Chapter - 1: Dept of Eee, Pace Institute of Technology and Sciences

Micro Grid System Based on Renewable Power Generation Units by using Multilevel Converter
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
With increase in demand for electric energy, there is a need to search
for an alternative source of power generation as the conventional sources of
energy are started to deplete. The solution for this problem is the concept of
renewable energy source. Solar, wind, hydro etc. comes under renewable
energy sources. In 21st century electric power generation undergoes
dramatic changes in both physical infrastructure and the control and
information infrastructure. Power electronics technology plays an important
role in distributed energy generation. A change will take place from a
relatively few large, conventional generation centers and transmission of
electricity to more diverse and dispersed generation and transmission.
The term hybrid energy system refers to those applications in which

multiple energy conversion devices are used together to supply an energy
requirement. These systems are often used in isolated applications and
normally include at least one renewable energy source in the configuration.
Hybrid energy systems are used an alternative to more conventional
systems, which typically are based on a single fossil fuel source. Hybrid
energy systems may also be used as part of distributed generation
application in conventional electricity grid. The most general definition is
the following: ‘‘Hybrid energy systems are combinations of two or more
energy conversion devices (e.g., electricity generators or storage devices), or
two or more fuels for the same device, that when integrated, overcome
limitations that may be inherent in either.’’ This definition is useful because
it includes a wide range of possibilities and the essential feature of the
multiplicity of energy conversion . This article focuses on stationary power
systems, where at least one of the energy conversion devices is powered by a
renewable energy source.
A considerable interest has emerged in combined or ‘hybrid’ energy

systems. In the context used here, that refers to an application in which
Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 1


normally include at least one renewable energy source in configuration.
Hybrid systems are used as an alternative to more conventional systems,
which typically are based on a single source.
In photovoltaic power conversion system, the dc output

power of the photovoltaic array should be converted into the ac power of the
utility power system. Under this condition, an inverter is required to convert
dc power into ac power.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of this project is to modeling a solar-wind-hydro

electric system in Mat lab/simulink environment. This system to be
intimately related to real world industrial power issues such as power
quality. This is to motivate learning by introducing such elements as
environmental and economic concerns of practical interest to the students.
The proposed hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) consist of a hydro
turbine, wind turbine and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. Diesel generator,
battery and inverter are included as part of back-up and storage system.
In the following sections Chapter 2 discuss about the literature

survey done on hybrid renewable energy system all over the world. Chapter
3 discusses the modeling of each hybrid renewable energy sources. Chapter
4 gives modeling of hybrid renewable energy systems. Chapter 5 gives
modeling and simulation results .Finally Chapter 6 gives Conclusion,
References and Appendixes with certificate, Mat lab/modeling of each
system.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
The energy policy of India is largely defined by the country's

burgeoning energy deficit and increased focus on developing alternative
sources of energy, particularly nuclear, solar and wind energy. About 70% of
India's energy generation capacity is from fossil fuels, with coal accounting
for 40% of India's total energy consumption followed by crude oil and natural
gas at 24% and 6% respectively. India is largely dependent on fossil fuel
imports to meet its energy demands — by 2030[9], India's dependence on
energy imports is expected to exceed 53% of the country's total energy
consumption. In 2009-10, the country imported 159.26 million tons of crude
oil which amount to 80% of its domestic crude oil consumption and 31% of
the country's total imports are oil imports. The growth of electricity generation
in India has been hindered by domestic coal shortages and as a consequence,
India's coal imports for electricity generation increased by 18% in 2010. Due
to rapid economic expansion, India has one of the world's fastest growing
energy markets and is expected to be the second-largest contributor to the
increase in global energy demand by 2035, accounting for 18% of the rise in
global energy consumption. Given India's growing energy demands and
limited domestic fossil fuel reserves, the country has ambitious plans to
expand its renewable and nuclear power industries. India has the world's fifth
largest wind power market and plans to add about 20GW of solar power
capacity by 2022.
The key development objectives of the power sector is supply of

electricity to all areas including rural areas as mandated in section 6 of the
Electricity Act. Both the central government and state governments would
jointly endeavor to achieve this objective at the earliest. Consumers,
particularly those who are ready to pay a tariff which reflects efficient costs
have the right to get uninterrupted twenty four hours supply of quality
power. About 56% of rural households have not yet been electrified even
though many of these households are willing to pay for electricity.

