EUT440

ENGINEERS IN
SOCIETY

• Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

RISK MANAGEMENT
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION,
RISK ASSESSMENT & RISK CONTROL
(HIRARC)
 Risk
Risk - a combination of the probability that a particular
outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved.
(Risiko - Kombinasi kemungkinan berlakunya kejadian berbahaya/kemalangan
dan kesan akibatnya)

- Chance or probability of danger, loss or injury occuring

- A measure of economic loss or human injury in terms of both
the accident likelihood and magnitude (consequence) of loss or
injury
- It is a combination of incident, probability and consequences.

Danger – expresses the relative exposure to hazard.

A hazard may presence, but there may be little danger because of
the control strategy implemented and safety precautions taken.
 Hazard
A source or a situation Source, situation or
with a potential for act with a potential for
harm in terms of harm in terms of
human injury or ill human injury or ill
health, damage to health, or a
property, damage to combination of these.
environment or a (OHSAS 18001:2007)
combination of these.
(MS 1722:2003)
Risk management involves the:
hazard identification;
assessment, and prioritization of risks;
followed by coordinated and economical application of resources
to minimize, monitor, and control the probability
and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the
realization of opportunities.
• Eliminating the hazard, if possible
Controlling the risk • Minimizing, if possible
• Controling the hazard

Checking and Reviewing the risk control strategy

 Risk Management Policy
• An organization should set out its approach
to; and appetite for risk and its approach to
risk management.
• The policy should set out responsibilities
for risk management throughout the
organization and should refer to any legal
requirement.
Risk Management Policy
• Risk management and internal control objectives
• Statement of the attitude of the organization to risk (risk strategy)
• Description of the control environment
• Level and nature of risk that is acceptable
• Risk management organization and arrangements (risk architecture)
• Arrangements for communicating risk information
• Standards procedures for risk recognition and rating (risk assessment)
• List of documentations for analyzing and reporting risk (risk protocols)
• Risk mitigation requirements and control mechanism
• Allocation of risk management roles and responsibilities
• Criteria for monitoring and benchmarking risks
• Allocation of appropriate resources
• Risk priorities and performance targets
• Risk management calendar of the coming year
 Risk Management Standards
Code Description
ISO 27001:2009 Risk Management: Methodology and Process
ISO/IEC 31010:2009 Risk Management: Risk Assessment Techniques
ISO Guide 73:2009 Risk Management: Vocabulary
ISO 31000:2009 Risk Management: Principles and Guidelines
ISO 12100:2010 Safety of Machinery: General Principles for Design – Risk
Assessment and Risk Reduction
BS 31100 Risk Management COP
 Issues in Managing of Health
at Workplace
• Difficult to develop strategy due to:
- Long latency period
- Individual susceptibility factor
• The difficulties are experienced by:
- Designers - difficult in taking account of health risks in
their specifications
- Managers - determining the level of health protection
that personnel require
- Operatives - being aware of health risks and the
systems, whether control or prevention, that are put in
place to protect them.
 7 common causes of workplace
accidents
• Shortcuts
• Overconfidence
• Poor or lack of housekeeping
• Doing task with inadequate information
• Neglecting safety procedures
• Mental distractions
• Lack of preparation
Identifying types of HAZARDS
and
Various Route of Entry
Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards
PHYSICAL
HAZARDS
 Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards eg height, force, noise,
vibration, lighting, etc
- route -> tissue damage, hearing loss, lifting,
manual handling, ergonomic, traffic hazards,
collapse, falling objects
 Manual Handling
• The lifting and carrying of loads is a big
problem in every industry
• Manual handling injuries contributed about
25% of all work-related injuries

PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 How to reduce the effects?
• Bagged materials must be less than 25 kg.

