Technical College of Engineering

Department of Petrochemical Engineering

COURSE: Refinery (Practically)

Class: Third (2018 – 2019)

Name of Experiment: The Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity

Submitted by: baxtiar waly Jamel

Number of Experiment: 5

Date of experiment: 6/04/2019

Date of submission: 13/04/2019

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EVALUATION

Activity During Experiment & Procedure

Data & Results

Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to the Questions

Neat and tidy report writing

Overall Mark

*Name of evaluator: Mr. Alla

The objectives of this experiment:
1. To determine the kinematic viscosity, υ, of a transparent petroleum
product
2. To calculate the dynamic viscosity using kinematic viscosity.
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The viscosity: of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual
deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.
For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness"; for
example, honey has higher viscosity than water.
Viscosity is a property of the fluid which opposes the relative motion between
the two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities. In simple
terms, viscosity means friction between the molecules of fluid.
When the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which compose the fluid
generally move more quickly near the tube's axis and more slowly near its
walls; therefore some stress (such as a pressure difference between the two
ends of the tube) is needed to overcome the friction between particle layers to
keep the fluid moving.
For a given velocity pattern, the stress required is proportional to the fluid's
viscosity.
A fluid that has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal or in
viscid fluid.
Zero viscosity is observed only at very low temperatures in super fluids.
Otherwise, all fluids have positive viscosity and are technically said to be
viscous or viscid. A fluid with a relatively high viscosity, such as pitch, may
appear to be a solid.
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An oil’s kinematic viscosity is defined as its resistance to flow and shear due
to gravity. Imagine filling a beaker with turbine oil and another with thick
gear oil. Which one will flow faster from the beaker if it is tipped on its side?
The turbine oil will flow faster because the relative flow rates are governed by
the oil’s kinematic viscosity.
Now let’s consider absolute viscosity.
To measure absolute viscosity, insert a metal rod into the same two beakers.

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Use the rod to stir the oil, and then measure the force required to stir each oil
at the same rate. The force required to stir the gear oil will be greater than the
force required to stir the turbine oil.
Based on this observation, it might be tempting to say that the gear oil
requires more force to stir because it has a higher viscosity than the turbine
oil. However, it is the oil’s resistance to flow and shear due to internal friction
that is being measured in this example, so it is more correct to say that the
gear oil has a higher absolute viscosity than the turbine oil because more force
is required to stir the gear oil.
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What does Dynamic Viscosity mean?
Dynamic viscosity is the force needed by a fluid to overcome its own internal
molecular friction so that the fluid will flow.
In other words, dynamic viscosity is defined as the tangential force per unit
area needed to move the fluid in one horizontal plane with respect to other
plane with a unit velocity while the fluid's molecules maintain a unit distance
apart. Dynamic viscosity is also referred as absolute viscosity in the field of
fluid mechanics.
Dynamic viscosity is one of the measures of fluid viscosity. Another measure
of fluid viscosity is kinematic viscosity.
Viscosity is an important property of fluids and is used to understand a fluid's
behavior and the way it will move when it comes in contact with solid
boundaries.
A fluid's viscosity is the measure of its resistance to its gradual deformation
by tensile or shears stress. Shear stress in the fluid is created by the
intermolecular friction exerted when layers of fluid attempt to slide by one
another.
Dynamic viscosity is directly proportional to the shear stress and is expressed
by the symbol ( ) and has the SI units of N s/m2 (Newton second per square
meter).

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Kinematic Viscosity Formula
Kinematic viscosity is the measure of the inherent resistance of a fluid to flow
when no external force is exerted, except gravity. It is the ratio of the dynamic
viscosity to its density, a force independent quantity. Kinematic viscosity can
be obtained by dividing the absolute viscosity of a fluid with the fluid mass
density.
Kinematic viscosity = Dynamic viscosity / Fluid mass density
The equation is written
ν=η/ρ We have:
ν: Kinematic viscosity
ρ: fluid density
η: Dynamic viscosity
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Viscosity Index
One other important property of an oil is viscosity index (VI). The viscosity
index is a unitless number, used to indicate the temperature dependence of an
oil’s kinematic viscosity.
It is based on comparing the kinematic viscosity of the test oil at 40°C, with
the kinematic viscosity of two reference oils - one of which has a VI of 0, the
other with a VI of 100 (Figure 3) - each having the same viscosity at 100ºC as
the test oil. Tables for calculating VI from the measured kinematic viscosity
of an oil at 40°C and 100°C are referenced

