, y  ex sin y   1 
f  e1 sin  e1  
4  2
fx  ex sin y   1 
fx  e1 sin  e1  
f y  ex cos y 4  2
  1 
f y  e1 cos  e1  
4  2

By Taylor theorem
1
f  x, y  f  a, b   hfx  a, b  kfy  a, b 
1! 
1 2
  h fxx  a, b   2hk fxy  a, b  k2 f yy a, b  ...
2!

Here a = -1, b =
4
h=x-a =x+1

k=y-b=y-
4
  1        
f  x, y  f  1,    x 1 fx  1,    y  fy  1,  
 4  1!   4  4  4 
1 1  1     1 
e x sin y  e1   x  1  e1 ,    y   fy  e1 , 
2 1!   2  4  2 
 
y 
1 1  x 1 4
    
2e 1!  2e 2e 
 
  x, y
Problem 14: If x  u 1  v , y  uvfind .
  u, v
Solution:
x x
  x, y  u  v

  u , v  v  y
u v
Functions of Several Variables 8

x  u 1  v y  uv
v y
 1 v v
u u
x y
 u u
v v
1  v u

v u
  u  uv  uv
u
  x, y, z
Problem 15: If x + y + z = u, y + z = uv, z = unw find .
  u , v, w
Solution:
x  u   y  z  u  uv u1  v
y  uv  z  uv uvw uv(1  w)
z  uvw
x x x
u v w
1 v u 0
y y y
J   v  vw u  uw  uv
u v w
vw uw uv
z z z
u v w
1  v u 0
 v u 0 R2  R2  R3
vw uw uv
 uv  u 1  v  uv  u2 v

LONG ANSWER

Problem 16: If x = rcos θ, y = rsin θ, prove that

 2 r  2 r 1  r   r  
2 2

(i)        
x 2 y 2 r  x   y  
 2θ  2θ
(ii)   0 (x  0, y  0)
x 2 y 2

Solution:
Functions of Several Variables 9

x = rcos θ, y = rsin θ.
 x2 + y2 = r2 and tan θ = y/x
Differentiating r2 = x2 + y2 partially w.r.t x, we get
r r x
2r.  2x i.e.,  (1)
x x r
Differentiating r2 = x2 + y2 partially w.r.t y, we get
r r y
2r.  2y i.e.,  (2)
y y r
1  r   r   1  x 2 y 2 
2 2

         2  2 
r  x   y   r  r r 
 
1 1
 . 2 (x 2  y 2 )
r r
1
 (3)
r
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t x, we get
 2r   1  r 1
 x 2   1.
x  r  x
2
r
x x 1
  2 . 
 r  r r
Simarly from (2), we get,
2r   1  r 1
 y 2   1.
y  r  y
2
r
 y y 1
  2 . 
 r  r r
2r 2r 1 2
  2   3 (x 2  y 2 ) 
x 2
y r r
1 2
 
r r
1
 (4)
r
From (3) and (4), we get,
 2 r  2 r 1  r   r  
2 2

       
x 2 y 2 r  x   y  
x
Problem 17: If z = f(x + ay) + g(x - ay) - cos(x  ay) , show that
2a 2
 2z  2z
a2   sin(x  ay)
x 2 y 2
Functions of Several Variables 10

Solution:
Differentiating the given equation partially w.r.t x, we get,
z 1 x
 f (x  ay).1  g (x  ay).1  2 cos(x  ay)  2 sin(x  ay).1
x 2a 2a
Again partially differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
2z 1 1
 f (x  ay)  g (x  ay)  2 sin(x  ay)  2 sin(x  ay)
x 2
2a 2a
x
 2 cos(x  ay)
2a
 z
2
x
a 2 2  a 2 f (x  ay)  a 2 g (x  ay)  cos(x  ay)  sin(x  ay) (1)
x 2
Similarly differentiating the given equation twice partially w.r.t y, we get
z x
 f (x  ay).a  g (x  ay).(-a)  2 sin(x  ay).a
y 2a
 z
2
x
 f (x  ay).a 2  g (x  ay).(-a) 2  2 cos(x  ay).a 2
y 2
2a
x
 a 2 f (x  ay)  a 2 g (x  ay)  cos(x  ay) (2)
2
From (1) and (2), we get,
 2z  2z
a 2 2  2  sin(x  ay)
x y
Problem 18: Show that
u u u  x 3  y3  z3 
x.  y.  z.  2 tan u where u  sin -1  
x y z  ax  by  cz 

