class ArrayDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// declares an array of integers
int[] anArray;

// allocates memory for 10 integers

anArray = new int[10];

// initialize first element

anArray[0] = 100;
// initialize second element
anArray[1] = 200;
// etc.
anArray[2] = 300;
anArray[3] = 400;
anArray[4] = 500;
anArray[5] = 600;
anArray[6] = 700;
anArray[7] = 800;
anArray[8] = 900;
anArray[9] = 1000;

System.out.println("Element at index 0: "

+ anArray[0]);
System.out.println("Element at index 1: "
+ anArray[1]);
System.out.println("Element at index 2: "
+ anArray[2]);
System.out.println("Element at index 3: "
+ anArray[3]);
System.out.println("Element at index 4: "
+ anArray[4]);
System.out.println("Element at index 5: "
+ anArray[5]);
System.out.println("Element at index 6: "
+ anArray[6]);
System.out.println("Element at index 7: "
+ anArray[7]);
System.out.println("Element at index 8: "
+ anArray[8]);
System.out.println("Element at index 9: "
+ anArray[9]);
}
}

The output from this program is:

Element at index 0: 100
Element at index 1: 200
Element at index 2: 300
Element at index 3: 400
Element at index 4: 500
Element at index 5: 600
Element at index 6: 700
Element at index 7: 800
Element at index 8: 900
Element at index 9: 1000
class MultiDimArrayDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[][] names = {
{"Mr. ", "Mrs. ", "Ms. "},
{"Smith", "Jones"}
};
// Mr. Smith
System.out.println(names[0][0] + names[1][0]);
// Ms. Jones
System.out.println(names[0][2] + names[1][1]);
}
}

class ArrayCopyDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
char[] copyFrom = { 'd', 'e', 'c', 'a', 'f', 'f', 'e',
'i', 'n', 'a', 't', 'e', 'd' };
char[] copyTo = new char[7];

System.arraycopy(copyFrom, 2, copyTo, 0, 7);

System.out.println(new String(copyTo));
}
}

The output from this program is:

caffein
public class Bicycle {

// the Bicycle class has

// three fields
public int cadence;
public int gear;
public int speed;

// the Bicycle class has

// one constructor
public Bicycle(int startCadence, int startSpeed, int startGear) {
gear = startGear;
cadence = startCadence;
speed = startSpeed;
}

// the Bicycle class has

// four methods
public void setCadence(int newValue) {
cadence = newValue;
}

public void setGear(int newValue) {

gear = newValue;
}

public void applyBrake(int decrement) {

 speed -= decrement;
}

public void speedUp(int increment) {

speed += increment;
}

A class declaration for a MountainBike class that is a subclass of Bicycle might look
like this:
public class MountainBike extends Bicycle {

// the MountainBike subclass adds

// one field
public int seatHeight;

// the MountainBike subclass has one

// constructor
public MountainBike(int startHeight,
int startCadence,
int startSpeed,
int startGear) {
super(startCadence, startSpeed, startGear);
seatHeight = startHeight;
}

// the MountainBike subclass adds

// one method
public void setHeight(int newValue) {
seatHeight = newValue;
}
}
public class Animal {
public static void testClassMethod() {
System.out.println("The class" + " method in Animal.");
}
public void testInstanceMethod() {
System.out.println("The instance " + " method in Animal.");
}
}

The second class, a subclass of Animal, is called Cat:

public class Cat extends Animal {
public static void testClassMethod() {
System.out.println("The class method" + " in Cat.");
}
public void testInstanceMethod() {
System.out.println("The instance method" + " in Cat.");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Cat myCat = new Cat();
 Animal myAnimal = myCat;
Animal.testClassMethod();
myAnimal.testInstanceMethod();
}
}

The Cat class overrides the instance method in Animal and hides the class method
in Animal. The main method in this class creates an instance of Cat and
calls testClassMethod() on the class and testInstanceMethod() on the instance.

The output from this program is as follows:

The class method in Animal.
The instance method in Cat.

public void printDescription(){

System.out.println("\nBike is " + "in gear " + this.gear
+ " with a cadence of " + this.cadence +
" and travelling at a speed of " + this.speed + ". ");
}
public class MountainBike extends Bicycle {
private String suspension;

public MountainBike(
int startCadence,
int startSpeed,
int startGear,
String suspensionType){
super(startCadence,
startSpeed,
startGear);
this.setSuspension(suspensionType);
}

public String getSuspension(){

return this.suspension;
}

public void setSuspension(String suspensionType) {

this.suspension = suspensionType;
}

public void printDescription() {

super.printDescription();
System.out.println("The " + "MountainBike has a" +
getSuspension() + " suspension.");
}
}

Note the overridden printDescription method. In addition to the information

provided before, additional data about the suspension is included to the output.
Next, create the RoadBike class. Because road or racing bikes have skinny tires, add an
attribute to track the tire width. Here is the RoadBike class:
public class RoadBike extends Bicycle{
// In millimeters (mm)
private int tireWidth;

public RoadBike(int startCadence,

int startSpeed,
int startGear,
int newTireWidth){
super(startCadence,
startSpeed,
startGear);
this.setTireWidth(newTireWidth);
}

public int getTireWidth(){

return this.tireWidth;
}

public void setTireWidth(int newTireWidth){

this.tireWidth = newTireWidth;
}

public void printDescription(){

super.printDescription();
System.out.println("The RoadBike" + " has " + getTireWidth() +
" MM tires.");
}
}
public class TestBikes {
public static void main(String[] args){
Bicycle bike01, bike02, bike03;

bike01 = new Bicycle(20, 10, 1);

bike02 = new MountainBike(20, 10, 5, "Dual");
bike03 = new RoadBike(40, 20, 8, 23);

bike01.printDescription();
bike02.printDescription();
bike03.printDescription();
}
}

import java.util.\*;

public class Colony implements Iterable<Colony.Penguin> {

static class Penguin {

String name;
 Penguin(String name) {

this.name = name;

public String toString() {

return "Penguin{" + name + "}";