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Figure 3 shows that an oil that has a smaller change in kinematic viscosity
with temperature will have a higher VI than an oil with a greater viscosity
change across the same temperature range.
For most paraffinic, solvent-refined mineral-based industrial oils, typical VIs
fall in the range of 90 to 105. However, many highly refined mineral oils,
synthetics and VI improved oils have VIs that will exceed 100.
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Viscosity Monitoring and Trending
Monitoring and trending viscosity is perhaps one of the most important components of any oil
analysis program. Even small changes in viscosity can be magnified at operating temperatures to
the extent that an oil is no longer able to provide adequate lubrication.
Typical industrial oil limits are set at ±5 percent for caution, and ±10 percent for critical, although
severe- duty applications and extremely critical systems should have even tighter targets.
A significant reduction in viscosity can result in:

• Loss of oil film causing excessive wear

• Increased mechanical friction causing excessive energy consumption n Heat generation
due to mechanical friction n Internal or external leakage
• Increased sensitivity to particle con- tamination due to reduced oil film
• Oil film failure at high temperatures, high loads or during start-ups or coast-downs.

Likewise, too high a viscosity can cause:

• Excessive heat generation resulting in oil oxidation, sludge and varnish build-up
• Gaseous cavitation due to inadequate oil flow to pumps and bearings

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 • Lubrication starvation due to inadequate oil flow
• Oil whip in journal bearings
• Excess energy consumption to over- come fluid friction
• Poor air detrainment or demulsibility
• Poor cold-start pumpability.

Whenever a significant change in viscosity is observed, the root cause of the

problem should always be investigated and corrected. Changes in viscosity
can be the result of a change in the base oil chemistry (a change in the oil’s
molecular structure), or due to an ingressed contaminant

Advantages of Kinematic Viscosity Measurement in Used Oil

Analysis
In the September-October issue of Practicing Oil Analysis, several advantages
of using standardized test methodology were discussed, for example, the use
of ASTM D445 for the viscosity measurement of used oil.
The primary aim of standardization is improved precision and better
interlaboratory reproducibility of results.
However, improved precision typically comes with higher costs. Today, the
economics of owning and operating automated D445 viscometers have
improved with the arrival of newer, smaller, quicker and less capital-intensive
designs.
These attributes lead to a reduced cost per test while providing higher
precision (including determinability, repeatability and reproducibility targets)
associated with a standardized test.
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D445 Methodology
D445 kinematic viscosity measurement principles are simple - measure the
time required for a known volume of liquid to transition between two fixed
points in a vertically oriented capillary viscometer under the sole influence of
gravity.

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While the concept is uncomplicated, the challenge with used oil samples
involves continual accurate measurement in a repeatable manner - often in the
demanding environment of a commercial or mobile analysis laboratory.
To obtain high accuracy, the D445 methodology recommends several critical
test parameters be controlled by the instrument.
The sample being tested must be held within 0.02°C of the target temperature
and its flow time must typically be measured within 0.01 second or better. The
instrument's ability to accurately detect the sample meniscus as it drops
through the viscometer tube is also important.
Crude oil viscosity is affected by the following factors:
• Oil composition: described by API, as API increases, oil viscosity decreases.
• Temperature: oil viscosity decreases with temperature rise.
• Dissolved gas: as solution gas oil ratio increases, oil viscosity decreases.
• Pressure: oil viscosity increases almost linearly with pressure
How is Kinematic Viscosity measured?
After equilibrating to the test temperature, the liquid is flowed through
a capillary viscometer and the time is recorded.
The unique constant of the capillary viscometer is also taken into account,
with the final result calculated by the equation; V = C x t
Where V = Kinematic Viscosity, C = Calibration constant of the viscometer, t = time.
The time recorded is that taken for the liquid to flow through the capillary
section of the viscometer, from one marker line to the other;

The temperature and viscometer type can be changed to suit the sample being
analysed, or to meet standard test protocols such as ASTM or IP

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specifications. The most common types of viscometers are Cannon Fenske
Opaque, Cannon Fenske Routine and Ubbelohde Viscometers.
The sample flowing through the capillary viscometer can be detected either
manually or using an automatic system.

Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of:
1- A viscometer, U-shaped glass tube, the arm, L has a
larger diameter and a reservoir at the bottom, it is used
to fill the viscometer with sample. The other arm, N
with capillary has two bulbs; the lower bulb has two
marks E & F.
2- Viscometer holder,
3- Temperature control bath,
4- Temperature controller,
5- Temperature measuring device
6- Timing device.
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Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent Liquids

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Procedure
1- Adjust and maintain the viscometer bath at a required test temperature.
2- Select a clean, dry, calibrated viscometer having a range covering the
estimated kinematic viscosity (that is, a wide capillary for a very viscous
liquid and a narrower capillary for a more fluid liquid). The flow time shall
not be less than 200 s.
3- Charge the viscometer and draw the test portion into the working capillary
and timing bulb, place rubber stoppers into the tubes to hold the test portion in
place, and insert the viscometer into the bath.
4- Allow the viscometer to reach bath temperature (10 – 15 minutes).
5- Remove the stopper from capillary arm and allow the sample flowing
freely, measure, in seconds to within 0.1 s, the time required for the meniscus
to pass from the first (E) to the second (F) timing mark, (the flow time should
not be less than 200 s).

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6- Find the viscometer constant from the table and calculate the kinematic
viscosity of the sample.
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Results & calculations:
Record the measured flow time, t in seconds
Find the viscometer constant , C from the table.
Calculate the kinematic viscosity, n, from the measured flow time, t, and the
viscometer
constant, C, by means of the following equation:
υ = C·t Where:
υ = kinematic viscosity, mm2/s,
C = calibration constant of the viscometer, (mm2/s)/s
t = mean flow time, s.
Calculate the dynamic viscosity, μ, from the calculated kinematic viscosity, υ,
and the density,ρ, by means of the following equation:
μ = υ. Ρ Where: μ = dynamic viscosity, mPa·s, (cp)
ρ = density, g/cm3, at the same temperature used for the determination of the
kinematic
viscosity, and
υ = kinematic viscosity, mm2/s (cSt)

Recommended Viscosity Ranges

for Cannon-Fenske Routine
Viscometers

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Discussion:
1- What is the importance of viscosity measurement for the following:
• Crude oil
• Lubricating oils
• Fuel oils
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2- Explain the behavior of liquid and gas viscosity with temperature rise.
A-For Liquids viscosity decrease with increase temperature because A
fluid's viscosity strongly depends on its temperature. Along with the shear rate,
temperature really is the dominating influence. The higher the temperature is, the lower
a substance's viscosity is. Consequently, decreasing temperature causes an increase
in viscosity.
In other words, increasing gas temperature causes the gas molecules to collide more
often. This increases the gas viscosity because the transfer of momentum between
stationary and moving molecules is what causes gas viscosity. As a liquid is heated,
the viscosity decreases ... just the opposite effect as in gases.

3- What is viscosity index?

One other important property of an oil is viscosity index (VI). The viscosity index is a
unitless number, used to indicate the temperature dependence of an oil’s kinematic
viscosity.
It is based on comparing the kinematic viscosity of the test oil at 40°C, with the
kinematic viscosity of two reference oils - one of which has a VI of 0, the other with a VI
of 100 - each having the same viscosity at 100ºC as the test oil. Tables for calculating VI
from the measured kinematic viscosity of an oil at 40°C and 100°C are referenced
4- How can you calibrate a viscometer?

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Conclusion: The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual
deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.
For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness". For
example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water.

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A high viscosity implies a high resistance to flow while a low viscosity
indicates a low resistance to flow.
The kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity μ to the density
of the fluid ρ. It is usually denoted by the Greek letter nu (ν). , it is used in
reservoir simulators to estimate the rate of oil or gas to flow and their
production, and it is needed in calculation of power required in mixers or to
transfer fluid, the amount of pressure drop in pipe or column, flow
measurement devices and design and operation of oil/water separations.
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Reference
1. http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/411/oil-viscosity
2. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/dynamic-absolute-kinematic-viscosity-d_412.html
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity
4. http://blog.rheosense.com/what-are-the-differences-between-dynamic-and-kinematic-viscosities
5. http://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/kinematic_viscosity_formula/472/

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