IP 585/10

Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), derived

from bio-diesel fuel, in aviation turbine fuel — GC-MS with
selective ion monitoring/scan detection method

1 Scope 2 Normative references

This document specifies a method for the
identification and quantification in the range 4,5
mg/kg to 150 mg/kg of selected fatty acid methyl
ester (FAME) species, see Table 1, in aviation
turbine fuel (AVTUR).
NOTE 1 - AVTUR (and AVTUR contaminated with diesel/
biodiesel) can contain some high molecular weight
naphtha components which may mask the FAME at
very low levels. Low carbon number methyl esters, such
as those derived from coconut oil, may be subject to
interference from AVTUR components and may not be
quantified at low levels.
NOTE 2 - The FAME species listed in Table 1 have been
specifically chosen as they typically make up greater than
95 % of the composition of the major biofuel feedstocks
currently used in biodiesel blends with conventional
mineral diesel. In addition methyl heptadecanoate is
included as it may be present in animal fats.
NOTE 3 - In the round-robin study, two samples were
blended containing no FAME. No positive biases were
found in either the Merox treated or hydrotreated fuels
used in the round robin.
WARNING – The use of this standard may involve
hazardous materials, operations and equipment.
This standard does not purport to address all of
the safety problems associated with its use. It is
the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices
and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
The following referenced documents are
indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
IP 365, Determination of density— Oscillating
U-tube method (EN ISO 12185)
IP 367, Determination and application of precision
data in relation to methods of test
IP 475, Petroleum Liquids—Manual
sampling (EN ISO 3170)
3 Principle
The test portion of AVTUR is run neat together
with an internal standard on the GC-MS with a long
polar column to separate the polar FAME species
relative to the non-polar hydrocarbon matrix of
the jet fuel and any mineral diesel contamination.
Due to natural background of high end naphtha
components present in some samples, complete
separation is not possible and a multiple selective
ion monitoring (SIM) is performed. The ions used in
the SIM method are indicative of the FAME species
and not the background hydrocarbon matrix of the
fuel. The SIM method is used to measure the levels
of the specified FAME species in the sample by
reference to an external standard calibration of the
specified FAME species in dodecane.

Table 1: Fatty acid methyl esters determined

Fatty acid methyl ester Molecular formula Symbol used

methyl hexadecanoate (methyl palmitate) C17H34O2 C16:0

methyl heptadecanoate (methyl margarate) C18H36O2 C17:0
methyl octadecanoate (methyl stearate) C19H38O2 C18:0
methyl octadecenoate (methyl oleate) C19H36O2 C18:1
methyl octadecadienoate (linoleate) C19H34O2 C18:2
methyl octadecatrienoate (linolenate) C19H32O2 C18:3

585.1

Issued under licence for use by Intertek employees only.

IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
 FAME IN AVTUR – GC-MS, IP 585
Variations in density between the AVTUR
sample and dodecane are taken into account
in the final result calculation. The mixed FAME
calibration is run at the same time as the test
portion and a quality check standard is run
every five samples to check for calibration drift.
NOTE - The role of the internal standard is to minimise
any effects due to instrumental drift.
4 Reagents and materials
4.1 Fatty acid methyl esters, as detailed
in Table 1, with a purity of 99 % or greater
for preparation of FAME calibration solutions.
NOTE - These compounds can be obtained commercially
from a range of chemical suppliers. It is recommended
that individual FAME compounds are used.
4.2 Helium carrier gas.
4.3 Dodecane, purity > 90 %.
4.4 Cyclohexane, purity > 99 %.
4.5 Methyl heptadecanoate-d33 (methyl
margarate-d33) – internal standard, > 98 atom %
atom deuterated.
5 Apparatus
NOTE – It is strongly recommended that dedicated
glassware is used for this method to avoid cross-
contamination.
5.1 GC-MS, capable of operating in an
electron impact ionisation mode, ideally with
simultaneous SIM/SCAN data collection, and
equipped with a split/splitless or cold on-column
injector. If the instrument is capable of running
simultaneous SIM and full scan modes then the
full scan total ion chromatogram (TIC) is used in
the identification of the individual FAME species.
NOTE 1 - It is strongly recommended to use an injection
packed liner.
NOTE 2 - If the instrument cannot run simultaneous SIM/
SCAN then it is recommended that the samples are run
twice, once in SIM mode for quantification and then again
in full scan mode if positive identification of detected
FAME species by spectral matching is required.
The instrument used must be capable of detecting
0,5 mg/kg of each of the specified FAME species in
dodecane with a signal to noise ratio of at least 10:1
and shall be equipped with data collection and analysis
software to allow accurate peak area measurement.
585.2
Issued under licence for use by Intertek employees only.
IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
NOTE 3 - The SIM ion data is used for the quantitative
measurements and the scan mode total ion chromatogram
(TIC) data to aid identification of species.
5.2 GC polar capillary column HP INNOWAX
(200 µm x 0,4 µm film) open tubular capillary
column of 50 to 60 m length, with a helium
carrier gas flow of approximately 0,6 ml/min.
5.3 Analytical balance, capable of weighing to
± 0,0001 g.
5.4 Conical glass flask fitted with a ground
glass closure, nominal capacity 250 ml.
5.5 10 ml volumetric flask, Grade A.
5.6 Dropping pipette.
5.7 Calibrated adjustable autopipettes, capable
of delivering 10 to 100µl and 100 to 1 000 µl
5.8 GC Autosampler vials (1,5-2 ml) with crimp
caps.
NOTE – Screw-cap vials with septa may also be used.
5.9 1 ml volumetric pipette, Grade A.
5.10 Syringe, glass, 10 µL capacity.
5.11 100 ml volumetric flask, glass, Grade A.
6 Sampling
6.1 Unless otherwise specified, take
a sample of at least 60 ml in accordance
with IP 475 and/or in accordance with the
requirements of national standards or regulations
for the sampling of petroleum products.
6.2 Use dedicated aviation turbine fuel sampling
equipment.
6.2.1 Ensure that gloves are clean prior to
sampling and that cross-contamination from the
gloves can not occur.
6.2.2 Sample lines shall be flushed prior to taking
samples to ensure that there is no cross contamination
of the sample from material previously sampled.
6.3 Use amber glass or epoxy-lined metal
containers with inert closures.
NOTE – ASTM D4306 provides guidance in Section
6 on a procedure that may be used for testing the
suitability of sample containers for tests affected by
trace contamination.
 FAME IN AVTUR – GC-MS, IP 585

6.3.1 Used containers are permitted provided it
can be confirmed they have only been used for
aviation turbine fuel containing <5 mg/kg FAME.
NOTE - New sample containers are strongly recommended
due to concerns over the difficulty in removing all traces
of FAME retained from previous samples.
6.3.2 Rinse all sample containers and their closures
with the product to be sampled at least three times.
Each rinse shall use product with a volume of
10 % to 20 % of the container volume. Each rinse
shall include closing and shaking the container for a
minimum of 5 seconds and then draining the product.
7.2.1 Place the conical flask (5.4) onto the
balance (5.3) and tare. Using a dropping pipette
(5.6) place 0,1000 g ± 0,0010 g of each FAME
species into the flask and record the masses added.
Add dodecane (4.3) to give a total mass of 100 g
± 0,05 g. Stopper the flask and mix the contents.
7.2.2 Transfer the BCS to a tightly closed glass
container and store in a refrigerator held at 4 ºC
+/- 2 ºC when not in use and use within three months.
Before use, examine for any phase separation or
discoloration, shake vigorously, and let stand to allow
for removal of air bubbles. Discard the standard if it
shows sediment, phase separation or discoloration.

7.2.3 Calculate the stock solution concentration

7 Internal standard and calibration
standards preparation
7.1 Internal standard solution (ISS) preparation
Prepare a stock internal standard solution containing
nominally 1 000 mg/L of methyl heptadecanoate-
d33 internal standard as follows.
7.1.1 Place a 100 ml volumetric flask (5.11)
onto the balance (5.3) and tare. Using a dropping
pipette (5.6), add 100 mg +/- 0,5 mg of methyl
heptadecanoate-d33 (4.5) and make up to 100
ml with dodecane (4.3) to give a 1 000 mg/L
solution.
7.1.2 Store 1 000 mg/L standard in a tightly closed
glass container in a refrigerator held at 4 ºC +/- 2 ºC
when not in use and use within three months. Before
use, examine for any phase separation or discoloration,
shake vigorously, and let stand to allow for removal of
air bubbles. Discard the standard if it shows sediment,
phase separation or discoloration.
7.2 Bulk calibration solution (BCS) preparation
Prepare a bulk calibration solution (BCS) containing
nominally 1 000 mg/kg each of all of the FAME
reference compounds listed in Table 1 in dodecane.
for each FAME component (Y) using equation [1].
Conc (mg/kg) of FAME species Y in BCS =
mass of FAME species Y (g) x 106 [1]
total mass of BCS (g)
7.3 Working standard solution (WSS) and
working calibration standards
7.3.1 Prepare a nominal 100 mg/kg working
standard solution (WSS) by pipetting 1 000 µl of
BCS into the 10 ml volumetric flask and dilute
to 10 ml with dodecane. Calculate the working
standard solution (WSS) concentration for each
FAME component (Y) using equation [2].
Conc (mg/kg) of FAME species Y in WSS =
conc of FAME species Y in BCS [2]
10
7.3.2 Prepare a set of working calibration
standards containing nominally 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg of each reference
compound by dilution of the WSS (7.3.1)