• Apart of the weight factor, other factors also affect

this manual handling related accident
- The individual - The overall operation
• Age
• Gender
• Training
• Experience
• Previous Injury

PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Work Related Upper Limb Disorder

• WRULD is caused by repetitive movements (RSI)

Diseases associated
- Neck disorder
- Shoulder disorder
- Elbow disorder
- Wrist and Hand Lesions
(localized area of diseased or
injured tissue)
- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 Work Related Upper Limb Disorder
• Factors associated with the development of WRULD
- Resisting Excessive Force
- Frequency and Duration of Movement
• Jobs are dictated by machine rather than personnel
- Posture - ERGONOMIC
- Work Organization
• Length of work period without rest breaks, lack of training and
inadequate supervision
- Psychosomatic Factors (illness due to the interaction of the mind
and the body)
• Poor awareness by managers and employees
• Lack of management to detect problems
• Poor ergonomic job design
• Lack of training to control WRULD
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 Noise
• It can cause hearing loss
• Factors influencing hearing loss
- Intensity of the noise
- Frequency
- Length of exposure
- Individual Tolerance.
This factor is also affected
by other factors such as:
• Age
• Effect of Drugs
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 Sound Level in dB (A) Sources

Harmfull 140 Jet Engine

130 Riveting Hammer

Critical 120 Propeller Aircraft

110 Rock Drill
100 Typical outdoor construction, plate fabrication noise
90 Heavy Vehicle

Safe 80 Pile drivers, power lawn mower, very busy traffic

70 Private car
60 Air compressor and concrete mixers
50 Conversation (at 1 m)
40 Average business office
30 Quite Whisper

PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 How to control noise hazard?

• Review the design and change if possible

• Change with other processes or equipment •
PPE (Personel Protective Equipment):
Earmuff

PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 Vibration

• Result in tissue damage

• Two kinds of vibration
- Whole body vibration: vehicles
-Segmental vibration: pneumatic handheld tools
(white knuckles)
• How to control this hazard?
- Use of vibration isolator
- Select equipment that produces less vibration
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS - examples
I CAL Electronics assembly worker –
L OG
C O SS;
PSY TR E
L S
IO NA üEye problems from doing close
PAT
CU
OC work, especially in poor light

üLong periods with inadequate

seating, can suffer from back and
other musculoskeletal problems.

üSolder fumes or solder “flecks”

in the eye when the excess solder is
cut off with pliers.
Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)
CHEMICAL
HAZARDS
 Types of HAZARDS - categories

ii. Chemical Hazards

eg. Gas, Liquid, Vapor, Fumes, Mist, Dust,
Asbestos, Lead
-route -> Inhalation, skin contact with
chemical, ingestion of chemical,
 Routes of Entry of Toxic Agents
• Respiratory
• Skin and eye contact
• Mouth (Ingestion)
• Injection

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Types of Effect
• Acute
- A lot of exposure
- The reaction happen in short period of time
• Chronic
- Repeated small exposure
- Long period of time

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Common Types of Toxic Effect
• Irritations
- Lung
• By inhaling some chemicals, e.g. ozone, sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide
- Skin: chemical, physical, mechanical and biological
• Central Nervous System (CNS) Depression
- Headache, Drowsiness, Unconsciousness
- Organ affected: brain
- Many solvents (toluene, xylene, ether, acetone) produce
this effect if the vapor concentration is high

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
• Asphyxia
- Interfere with the transfer of oxygen
- Suffocated because the bloodstream cannot supply
enough oxygen
- When the oxygen level of 21% drop to 16%
- Sources
• Gas from sewerage
• Argon, propane, methane
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen cyanide
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
• Cancer
- The effect is about 20-30 years
- Sources
• Benzene Æ Leukemia
• Chromium, Beryllium and Arsenic Trioxide Æ Lung Cancer •
Asbestos Æ Larynx, Lung and Abdomen cancer
• Vynil Chloride Æ Liver Cancer
• Coal Tar Pitch Æ Skin Cancer •
Benzidine Æ Bladder Cancer

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
• Pneumoconiosis
-Dusts retained in the lung
- Reduce the elasticity of the lung
- Sources
• Silica, beryllium, asbestos, iron oxide, tin

• Reproductive Effect
- Cause the ability to reproduce and fetal development
• Mercury Æ Low birth weight
• PCBs Æ Brown patches
• Lead Æ Miscarriage
• X-Rays and Some Pesticides (e.g., DBPC) Æ Decreased sperm
cell and sterility
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont
• Systemic Poisons (effect whole body or at least a
multiple of organs
- Affect to more than one organ
- Sources
• Cadmium:
- causes lung irritation,
- impairs kidney normal function and
- may cause sterility
• Mercury:
- Accumulation in the brain causes tremors and mood changes -
Decreased kidney efficiency
- Gum inflammation and excess saliva