Determined efforts should be made to ensure that the task of rural

electrification for securing electricity access to all households and also
ensuring that electricity reaches poor and marginal sections of the society at
reasonable rates is completed within the next five years. India is using
Renewable Sources of Energy like Wind Energy, and Solar Energy to
electrify villages.
Reliable rural electrification system will aim at creating the following:
 Rural Electrification Distribution Backbone (REDB) with at least

one 33/11 kv (or 66/11 kv) substation in every Block and more if
required as per load, networked and connected appropriately to the
state transmission system.

 Emanating from REDB would be supply feeders and one distribution
transformer at least in every village settlement.

 Household Electrification from distribution transformer to connect
every household on demand.

 Wherever above is not feasible (it is neither cost effective nor the
optimal solution to provide grid connectivity) decentralized
distributed generation facilities together with local distribution
network would be provided so that every household gets access to
electricity. This would be done either through conventional or non-
conventional methods of electricity generation whichever is more
suitable and economical. Non-conventional sources of energy could
be utilized even where grid connectivity exists provided it is found to
be cost effective.

 Development of infrastructure would also cater for requirement of
agriculture & other economic activities including irrigation pump
sets, small and medium industries, khadi and village industries, cold
chain and social services like health and education.

Rural Electrification Corporation of India, a Government of India

enterprise will be the nodal agency at Central Government level to
implement the program for achieving the goal set by National Common
Minimum Program of giving access to electricity to all the households in
next five years. Its role is being suitably enlarged to ensure timely
implementation of rural electrification projects.
Targeted expansion in access to electricity for rural households in the

desired timeframe can be achieved if the distribution licensees recover at
least the cost of electricity and related O&M expenses from consumers,
except for lifeline support to households below the poverty line who would
need to be adequately subsidized. Subsidies should be properly targeted at
the intended beneficiaries in the most efficient manner. Government
recognizes the need for providing necessary capital subsidy and soft long-
term debt finances for investment in rural electrification as this would
reduce the cost of supply in rural areas. Adequate funds would need to be
made available for the same through the Plan process. Also commensurate
organizational support would need to be created for timely implementation.
The Central Government would assist the State Governments in achieving
this.
The gigantic task of rural electrification requires appropriate cooperation

among various agencies of the State Governments, Central Government and
participation of the community. Education and awareness programs would
be essential for creating demand for electricity and for achieving the
objective of effective community participation.
Renewable energy in India is a sector that is still undeveloped. India was

the first country in the world to set up a ministry of non-conventional energy
resources, in early 1980s. However its success has been very spotty. In
recent years India has been lagging behind other nations in the use of
renewable energy (RE). The share of RE in the energy sector is 10.63% (as
on 31/03/11) of total generation capacity of India. Renewable energy in

India comes under the preview of the Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy.
India is densely populated and has high solar insulation, an ideal

combination for using solar power in India. Much of the country does not
have an electrical grid, so one of the first applications of solar power has
been for water pumping; to begin replacing India's four to five million diesel
powered water pumps, each consuming about 3.5 kilowatts, and off-grid
lighting. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000 km² area of
the than Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to
generate 700 to 2,100 Giga watts.
The Indian Solar Loan Programmer, supported by the United Nations

Environment Programmer (UNEP) has won the prestigious Energy Globe
World award for Sustainability for helping to establish a consumer financing
program for solar home power systems. Over the span of three years more
than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank
branches, particularly in rural areas of South India where the electricity grid
does not yet extend.
Launched in 2003, the Indian Solar Loan Programmed was a four-year

partnership between UNEP, the UNEP Riso Centre, and two of India's
largest banks, the Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank.
Announced in November 2009, the Government of India proposed to

launch its Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission under the National
Action Plan on Climate Change with plans to generate 1,000 MW of power
by 2013 and up to 20,000 MW grid-based solar power, 2,000 MW of off-
grid solar power and cover 20 million sq meters with collectors by the end of
the final phase of the mission in 2020.
Also, TERI's Lighting a Billion Lives Campaign started in 2008 aims to

replace kerosene and paraffin lamps with CFLs to provide off-the-grid
lighting to village and thus ease the load on the power grid while at the
same time provide the people with safe, non-polluting light at night. So far,
it has provided 35,000 CFLs to 640 villages in 16 states in India and also