Table 2: Volumetric Dilutions for preparing standards in the range 0 – 100 mg/kg from the 100 mg/kg WCS
Nominal std concentration (mg/kg) Volume WSS (µl) Volume dodecane Volume internal standard
(µl) (µl)
100 1 000 0 10
80 800 200 10
60 600 400 10
40 400 600 10
20 200 800 10
10 100 900 10
8 80 920 10
6 60 940 10
4 40 960 10
2 20 980 10
0 0 1 000 10

585.3

Issued under licence for use by Intertek employees only.

IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
 FAME IN AVTUR – GC-MS, IP 585
in dodecane. This can be done directly into
autosampler vials (5.8) using volumetric dilution of
the 100 mg/kg working standard as listed in Table
2. In addition add 10 µL of the internal standard
solution (7.1) to each vial using the glass syringe
(5.10) and then immediately seal each autosampler
vial with a crimp cap (5.8) and mix thoroughly.
If the accuracy of the autopipettes are not within the
manufacturers specified tolerance then all volumes
shall be weighed and masses used instead of volume.
7.3.3 Calculate the actual concentration of each
of the FAME species (Y) in the final standard
solutions using equation [3].
Conc of FAME species Y (mg/kg) =
(mg/kg of FAME species Y in WSS) x (volume of WSS (µl))
1 000
[3]
NOTE - The calculations used in the preparation of
standards are suitable for a spreadsheet application and
generation of a suitable spreadsheet application for this
is recommended.
8 Apparatus preparation
8.1 GC-MS setup Follow the manufacturer’s
instructions for setting up the apparatus. Instrument
manufacturers differ in how their instruments are
set up and therefore it is not possible to publish
a specification for all manufacturers at this time.
NOTE 1 - For some instruments the following settings
have given satisfactory results. However, settings may
have to be optimised for specific instruments.
GC oven temperature programme
Initial temp 150 ºC and hold for 5 min.
Ramp at 12 ºC per min until 200 ºC and hold for
17 min.
Ramp at 3 ºC per min until 252 ºC and hold for
6,5 min.
Total run time 50 min.
Table 3: Elution order and approximate elution timing of FAME species
Fatty acid methyl ester
methyl hexadecanoate (methyl palmitate)
methyl heptadecanoate-d33 (methyl margarate-d33)
methyl heptadecanoate (methyl margarate)
methyl octadecanoate (methyl stearate)
methyl octadecenoate (methyl oleate)
methyl octadecadienoate (linoleate)
methyl octadecatrienoate (linolenate)
585.4
Issued under licence for use by Intertek employees only.
IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
Sample injection
Splitless injector, temperature 260 ºC.
Sample volume 1 µl.
Injector purge flow 100 ml/min 2 min after
injection.
Autosampler syringe wash solvent - cyclohexane.
The sample injection parameters such as sample
pumps and syringe solvent washes pre-and post-
injection are instrument dependent and shall be
chosen to eliminate sample carryover between
sequential injections of the highest standard and a
blank dodecane sample (see Section 5.1 note 1).
Data collection solvent delay
In order to prolong filament life employ a solvent
delay to allow the bulk of the sample matrix
to elute before the detector is switched on.
NOTE 2 - A delay of 20 min after sample injection was
typical using the conditions specified above in this
method.
8.2 SIM ion window setup The elution order and
approximate elution timings of the standard FAME
species used in this method are listed in Table 3.
Typical chromatograms for calibration standards
and fuels are shown in Annex A.
NOTE - The values listed in Table 3 are those for
elution order and approximate retention times for FAME
standards using the conditions and Innowax column
detailed in this method.
In some FAME feeds two peaks have been seen
for C18:1 which elute within half a minute
of each other. These have been attributed
to cis and trans isomers and the peak areas
shall be added together and counted as one.
Determine the retention time windows for each
FAME component in Table 3 by injecting the
100 mg/kg standard in full scan mode and record
Approximate retention time Symbol
(min)
24,9 C16:0
28,4 C17:0 (-d33)
30,1 C17:0
34,7 C18:0
35,5 -36,1 (see below) C18:1
37,7 C18:2
40,3 C18:3
 FAME IN AVTUR – GC-MS, IP 585
the retention time of each. The scan range for TIC
full scan identification shall cover the range m/z
33 to 320 amu. Set up the SIM data collection
windows for each component in the instrumental
method using the designated ions in Table 4.
The SIM ions selected to give maximum
selectivity and sensitivity for the specified
species are detailed in Table 4. For each FAME
species the summed responses for all SIM
ions specified for that particular FAME are
employed in the calibration and quantification.
Table 4: SIM ions to be employed for quantification
of specified FAME species determined
Species to be SIM ions to be used for
detected quantification
C16:0 227, 239, 270, 271
C17:0 (d33)Int std 317
C17:0 241, 253, 284
C18:0 255, 267, 298
C18:1 264, 265, 296
C18:2 262, 263, 264, 294, 295
C18:3 236, 263, 292, 293
9 Procedure
9.1 Add 1,00 ml of each test sample  for
analysis to a glass autosampler GC  vial (5.8)
using a volumetric pipette (5.9) or calibrated
autopipette (5.7). To each vial, add 10 µl of internal
standard stock solution (7.1) using a syringe (5.10),
add cap, crimp  and shake well prior to analysis.
9.2 Place the required number of calibration
standards and test samples and a dodecane
blank into the autosampler vials so that the test
portions are run immediately after the standards.
If more than five test portions are to be analysed
in a batch, the 2 mg/kg standard shall be run after
every five samples as a quality control standard
to check for variation in detector response.
9.3 Re-run the full set of calibration standards
after 25 test portions have been analysed or if
the quality control standard peak area ratio for
C18:0 (10.2) deviates by more than 5 % from the
initial calibration. If a quality control standard falls
outside the 5 % tolerance then the results from the
