Professional Documents
Culture Documents
lim [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥) lim [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥)
$→& $→& $→& $→& $→& $→&
A closed An open
The Squeeze Theorem states if: Interval interval [𝑎, 𝑏] interval (𝑎, 𝑏)
Use when involving trigonometric functions Notation: includes end excludes end
points points
A function is differentiable at a point 𝒙𝟎 if: 𝑓(𝑥) must not have a “sharp point” at 𝑥V
The derivative of a function 𝒇(𝒙) at the point 𝒙𝟎 can be found if the limit exists by:
If not, then the function is not differentiable at that point
If these conditions are met, then there exists a point 𝑐 such that:
If three conditions are met then there must be a point 𝒄 such
that 𝒇[ (𝒄) = 𝟎 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 [ (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎
Topic 9: Calculus Option Improper Integrals
And for any function where 𝒈(𝒙) such that 𝑭′(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
g h g g &
] 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ] 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ] 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ] = −]
𝒃 & & h & g
Where 𝐹(𝑥) is the
] 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂)
𝒂 antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥)
T
T Convergent when ∫& 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Integrals in the form ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 are known as improper integrals
T o
When integrating improper integrals, use 𝐥𝐢𝐦 and replace ∞ with 𝒕 ] 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ] 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
𝒕→T o→T &
&
then there is an upper and lower sum such q 𝑓(𝑘) < ] 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 < q 𝑓(𝑘)
&
that: st&>_ st&
𝑎, then there is an upper and lower sum q 𝑔(𝑘) < ] 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 < q 𝑔(𝑘)
&
such that: st& st&>_
Topic 9: Calculus Option Series Part 1
T T
A series consists of 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 … q 𝑎S = 𝑆 q 𝑎s = 𝑆S
St_ st_
q 𝑎𝑟 S7_ 𝑎
Sum of infinite geometric series: =
St_ 1−𝑟
Key series Telescoping Series:
types: Find 𝑆S equation Simplify 𝑆S Take lim 𝑆S
S→T
Partial Fractions
_
P-Series: Converges if 𝑝 > 1
S}
_
(Harmonic Series: S) Diverges if 𝑝 ≤ 1
&~
If ∑ exists and 𝑎S and 𝑏S are Then both series either converges of
g~
positive to use limit comparison test: diverges
T
T
Will both converge
The Integral Test states for 𝒇(𝒏) = 𝒂𝒏 , if then q 𝑎S ] 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
St_ or diverge
St_
&~RŒ
1. lim ‹ &~
‹ < 1, ∑ 𝑎S is absolutely convergent
S→T