about 500 CFLs in Myanmar. This campaign has reportedly benefited

175,000 people.
India's theoretical solar potential is about 5000 T kWh per year (i.e. ~
600 TW), far more than its current total consumption. Currently solar power
is prohibitive due to high initial costs of deployment. However India's long-
term solar potential could be unparalleled in the world because it has the
ideal combination of both high solar isolation and a big potential consumer
base density. With a major section of citizens still surviving off-grid, India's
grid system is considerably under-developed. Availability of cheap solar can
bring electricity to people, and bypass the need of installation of expensive
grid lines. Also a major factor influencing a regions energy intensity is the
cost of energy consumed for temperature control. Since cooling load
requirements are roughly in phase with the sun's intensity, cooling from
intense solar radiation could make perfect energy-economic sense in the
subcontinent, whenever the required technology becomes competitively
cheaper. The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and
has significantly increased in the last few years. Although a relative
newcomer to the wind industry compared with Denmark or the US, domestic
policy support for wind power has led India to become the country with the
fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.
As of December 2010 the installed capacity of wind power in India was

13,065.37 MW, Andhra Pradesh (122.45 MW),Madhya Pradesh (187.69
MW), Kerala (23.00 MW), West Bengal (1.10 MW), other states (3.20MW)
. It is estimated that 6,000 MW of additional wind power capacity will be
installed in India by 2012. Wind power accounts for 6% of India's total
installed power capacity, and it generates 1.6% of the country's power.
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such

as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are
renewable (naturally replenished). About 16% of global final energy
consumption comes from renewable, with 10% coming from
traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4%
from hydroelectricity. New renewable (small hydro, modern biomass, wind,

solar, geothermal, and bio fuels) accounted for another 2.8% and are
growing very rapidly. The share of renewable in electricity generation is
around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity
and 3% from new renewable.
Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide

installed capacity of 198gigawatts (GW) in 2010, and is widely used in
Europe, Asia, and the United States. At the end of 2010, cumulative global
photovoltaic (PV) installations surpassed 40 GW and PV power stations are
popular in Germany and Spain. Solar thermal power stations operate in the
USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 megawatt (MW) SEGS
power plant in the Mojave Desert. The world's largest geothermal power
installation is the Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW.
Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world,
involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now
provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely
available in the USA.
While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable

technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas, where energy is often
crucial in human development. As of 2011, small solar PV systems provide
electricity to a few million households, and micro-hydro configured into
mini-grids serves many more. Over 44 million households use biogas made
in household-scale digesters for lighting and/or cooking, and more than
million households rely on a new generation of more-efficient biomass cook
stoves. United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that
renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of
prosperity.
Climate change concerns, coupled with high oil prices, peak oil, and
increasing government support, are driving increasing renewable energy
legislation, incentives and commercialization. New government spending,
regulation and policies helped the industry weather the global financial crisis
better than many other sectors. According to a 2011 projection by the
International Energy Agency, solar power generators may produce most

of the world’s electricity within 50 years, dramatically reducing the

emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. During the five-
years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy
capacity grew at rates of 10–60 percent annually for many technologies. For
wind power and many other renewable technologies, growth accelerated in
2009 relative to the previous four years. More wind power capacity was
added during 2009 than any other renewable technology. However, grid-
connected PV increased the fastest of all renewable technologies, with a 60-
percent annual average growth rate for the five-year period.
Scientists have advanced a plan to power 100% of the world's energy

with wind, hydroelectric, and solar power by the year 2030.According to a
2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power generators
may produce most of the world’s electricity within 50 years, dramatically
reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment.
Cedric Philibert, senior analyst in the renewable energy division at the IEA
said: “Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world’s
demand for electricity by 2060 -- and half of all energy needs -- with wind,
hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining
generation”. “Photovoltaic and concentrated solar power together can
become the major source of electricity” Philibert said.
All forms of energy are expensive, but as time progresses; renewable

energy generally gets cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more
expensive. Al Gore has explained that renewable energy technologies are
declining in price for three main reasons:
First, once the renewable infrastructure is built, the fuel is free.

Unlike carbon-based fuels, the wind and the sun and the earth itself provide
fuel that is free, in amounts that are effectively limitless.
Second, while fossil fuel technologies are more mature, renewable

energy technologies are being rapidly improved. So innovation and
ingenuity give us the ability to constantly increase the efficiency of
renewable energy and continually reduce its cost.