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Factors Affecting Toxic Effect
• Factors related to the agent
- Chemical Composition
- Physical properties
- Solubility in body fluids
• Factors related to the Exposure Situation
- Dose: how much and how long?
- Co-factors: Presence of other materials
• Factors related to the individuals
- Individual differences: genetic status and allergic status
- Age
- Presence of predisposing disease:
• Angina (Heart Disease) Æ cannot tolerate carbon monoxide •
Emphysema (lung ailment)
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Construction Materials Causing
Occupational Diseases
DISEASE
Skin Respiratory Tract Lungs Eyes Nervous System
Construction Material
Form Oils Irritation Irritation
Cement (Chromium) Lesions, Eczema,
Burns

Insulation
Mineral wool Irritation
Glass wool Irritation
Isocyanate Damage Damage Asthma
Asphalt Irritation, Burns Bronchitis,
Increased risk of
cancer
Caulking and Sealants

Polyacrylate Irritation Irritation

Methyl ethyl ketone Irritation Irritation

Methyl isobutyl ketone Irritation Irritation

Isocyanate Eczema Asthma

Adhesive
Acrylic monomers Irritation Irritation
Toluene Irritation Irritation Damage
Xylene Irritation Irritation Damage
Isocyanate Discomfort
Epoxy Resin Irritation
Polyamine Irritation
Plasters, Drywall, Putties Irritation Irritation
 Construction Materials Causing
Occupational Diseases
Asbestos
• It can cause lung cancer
• The disease develops 20-40 years after
exposure
• Problems with asbestos in construction
- Many construction contracts are being awarded
without the contractors being informed of the
presence of asbestos materials

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 CHEMICAL Hazard …..cont

- Identification
Hazards related materials
- Workplace Hazardous Material
Information System (WHMIS)
(Canada’s National Workplace Hazard Communication Std)

The key elements of the system are cautionary

labelling of containers of WHMIS "controlled
products", the provision of Material Safety
Data Sheets (MSDSs) and worker education
and training programs
Class A: Compressed Gas Class B: Flammable
& Combustible

WHMIS
Symbol

Class C: Oxidizing Material Class D: Poisonous and

Infectious Material
Material Safety Data Sheets - MSDS
A form with data regarding the detailed properties
of a particular hazardous material
An important component of product stewardship
and workplace safety, it is intended to provide
workers and emergency personnel with
procedures for handling or working with that
substance in a safe manner
 What is an MSDS?
• A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides
detailed information about a specific hazardous
material. An MSDS contains the following
information:
- Identity (name of substance)
- Physical Hazards (target organ)
- Health Hazards
- Routes of Body Entry
- Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)
- Carcinogenic Factors (cancer causing)
- Safe-Handling Procedures
 What is an MSDS?
- Data of Sheet Preparation
- Control Measures (personal protective equipment)
- Emergency First Aid Procedures (emergency telephone
number)
- Contact Information (for the preparer of the sheet)
- Special Instructions
 Sample MSDS Page - Nitric
Acid, 70%

• This is a sample page from the MSDS for

Nitric Acid, 70 percent. The product is
made by the ABC Rubber Company,
Science Products Division, P.O. Box M,
Altonia, Illinois 40361. Effective date is 8-
21-85.
 Sample MSDS Page - Nitric
Acid, 70%
Product identification, synonyms, other names for nitric acid are:
aqua fortis, azotic acid, nitric acid 70 percent. Formula CAS
Number 7697-37-2. Molecular weight 63.00. Hazardous
ingredients, not applicable. Chemical formula, HNO3.