Set<Penguin> set = new HashSet<Penguin>();

public void addPenguin(Penguin p) {

set.add(p);

public Iterator<Penguin> getPenguins() {

return set.iterator();

public Iterator<Penguin> iterator() {

return getPenguins();

public static void main(String args[]) {

Colony colony = new Colony();

Penguin opus = new Penguin("Opus");

Penguin chilly = new Penguin("Chilly Willy");

Penguin mumble = new Penguin("Mumble");

Penguin emperor = new Penguin("Emperor");

colony.addPenguin(opus);

colony.addPenguin(chilly);

colony.addPenguin(mumble);
 colony.addPenguin(emperor);

for (Penguin p : colony) {

System.out.println(p);

Running the code produces the following output:

> java Colony

Penguin{Chilly Willy}

Penguin{Mumble}

Penguin{Opus}

Penguin{Emperor}

Abstraction refers to the ability to make a class abstract in OOP. An abstract class is one that cannot be instantiated.
All other functionality of the class still exists, and its fields, methods, and constructors are all accessed in the same
manner. You just cannot create an instance of the abstract class.

If a class is abstract and cannot be instantiated, the class does not have much use unless it is subclassed. This is
typically how abstract classes come about during the design phase. A parent class contains the common functionality
of a collection of child classes, but the parent class itself is too abstract to be used on its own.

Abstract Class:
Use the abstract keyword to declare a class abstract. The keyword appears in the class declaration somewhere
before the class keyword.
/* File name : Employee.java */
public abstract class Employee
{
private String name;
private String address;
private int number;
public Employee(String name, String address, int number)
{
System.out.println("Constructing an Employee");
this.name = name;
this.address = address;
this.number = number;
}
public double computePay()
{
System.out.println("Inside Employee computePay");
return 0.0;
}
public void mailCheck()
{
System.out.println("Mailing a check to " + this.name
+ " " + this.address);
}
 public String toString()
{
return name + " " + address + " " + number;
}
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
public String getAddress()
{
return address;
}
public void setAddress(String newAddress)
{
address = newAddress;
}
public int getNumber()
{
return number;
}
}

Notice that nothing is different in this Employee class. The class is now abstract, but it still has three fields, seven
methods, and one constructor.

Now if you would try as follows:

/* File name : AbstractDemo.java */

public class AbstractDemo
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
/* Following is not allowed and would raise error */
Employee e = new Employee("George W.", "Houston, TX", 43);

System.out.println("\n Call mailCheck using

Employee reference--");
e.mailCheck();
}
}

When you would compile above class then you would get following error:

Employee.java:46: Employee is abstract; cannot be instantiated

Employee e = new Employee("George W.", "Houston, TX", 43);
^
1 error

Extending Abstract Class:

We can extend Employee class in normal way as follows:

/* File name : Salary.java */

public class Salary extends Employee
{
private double salary; //Annual salary
public Salary(String name, String address, int number, double
salary)
{
 super(name, address, number);
setSalary(salary);
}
public void mailCheck()
{
System.out.println("Within mailCheck of Salary class ");
System.out.println("Mailing check to " + getName()
+ " with salary " + salary);
}
public double getSalary()
{
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double newSalary)
{
if(newSalary >= 0.0)
{
salary = newSalary;
}
}
public double computePay()
{
System.out.println("Computing salary pay for " + getName());
return salary/52;
}
}

Here we cannot instantiate a new Employee, but if we instantiate a new Salary object, the Salary object will inherit the
three fields and seven methods from Employee.

/* File name : AbstractDemo.java */

public class AbstractDemo
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Salary s = new Salary("Mohd Mohtashim", "Ambehta, UP",
3, 3600.00);
Salary e = new Salary("John Adams", "Boston, MA",
2, 2400.00);

System.out.println("Call mailCheck using

Salary reference --");
s.mailCheck();
System.out.println("\n Call mailCheck using
Employee reference--");
e.mailCheck();
}
}

This would produce following result:

Constructing an Employee
Constructing an Employee
Call mailCheck using Salary reference --
Within mailCheck of Salary class
Mailing check to Mohd Mohtashim with salary 3600.0

Call mailCheck using Employee reference--

Within mailCheck of Salary class
Mailing check to John Adams with salary 2400.
 Abstract Methods:
If you want a class to contain a particular method but you want the actual implementation of that method to be
determined by child classes, you can declare the method in the parent class as abstract.

The abstract keyword is also used to declare a method as abstract.An abstract methods consist of a method
signature, but no method body.

Abstract method would have no definition, and its signature is followed by a semicolon, not curly braces as follows:

public abstract class Employee

{
private String name;
private String address;
private int number;

public abstract double computePay();

//Remainder of class definition

}

Declaring a method as abstract has two results:

 The class must also be declared abstract. If a class contains an abstract method, the class must be abstract as well.

 Any child class must either override the abstract method or declare itself abstract.

A child class that inherits an abstract method must override it. If they do not, they must be abstract,and any of their
children must override it.

Eventually, a descendant class has to implement the abstract method; otherwise, you would have a hierarchy of
abstract classes that cannot be instantiated.

If Salary is extending Employee class then it is required to implement computePay() method as follows:

/* File name : Salary.java */

public class Salary extends Employee
{
private double salary; // Annual salary

public double computePay()

{
System.out.println("Computing salary pay for " + getName());
return salary/52;
}

//Remainder of class definition

}