previous five sample solutions shall be discarded
and the samples re-run using the new calibration.
585.5
Issued under licence for use by Intertek employees only.
IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
10 Calibration data analysis
10.1 Calibration standard peak identification
Identify the peaks resulting from the working
calibration solutions by reference to their relative
retention times using the data obtained from the
SIM ion window setup injection (8.2). Confirm
identification by comparing the SCAN TIC spectra
for each peak to the pure component spectra,
either produced in-house, or with a recognised
mass spectral database such as produced by NIST.
10.2 Calibration graph preparation
Measure the area of each individual FAME
component from the combined SIM ion trace using
the data package peak integration facility. Calculate
the FAME to internal standard peak area ratio (R) for
each individual FAME species using equation [4].
R=measured peak area for the detected FAME components
measured peak area for the internal standard
[4]
NOTE 1 - Many instrument software packages include
an option to use internal standard for calibration and
calculation of concentrations. This may be used to
automatically calculate calibration curves and results in
place of equation 4.
Two calibration plots for each FAME component
covering the working ranges 0 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg
(using the 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mg/kg standards) and
0 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg (using the 0, 20, 40, 60,
80, 100 mg/kg standards) are used in this method.
Produce calibration plots for both working ranges
by plotting peak area ratio R (from equation 4)
versus individual FAME component concentrations
and force through zero (verified by the fact that
no peaks were detected in the 0 mg/kg blank
dodecane). Ensure that the plots are linear for each
component and calculate a calibration equation.
The correlation coefficients for all the fitted
calibration shall be greater than 0,985. If
this is not so, the calibrations shall be re-run.
NOTE 2 - In practice correlation coefficients greater than
0,995 should be achievable.
The fitted calibration line for each FAME species
will have the equation [5]:
R = slope x concentration of FAME species in mg/kg
 FAME IN AVTUR – GC-MS, IP 585
11 Sample data analysis
Identify the individual FAME species in each
sample using the relative SIM ion intensities and
retention time for each species relative to the
standards. In addition to the ion patterns of the
measured ion species other qualifying ions are
used to positively identify specific FAME species.
NOTE - The quantitative SIM ions are used to create the
calibration data however other qualifying ions may be
used to help verify the presence of a particular FAME
species in the jet fuel background that may co-elute with
the FAME. These ions can be selected from the spectra
obtained from the pure component standards in full scan
mode.
After the sample peaks have been identified and
qualified using a combination of retention time,
SIM ion pattern and other qualifying ions, measure
the peak areas of all the FAME components
which have been detected in each sample.
Calculate the concentration of each individual
FAME species from the relevant calibration
graph depending on the level of FAME detected
in accordance with equation [6]. The lower
working range shall be employed for all FAME
species present in any sample at less than
10 mg/kg. The 0 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg calibration
range shall be employed for all FAME species
present in any sample at greater than 10 mg/kg.
Concentration FAME component = R / slope of calibration [6]
The total FAME concentration shall be obtained
by summing the concentrations obtained for the
six specified FAME species using the specified
calibration ranges.
As the GC injector injects a fixed volume of sample,
the density of the samples will vary and differ
from the dodecane used to prepare the standards,
a density correction factor shall be applied to
the concentrations calculated from the standard
calibration in accordance with equation [7]:
Total FAME, mg/kg =
(measured FAME, mg/kg) x (density of dodecane)
(sample density) where X is the average of the two results being
[7]
585.6
Issued under licence for use by Intertek employees only.
IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
If the density of the FAME species and dodecane are
not known, determine the densities in accordance
with IP 365.
12 Expression of results
Report the total FAME content in mg/kg
to the nearest 0,1 mg/kg. Individual FAME
component concentrations can also be reported
if required for FAME source identification.
13 Precision
13.1 General
The precision values given in 13.2 and 13.3 were
derived from statistical analysis, by IP 367, of data
obtained during a round robin carried out in 2009
using 12 instruments/operators and a sample set
comprising 16 jet fuel samples in duplicate.
NOTE – Data from three samples with nominal values of 0
and 1 mg/kg were removed during the statistical analysis
and together with additional outliers, this resulted in the
loss of >20 % of data.
13.2 Repeatability, r
The difference between two test results
obtained by the same operator with the same
apparatus under constant operating conditions
on identical test material, would in the long run,
in the normal and correct operation of the test
method, exceed the value below in only one
case in 20. Table 5 shows calculated values.
r = 0,1632 (X+3)
where X is the average of the two results being
compared, in mg/kg.
13.3 Reproducibility, R
The difference between two single and
independent test results, obtained by different
operators working in different laboratories on
identical test material, would in the long run, in
the normal and correct operation of the test
method, exceed the value below in only one
case in 20. Table 5 shows calculated values.
R = 0,2579 (X+3)
compared, in mg/kg.
 FAME IN AVTUR – GC-MS, IP 585