Precautionary measures, danger, strong oxidizer, contact with other

materials may cause fire. Causes sever burns, may be fatal if
swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on
clothing. Avoid breathing mist, use only with adequate ventilation.
Wash thoroughly after handling. Do not store near combustible
materials. Store in a tightly closed container. Remove and wash
contaminated clothing properly.
When Do You Use an MSDS?
• You should use an MSDS
whenever you need additional
information about a hazardous
material that is not included on the
product label.
• For example, you have spilled
nitric acid on the floor, and you
need to know how to clean it up
safely. You need only refer to the
"Safe-Handling Procedures"
section of the nitric acid MSDS.
 Safe-Handling Procedures
Section - Nitric Acid, 70%
Isolate or enclose the area of the leak or spill. Clean-up personnel
should wear protective clothing and respiratory equipment suitable for
toxic or corrosive fluids or vapors. For small spills:
Flush with water, and neutralize with alkaline material (soda ash, lime,
et cetera). Sewer with excess water.
For larger spills and lot sizes:
Neutralize with alkaline, pick up with absorbent material (sand, earth,
vermiculite) and dispose in a RCRA approved waste facility or sewer
the neutralized slurry with excess water if local ordinances allow.
Provide forced ventilation to dissipate fumes.
Reportable Quantity (RQ) (CWA/CERCLA): 1000 pounds
Insure compliance with local, state and federal regulations.
 When Do You Use an MSDS?

• Some chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide,

are very dangerous. If you have an accident,
you may not have time to look up the
information you need in an MSDS.
• You should read the MSDSs for the
hazardous materials present in your work area
before you work with them.
 Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards – living organism or
once-living organism eg. Fungi, Bacteria,
Viruses
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards
 Types of HAZARDS - categories
iii. Biological Hazards
a. Microorganism -Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses
route –in contact with bacteria thro’ improper treated
cooling towers
b. Arthropods – mosquitoes, spiders
route – bitten by infected mosquitoes
c. Animals – crocodiles, snakes
d. Plant allergens and toxins – pollen
e. Protein allergens – food, urine, feces, hair
route – rodent dropping/urine
- route -> infection, needle stick injury, handling of waste
 Types of HAZARDS - categories

i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards eg current, voltage,
sparks
- route -> direct electrocution, contact with
overhead or underground cables
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards
 Types of HAZARDS - categories

i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards eg. UV light, lasers etc
- route -> skin contact, eye contact
vi. Psychological Hazards
 Ultraviolet
• UV can damage eyes and skin
- Skin cancer
- Skin burn
- Eye discomfort
• Where is the exposure of this hazard?
- Outdoor job
- Welding
- Work using high intensity lamp
• How to reduce the hazard?
- Sun block
- UV Protection Sunglasses
- Blue color costume
 Types of HAZARDS - categories

i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards eg. workplace, space,
organizational culture, stress
 Occupational Stress
• Three types of occupational stress
- Physical
- Mental
- Emotional

PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 Causes of Occupational Stress
• Uncertainty and lack of control (low job
discretion)
• Lack of support from others, including co-workers
• Conflicts
• High demands of working environment, e.g. long
hours, high responsibility, commitment
• Very low demands: boredom, lack of meaning in
work
• Work station: noise, poor lighting, lack of space,
extreme temperatures, poor ergonomics
• Chemical hazards, fumes, passive smoking
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 Causes of Occupational Stress …cont

• Organizational culture
• Repetitive Tasks
• Low pay leading to overtime and piecework
• Change

PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 How do humans react? 3 stages
• Alarm Stage
-Immediate reaction
- Fight or Flight?
- Human body coordinates the readiness of
action, influencing mood, causing heart
palpitation, shallow fast breathing, muscle
tension, dryness of throat, dizziness and light-
headedness, numbness of the limbs, nausea,
anxiety and sweating

PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 How do humans react?
• Resistance Stage
Alarm stage cannot be maintained indefinitely
At one point, resistance stage occurs in which humans
develop survival strategies and a way of fighting the
stress
Typically, short-term relief is preferable
• Exhaustion Stage
-Stress response is healthy and a motivator
- When expectations are not realistic, humans become
suffer

PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 HAZARDS – can you identify them?
IC AL Welder
OL OG
C
PSY q can be burnt from the
sparks PHYSICAL
q the danger of the work
process starting a fire.
qthe intense light can
cause permanent eye
damage
qHeat
qfumes given off by the
process which can damage
Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)
the lungs CHEMICAL
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS - examples

IC A L Electronics assembly worker –

LOG ES S ;
SYCO L STR
P T IO N A
üEye problems from doing close
CC UPA
O work, especially in poor light

üLong periods with inadequate

seating, can suffer from back and
other musculoskeletal problems.

üSolder fumes or solder “flecks” in

the eye when the excess solder is
cut off with pliers.
Source: International Labor Organization (ILO) Control ????
TO BE CONTINUED

- RISK ASSESSMENT