 x 3  y3  z3 
Solution: We have, sin u   
 ax  by  cz 
x 3  y3  z3
Let f(x, y, z) = (1)
ax  by  cz
t 3 x 3  t 3 y3  t 3z 3
f(tx, ty, tz) = = t2 f(x, y, z)
atx  bty  ctz
 f(x, y, z) is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
 By Euler’s theorem,
f f f
x.  y.  z.  2.f (2)
x y z
From (1), we have, f = sin u
f u f u f u
  cos u.  cos u. and  cos u.
x x y y z z
Functions of Several Variables 11

Substituting these in (2), we get,

u u u
x.cos u.  y.cos u.  z.cos u.  2.sin u
x y z
u u u
x.  y.  z..  2.tan u
x y z
du
Problem 19: Find if u = x2y and x2 + xy + y2 = 1
dx
Solution:
du u u dy
We have   .
dx x y dx
dy
= 2xy + x2. (1)
dx
2 2
Let f(x, y) = x + xy + y - 1
f
 (2x  y)
  x 
dy
Then
dx f 2y  x
y
du  (2x  y)
 From (1)  2xy  x 2 .
dx 2y  x
4xy  2x y  2x 3  x 2 y
2 2

x  2y
x(4y 2  xy  2x 2 )

x  2y
Problem 20: If u = f(x, y) and x = rcos θ, y = rsin θ, prove that
2
 u   u   u   u 
2 2 2
1
         2  
 x   y   r  r  θ 

Solution:
x = rcos θ
x x
  cos θ  rsin θ
r θ
y = rsin θ
y y
  sin θ  rcos θ
r θ
u u x u y
We have  .  .
r x r y r
u u u
i.e.,  .cos θ  .sin θ (1)
r x y
u u x u y
Also we have  .  .
θ x θ y θ
Functions of Several Variables 12

u u u
i.e.,  .(-rsin θ)  .rcos θ
θ x y
1 u u u
   .sin θ  .cos θ (2)
r θ x y

Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get,

2
 u   u 
2
1  u 
2
 u 
2


   2      cos θ  sin θ    sin θ  cos θ
2 2 2 2
  
 r  r  θ   x   y 
2
 u   u 
2

     
 x   y 
2
 u   u   u  1  u 
2 2 2

          2  
 x   y   r  r  θ 

Problem 21: Expand x2y + 3y - 2 in powers of (x -1) and (y + 2) using Taylor’s

theorem

Solution:
Let f(x, y) = x2y + 3y - 2
f (x, y)  f(a, b)  ( x  a ).f x (a, b)  ( y  b).f y (a, b) 
1
2!
( x  a ) 2 ..f xx (a , b)  2( x  a )( y  b)..f xy (a, b)  ( y  b) 2 .f yy (a, b)  

1

( x  a ) 3 .f
xxx
(a , b)  3( x  a ) 2 ( y  b).f
xxy
(a , b ) 
(8)


