Service Training

MALAGA

EPG -I-
TYPICAL ELECTRICAL TYPICAL HYDRAULIC
CIRCUIT CIRCUIT

I Q

LOAD LOAD
POS NEG

SOURCE SOURC
E

0I- BASIC ELECTRICITY

- COMPARISON
- OHM FORM
- SERIES CIRCUITS
- PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Claude
Dec. 1997
 EPG -I-
CHAPTER : COMPARISON

CIRCUIT

TYPICAL ELECTRICAL TYPICAL HYDRAULIC

CIRCUIT CIRCUIT

I Q

LOAD LOAD
POS NEG

SOURCE SOURCE

Circuit Circuit

• Voltage Source (battery) • Pressure Source (pump)

• Conductors (wire) • Tubing, hoses
• Load (resistor, lamp, etc.) • Load (hydraulic cylinder)

Current Flow Oil Flow

• Measured in ampere • Measured in gpm, cfm, L/min
• Symbol is "I" (intensity) • Symbol is "Q" (quantity)
• The movement of electrons • Movement of fluid molecules

Positive Source Positive Source

• Battery (generates DC voltage) • Pump (when pump shaft is

• Produces certain voltage rotated, fluid is positively
regardless of the load expelled from the output port,
no matter how restrictive the
load)

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CHAPTER : COMPARISON

OPPOSITION

I Q

+ High High

Vd ∆P
Low Low
-

RESISTOR ORIFICE

Opposition to Current Flow Opposition to Oil Flow

Resistance Resistance

• Opposes current flow • Opposes oil flow

• Measured in Ohm • Measured in psi, kPa, L/min
• Symbol is R or Ω • Symbol is P
• Dependent on length, diameter, • Usually measured as a pressure
material and temperature drop (∆P) in a hydraulic circuit

P 3
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CHAPTER : COMPARISON

STORING

Plate Gas Piston

Oil
P

Dielectric
Plate
Fluid Input

CAPACITOR ACCUMULATOR

Storage Devices Storage Devices

• Stores electrical charge • Develops and stores pressure

• Measured in Capacitance
• Symbol is C
• Unit is Microfarad (µF)
• Pair of conductors separated
by a dielectric material
• Measured in pressure
• Stores pressure as a result of
forcing a volume of oil into a
accumulator chamber

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CHAPTER : COMPARISON

DIRECTIONAL

I Q
+
Anode

Cathode
-
DIODE CHECK VALVE

Directional Controls Directional Controls

• Current flows in one direction • Fluid flows in one direction

• Current flows when anode is • Symbol indicates direction of
more positive than the cathode oil flow
• Use multimeter on "diode check"
function and measure voltage
drop

P 5
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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

OHM FORM

Ohm's Law

I = E/R E=IxR R = E/I

The above formulas will be used when describing electric and electronic circuits.

Three types of electrical circuits will be discussed.

• Series Circuits
- Current can flow in only one path.

• Parallel Circuits
- Current can flow in more than one path.

• Series-Parallel Circuits
- Has both series and parallel paths for current to flow.

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

UNKNOWN CALCULATION

E
I R

E= I x R

E E
I R I R
E
I =
R R= E
I
Given two known in any electrical or electronic circuit, the unknown can be calculated. This slide shows
an example of solving an unknown by placing a finger over the unknown and then performing the
mathematical equation as shown.

The Ohm's Law circle is a memory aid to help solve the equation for either voltage, current or resistance.

P 7
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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

I = 200 mA
A

?
E = _____
E
I R

E= I x R
Filament Resistance = 60 Ω

P 8
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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

I = 600 mA
A
E
E = 12V
I R

R= E
I

? Ω
Filament Resistance = _____

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

? mA
I = ____
A
E
I R E = 24 V

I= E
R

Filament Resistance = 240 Ω

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

SERIES CIRCUITS

R1 R2 R3

• Sum of all voltage drops equal source voltage

• Current flow through each load is the same
• Total resistance is equal to sum of all the resistors

POS NEG POS NEG

12V 12V
Series Circuits

Series circuits may have several resistors (loads) connected to a voltage source. The important
point to demonstrate when explaining series circuits is current flow which has only one path,
and as such, the current flowing in the circuit passes through all resistances equally.