Table 5: Tabulated repeatability (r) and reproducibility 14 Test report

(R)
The test report shall include at least the following
Level of result r (mg/kg) R (mg/kg) information:
(mgkg)
5,0 1,3 2,1 a) Reference to this standard.
10,0 2,1 3,4 b) Type and identification of the product under
20,0 3,8 5,9 test.
30,0 5,4 8,5 c) Result of the test (see clause 12).
40,0 7,0 11,1 d) Any deviation from the procedure described.
50,0 8,7 13,7 e) Date of the test.
60,0 10,3 16,3
75,0 12,7 20,1
100 16,8 26,6
140 23,3 36,9

NOTE - In the round-robin study, three Merox based

samples were included containing nominally 0, 30 and
100 mg/kg FAME. No positive biases were found in
either the Merox treated or hydrotreated fuels.

585.7

Issued under licence for use by Intertek employees only.

IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
 FAME IN AVTUR – GC-MS, IP 585

Annex A
(informative)

Examples of chromatograms
A.1 Example of 2 mg/kg and 0 mg/kg FAME standards overlaid
(Innowax J&W 60 m X 0,25 mm 0,5 µm film)

Abundance
C18:0
D33 IS
12000
C17:0 C17:0
11000
C16:0
10000
C18:1
9000

8000
C18:2
7000
C18:3
6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00
Time-->

A.2 Example of 5 mg/kg RME in HDT

A.2 Example of 5 mg/kg RME in HDT

Abundance D33 IS
C17:0
13000

12000

11000

10000

9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00
Time-->

585.8

Issued under licence for use by Intertek employees only.

IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
 FAME IN AVTUR – GC-MS, IP 585

A.3 Example of 30 mg/kg RME in MEROX

A.3 Example of 30 mg/kg RME in MEROX
Abundance

30000

25000

20000

15000
D33 IS
C17:0
10000

5000

24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00
Time-->

15

585.9

Issued under licence for use by Intertek employees only.

IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
 FAME IN AVTUR – GC-MS, IP 585

Bibliography
[1] Ministry of Defence Standard 91-91, [2] ASTM D4306 Standard practice for aviation
Turbine fuel, aviation kerosine type, jet fuel sample containers for tests affected by
A1, NATO code: F-35, joint services trace contamination
designation: AVTUR

585.10

Issued under licence for use by Intertek employees only.

IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100