3!
 3( x  a )(y  b) 2 f  ( y  b) 3 .f (a , b )  
xyy yyy
Putting a = 1, b = -2
f (1, -2) = 12.(-2) + 3(-2)-2 = -10
f x ( x, y)  2xy f x (1,2)  4
f xx ( x , y)  2 y f xx (1,2)  4
f y ( x , y)  x 2  3 f y (1,2)  4
f yy ( x , y)  0 f yy (1,2)  0
f xy ( x, y)  2x f xy (1,2)  2
f xxx ( x , y)  f yyy ( x , y)  f xyy ( x, y)  0
f xxy ( x , y)  2  f xxy (1,2)  2
The partial derivatives of order 4 and higher orders are 0.
 Substituting in (8) we get,
Functions of Several Variables 13

x 2 y  3y  2  - 10  (x  1).(4)  ( y  2).4 
1
2!
  1

(x  1) 2 .(4)  2(x  1)(y  2).2  ( y  2) 2 .0  3.(x  1) 2 .(y  2).2
3!

 10  4( x  1)  4( y  2)  2x  1  2.( x  1)( y  2)  ( x  1) 2 .( y  2)
2

Problem 22: Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x, y) = x3 + y3 - 3axy.
Solution:
f(x, y) = x3 + y3 - 3axy
fx = 3x2 - 3ay
fy = 3y2 - 3ax
At the stationary points fx = 0 and fy = 0
i.e., 3x2 - 3ay = 0
and 3y2 - 3ax = 0
i.e., x2 = ay and y2 = ax
i.e., x4 = a2y2
i.e., x4 = a3x
i.e., x (x3 - a3) = 0
i.e., x = 0 or x = a
When x = 0, we get, y = 0 and when x = a, we get, y = a
 The stationary points are (0,0) and (a, a)
Now r = fxx = 6x
s = fxy = -3a
t = fyy = 6y
rt - s = 6x.6y – (-3a)2
2

= 36xy - 9a2
(i) At (0, 0), rt - s2 = -9a2 < 0
 At (0, 0), f(x, y) has neither a maximum nor a minimum.
i.e., (0, 0) is a saddle point.
(ii) At (a, a), rt - s2 = 36a2 - 9a2 = 27a2 > 0
Also at (a, a), r = 6a.
If a > 0, then r > 0 and hence f(a, a) is a minimum value.
If a < 0, then r < 0 and hence f(a, a) is a maximum value. The maximum or minimum
value at (a, a) is f(a, a) = -a3.

Problem 23: Find the maxima or minima of f(x, y) = 2(x - y)2 - x4 - y4

Solution:
f(x,y) = 2(x - y)2 - x4 - y4
fx = 4(x - y) - 4x3
fy = -4(x - y) - 4y3
r = fxx = 4 - 12x2
Functions of Several Variables 14

s = fxy = -4
t = fyy = 4 - 12y2
Stationary points are obtained by solving fx = 0 and fy = 0.
i.e., x – y - x3 = 0 (1)
and -(x - y) - y3 = 0 (2)
Adding (1) and (2) x3 + y3 = 0
i.e., (x + y)(x2 – xy + y2) = 0
 x = -y or x2 – xy + y2 = 0 (Check: x2 – xy + y2 > 0, always)
Putting in (1) x = -y, we get,
-2y + y3 = 0
i.e., y(y2 - 2) = 0
i.e., y = 0, 2 , - 2
The corresponding x values are 0,  2 , 2
 The stationary points are (0, 0), ( 2 , - 2 ) and (- 2 , 2 )
Now rt - s2 = (4 - 12x2) (4 - 12y2) - 16 and r = 4 - 12x2
(i) At (0, 0), rt - s2 = 16 - 16 = 0. This case needs further information.
Now f(0, 0) = 0
For points along the x-axis, where y = 0 we have f(x, y) = 2x2 - x4 = x2(2 - x2) which is
positive for points in the neighbourhood of (0, 0).
Again for points along the line y = x we have f(x, y) = -2x4 which is negative. Thus in
the neighbourhood of (0, 0) there are points where f(x, y) > f(0, 0) and there are points
where f(x, y) < f(0, 0). Hence f(0, 0) is not an extreme value.