Series circuits have the following features:

• The current through each resistor is the same.

• The voltage drop across each resistor will be different if the

resistance values are different.

• The sum of all the voltage drops equal the source voltage.

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

V1 V2 V3

8Ω 24Ω 16Ω
A
R1 R2 R3

POS NEG POS NEG

12V 12V

Solution:

• Total circuit resistance = the sum of all the resistors or

8 + 24 + 16 = 48Ω
• Source voltage = the sum of the two batteries (connected in series) or 12 + 12 = 24V
• Current flow = source voltage divided by total resistance or
24 ÷ 48 = 500 mA or 0.5 amps

P 12
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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

6Ω ?
___Ω 4Ω
2A
R1 R2 R3

POS NEG POS NEG

12V 12V

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

6Ω 2Ω 4Ω
?
R1 R2 R3

POS NEG POS NEG short

12V 12V

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

?
6Ω 2Ω 4Ω
A
R1 R2 R3

unwanted path

POS NEG POS NEG

12V 12V

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

R1 R2 R3

RULES
POS NEG POS NEG
• Voltage drop across each resistor is the same
12V 12V • Current flow through each resistor is
different if the resistor values are different
• The sum of the separate currents equals the
total current flow in the circuit

Parallel Circuits

In parallel circuits, the voltage drop across each resistor is equal to the
potential of the current source since there is more than one path for
current to flow through each resistor.

Parallel circuits have the following features:

• The voltage drop across each resistor (load) is the same.

• The current through each resistor will be different if the

resistance are different.

• The sum of the separate currents equals the total current in the
circuit.

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

R1 R2 R3

3Ω 6Ω 2Ω
A
V1 V2 V3

A1 A2 A3

POS NEG POS NEG

12V 12V

Solution:

• Voltage drop each resistor is the same as source voltage (24V).

• Total current flow is the sum of the separate currents (each path),
not enough information to solve individual current flows
without using Ohm's Law to solve other elements of the circuit.

• Solve the current flow through each load by using Ohm's Law.
V1 = source voltage (24V)
R1 = 3 Ω
A1 = E1 ÷ R1 = 24 ÷ 3 = 8 (A1 = 8 amps)

V2 = source voltage (24V)

R2 = 6 Ω
A2 = E2 ÷ R2 = 24 ÷ 6 = 4 (A2 = 4 amps)

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

PAGE

R1 R2

3Ω 6Ω
A ?
V1 V2

A1 A2

POS NEG

12V

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

PAGE

R1 R2

___
? 6Ω

8A

POS NEG

24V

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

R1 R2

3Ω 6Ω
A ?
V1 V2

A1 A2

POS NEG

12V

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE

R1 R2

___
? 6Ω

8A

POS NEG

24V

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

SERIES - PARALLEL

R1

R3

12V
NEG
R2
POS

DRAWING EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS IS IMPORTANT IN SOLVING SERIES-

PARALLELS CIRCUITS

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT STEPS

R1
R3
12V R2
POS NEG

R1

R3

Re

12V R2
POS NEG R1 x R2
Step 1 Re =
R1 + R2

Re + R3 = Rt

Re R3

12V
Equivalent Circuit
POS NEG
Step 2

Rt

12V
Equivalent Circuit
POS NEG
Step 3

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

CALCULATE Rt

R1 = 6Ω
2+2=4
R3 = 2Ω

Re Re = 2Ω R3 = 2Ω

12V
12V R2 = 3Ω Equivalent Circuit
POS NEG
POS NEG
6 x 3 18
Re = = =2
6+3 9

Rt = 4Ω

12V
POS
Equivalent Circuit
NEG

TOTAL RESISTANCE IS 4 OHM

THEN I = E / R = 12 / 4 = 3 amps

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

RECONSTRUCTING

E3 = I x R = 3 x 2 = 6V
I3 = 3 A
Re = 2Ω R3 = 2Ω

Et = 12 volts 12V
I t = 3 amps POS NEG

Rt = 4 ohms 6 volt drop

NOW IT IS NECESSARY TO RECONSTRUCT THE ORIGINAL CIRCUIT

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CHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY

FINAL CALCULATION

6V
1A
6Ω 6V
3A
R1
2Ω

R2 R3

6V
12V 2A
3Ω
POS NEG

P 26