(i) At 2 , 2 and  2 , 2  
We get, rt - s2 = (4 - 24)(4 - 24) - 16 = 400 - 16 = 384.
i.e., rt - s2 > 0
Also r = 4 - 24 = -20 < 0
Hence f(x, y) has maximum values at 2 , 2 and  2 , 2    
The maximum value is f  2 , 2  or f  2, 2 
i.e., f     44 8
2 ,  2  2 2. 2
2

 2   2- 2. 2   4  4  8
2
or f  2 ,

Problem 24: Find the minimum value of x2 + y2 + z2 where ax + by + cz = p.

Solution:
Method 1. Let f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 (1)
To find the constrained minimum of f(x, y, z) subject to the condition.
ax + by + cz = p (2)
p  ax  by
i.e., z
c
Functions of Several Variables 15

2
 p  ax  by 
 2 2
f(x, y, z) = x + y +  
 c
2
fx = 2x + 2 (p – ax - by)(-a)
c
2
fy = 2y + 2 (p – ax - by)(-b)
c
2a 2
r = fxx = 2 + 2
c
2ab
s = fxy = 2
c
2b 2
t = fyy = 2 + 2
c
The stationary points are obtained by solving fx = 0 and fy = 0.
i.e., c2x – a (p – ax - by) = 0 (1)
and c2y – b (p – ax - by) = 0 (2)
b×(1) – a×(2) gives bc2x – ac2y = 0
i.e., c2 (bx - ay) = 0
i.e., bx = ay
a
i.e., x= y
b
ac 2 ay
Substituting in (1) y  ap  a 2  aby  0
b b
c2 a2y
yp  by  0
b b
y (a2 + b2 + c2) = bp
bp
y 2
a  b2  c2
a ap p  ax  by cp
 x y 2 and z   2
b a b c2 2
c a  b2  c2
 ap bp cp 
The only stationary point is  2 , 2 , 2 
 a  b  c a  b  c a b c
2 2 2 2 2 2

 a 2  b 2  4a 2 b 2
rt - s =  2  2 2  2  2 2  
2

 c  c  c4
4b 2 4a 2
 4  2  2  0 at all points.
c c
Also r > 0 at all points.
 f(x, y, z) is minimum at the stationary point and the minimum value is
2 2 2
 ap   bp   cp 
 2 2 
 2 2 
 2 2 
a b c  a b c  a b c 
2 2 2
Functions of Several Variables 16

p2

a 2  b2  c2
Method 2.
We use Lagrange’s method. Let f(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2.
φ(x, y, z) = ax + by + cz - p and F(x, y, z) = f(x, y, z) +  φ(x, y, z) where  is the
Lagrange multiplier.
Then F(x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2 + (ax + by + cz - p)
The stationary points are obtained by solving
Fx = 2x + a = 0 (1)
Fy = 2y + b = 0 (2)
Fz = 2z + c = 0 (3)
and F = ax + by + cz - p (4)
aλ
From (1), x  
2
bλ
From (2), y  
2
cλ
From (3), z  
2
 aλ   bλ   cλ 
From (4), a.    b.    c.    p
 2  2   2
 2p
λ 2
a  b2  c2
ap bp cp
 x 2 , y 2 , z 2
a b c2 2
a b c
2 2
a  b2  c2
 ap bp cp 
The only stationary point is  2 , 2 , 2 
a  b  c a  b  c a b c
2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2
 ap   bp   cp 
The minimum value of f (x, y, z)   2 2 2    2 2 2    2 2 2 
a b c  a b c  a b c 

p 2 (a 2  b 2  c 2 )

a 2
 b2  c2 
2

p2

a 2  b2  c2
Problem 25: If u = a3x2 + b3y2 + c3z2, where x-1 + y-1 + z-1 = 1, show that stationary
value of u is given by x 
 a , y  b , z  c
a b c

Solution: Given u = a3x2 + b3y2 + c3z2 and x-1 + y-1 + z-1 - 1 = 0.

Functions of Several Variables 17

1 1 1 
Let F(x, y, z) = a3x2 + b3y2 + c3z2 + λ    1
x y z 
The stationary points are given by,
 1
Fx = 2a3x + λ. 2  = 0 (1)
x 
  1
Fy = 2b3y + λ. 2  = 0 (2)
y 
 1
Fz = 2c3z + λ. 2  = 0 (3)
z 
1 1 1
F =    1 = 0 (4)
x y z
From (1) 2a x -  = 0
3 3

1
λ 3 1
i.e., x  
2 a
Similarly from (2) and (3) we get,
1 1
λ 3 1 λ 3 1
y  , z 
2 b 2 c
substituting for x, y, z in (4) we get
1
2 3
  (a  b  c )  1  0
λ
1
2 3 1
i.e.,   
λ a
1
λ 3
i.e.,    a
2
1
 λ  3 1 a
 x   
2 a a
a a
Similarly y = and z = .
b c
a a a
Hence the stationary value of u is given by x =
,y= ,z= .
a b c
Problem 26: Find the minimum distance from the point (3, 4, 15) to the cone
x2 + y2 = 4z2.

Solution: Let (x, y, z) be any point on the cone x2 + y2 = 4z2. Then its distance from the
point (3, 4, 15) is d  (x - 3) 2  ( y  4) 2  (z  15) 2 . First we find the minimum value
of d2 subject to the condition x2 + y2 = 4z2.
Let F(x, y, z) = (x - 3) 2  ( y  4) 2  (z  15) 2 + (x2 + y2- 4z2)
Functions of Several Variables 18

The stationary points are given by,

Fx = 2(x - 3) + 2x = 0 (1)
Fy = 2(y - 4) + 2y = 0 (2)
Fz = 2(z -15) - 8z = 0 (3)
F = x2 + y2 - 4z2 = 0 (4)
3
From (1), x 
1 λ
4
From (2), y 
1 λ
15
From (3), z 
1  4λ
2 2 2
 3   4   15 
Substituting in (4),      4 
1 λ  1 λ   1  4λ 
i.e., 25(1 - 4)2 = 4.225 (1 +) 2
1  4λ
i.e.,  6
1 λ
1  4λ
From  6 we get λ  -12
1 λ
1  4λ
From  6 we get λ  -7 2
1 λ
When  = -12 , we get x = 6, y = 8, z = 5.
When  = -7 2 , we get x = -6/5, y = -8/5, z = 1.
Thus the stationary points are (6, 8, 5) and (-6/5, -8/5, 1).
Distance of (6, 8, 5) from (3, 4, 15) is d  (6  3) 2  (8  4) 2  (5  15) 2
 125 5 5
Distance of (-6/5, -8/5, 1) from (3, 4, 15) is d = (6 5  3) 2  (8 5  4) 2  (1  15) 2
441 784
   196
25 25
 49  196  245  7 5
 The minimum distance from the point (3, 4, 15) to the cone x2 + y2 = 4z2 is 5 5 .

Problem 27: If x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ,

 ( x , y, z )
show that  r 2 sin θ .
 ( r , θ, φ )

Solution:
x = r sin θ cos φ
x x x
  sin θ cos φ,  r cos θ. cos φ,  r sin θ. sin φ
r θ φ
Functions of Several Variables 19

y = r sin θ sin φ
y y y
  sin θ sin φ,  r cos θ. sin φ,  r sin θ. cos φ
r θ φ
z = r cos θ
z z z
  cos θ ,  r sin θ,  0.
r θ φ
x x x
r θ φ
 ( x, y, z) y y y

 (r, θ, φ) r θ φ
z z z
r θ φ
sin θ cos φ r cos θ cos φ  r sin θ sin φ
 sin θ sin φ r cos θ sin φ r sin θ cos φ
cos θ - r sin θ 0
= sin θ cos φ [r2sin2 θ cos φ] - r cos θ cos φ [-r sin θ cos θ cos φ] +
(-r sin θ sin φ)[-r sin2 θ sin φ – r cos2 θ sin φ]
= r2 sin3 θ cos2 φ + r2 sin3 θ sin2 φ + r2 sin θ cos2 θ cos2 φ
+ r2 sin θ cos2 θ sin2 φ
= r2 sin3 θ + r2 sin θ cos2 θ
= r2 sin θ (sin2 θ + cos2 θ)
= r2 sin θ

 ( x , y, z )
Problem 28: If u = x + y + z, uv = y + z, uvw = z, show that  u2v
 (u , v, w )

Solution: Given u = x + y + z (1)

uv = y + z (2)
uvw = z (3)
Using (2) in (1), we get,
x = u- (y + z)
i.e., x = u – uv
i.e., x = u (1- v) (4)
Using (3) in (2) we get,
y = uv – z
i.e., y = uv – uvw
y = uv(1 - w) (5)
x x x
From (4)  1 - v,  - u, 0
u v w
y y y
From (5)  v.(1 - w),  u.(1 - w),  - uv
u v w
z z z
From (3)  vw,  uw,  uv
u v w
Functions of Several Variables 20

1- v -u 0
 ( x , y, z )
 v(1 - w) u(1 - w)  uv
 (u , v, w )
vw wu uv
= (1 - v) [u2v (1 - w) + u2vw] + u [uv2(1 - w) + uv2w]
= (1 - v) (u2v) + u2v2
= u2v

xy
Problem 29: Examine the functional dependence of the functions u  and
xy
xy
v . If they are dependent, find the relation between them.
( x  y) 2

xy
Solution: u 
xy
u ( x  y)  ( x  y)  2y
  
x ( x  y) 2
( x  y) 2
u ( x  y)  ( x  y) 2x
 
y ( x  y) 2
( x  y) 2
xy
v
( x  y) 2
v ( x  y) 2 .y  xy.2.( x  y)  y( x  y)
  
x ( x  y) 4 ( x  y) 3
v ( x  y) 2 .x  xy.2( x  y)

y ( x  y) 4
x ( x  y)

( x  y) 3
 2y 2x
u u
 (u, v) x y ( x  y) 2 ( x  y) 2
  v v 
 (x, y)  y( x  y) x ( x  y)
x y
( x  y) 3 ( x  y) 3
=0
 u and v are functionally dependent.
( x  y) 2 4 xy
Now u 2  4 v  
( x  y) 2
( x  y) 2
( x  y) 2  4xy

( x  y) 2
( x  y) 2

( x  y) 2
Functions of Several Variables 21

=1
 The relation between u and v is u2 - 4v = 1.

Problem 30: Are the functions f1 = x + y + z, f2 = x2 + y2 + z2 and f3 = xy + yz + zx

functionally dependent? If so, find the relation between them.

Solution: f1= x + y + z
f 1 f f
  1, 1  1, 1  1
x y z
2 2 2
f2 = x + y + z
f 2 f f
  2 x, 2  2 y, 2  2z
x y z
f3 = xy + yz + zx
f 3 f f
  y  z, 3  z  x , 3  x  y
x y z
1 1 1
 (f1 , f 2 , f 3 )
Hence,  2x 2y 2z
 ( x , y, z )
yz zx xy

1 0 0
 2 x 2 y  2 x 2z  2 x Subtracting column1 from
yz xy xz column 2 and column 3
= 2(y - x)(x - z) - 2(x - y)(z - x)
=0
 The functions f1, f2 and f3 are functionally dependent.
f 12  (x  y  z) 2
= x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + zx)
= f2 + 2f3
i.e., f 1 - f 2 - 2f 3  0 is the relation between f1, f2 and f3.
2