Third, once the world makes a clear commitment to shifting toward

renewable energy, the volume of production will itself sharply reduce the
cost of each windmill and each solar panel, while adding yet more
incentives for additional research and development to further speed up the
innovation process.
As of 2011, there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar

and wind technologies: The price of PV modules per MW has fallen by 60
percent since the summer of 2008, according to Bloomberg New Energy
Finance estimates, putting solar power for the first time on a competitive
footing with the retail price of electricity in a number of sunny countries.
Wind turbine prices have also fallen - by 18 percent per MW in the last two
years - reflecting, as with solar, fierce competition in the supply chain.
Further improvements in the levelised cost of energy for solar, wind and
other technologies lie ahead, posing a growing threat to the dominance of
fossil fuel generation sources in the next few years.
The International Solar Energy Society argues that renewable energy

technologies and economics will continue to improve with time, and that
they are "sufficiently advanced at present to allow for major penetrations of
renewable energy into the mainstream energy and societal infrastructures".
Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010,

bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the
158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009. For the first time more than half
of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets of
Europe and North America, mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China
which accounted for nearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW.
China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed. Several

countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration,
such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in
Portugal, 16% in Spain, 14% in Ireland and 9% in Germany in 2010. As of
2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial
basis.

A Micro grid is essentially an aggregation concept with participation

of both supply- and demand side resources in low-voltage (LV) distribution
grids. Based on the synergy of local load and local Micro Source (MS)
generation, a Micro grid could provide a large variety of economic,
technical, environmental, and social benefits to both internal and external
stakeholders. In comparison with peer MS aggregation methods, a Micro
grid offers maximum flexibility in terms of ownership constitution, allows
for global optimization of power system efficiency, and appears as the best
solution for motivating end consumers via a common interest platform. In
addition, Micro grids could accelerate the commercialization of
comparatively expensive renewable energy resources (RES) as well as
enhance network hosting capacity for intermittent RES units. The economic
values created by a Micro grid can be roughly categorized into locality
benefit and selectivity benefit. Locality benefit is mainly attributed to the
creation of an internal ‘over-the-grid’ energy market within Micro grid,
where MS units could sell at prices higher than wholesale level and end
consumers could buy at prices lower than retail level. Selectivity benefit, on
the other hand, is primarily associated with optimization of real-time
dispatch decisions that maximize opportune profit or minimize opportune
loss of the complete Micro grid with consideration of technical and
environmental constraints.
In order to fully achieve the potential economic benefits of a Micro

grid, proper market and regulatory settings need to be applied beforehand.
Firstly, recognition of local (i.e.,’ over-the grid’) energy trading is the
minimum requirement for making a Micro grid financially feasible to build.
Secondly, application of real-time instead of constant pricing scheme
introduces more trading opportunities for MS units—especially in countries
and regions with low electricity prices. Finally, introduction of favorable
trading prices and RES support measures (e.g. feed-in tariff) could further
enhance Micro grid profitability and create a more level-playing field for
different MS technologies.

A Micro grid could potentially improve the technical performance of

local distribution grid mainly in the following aspects: (1) energy loss
reduction due to decreased line power flows; (2) mitigation of voltage
variation via coordinated reactive power control and constrained active
power dispatch; (3) relief of peak loading of constrained network devices
through selective scheduling of nearby MS outputs; and (4) enhancement of
supply reliability via partial or complete islanding during loss of main grid.
When the total number of Micro grids reaches a sufficiently high share in
LV substations, similar technical benefits can be expected in upstream grids
as a consequence of multi-Micro grid operation.
The actual level of technical benefits explored from a Micro grid,

however, depends strongly on two factors: the optimality of MS allocation
and the degree of coordination among different players. Just as effective
planning of MS dimensioning and interconnection decisions could
maximize unit contribution to system performance, unguided penetration of
oversized MS units at weak grid points could create more technical
problems than benefits in the end. Nonetheless, potentially asynchronous
development of market price and load demand within a well-designed.
Finally, social benefits of Micro grids can be mainly expected from three
aspects:
(1) Raising public awareness and fostering incentive for energy saving and
GHG emission reduction;
(2) Creation of new research and job opportunities; and
(3) Electrification of remote or underdeveloped areas.
All of these listed impacts, however, can be seen as long-term effects

and are more quantitative rather than qualitative in nature. In scope of this
report, Micro grid benefits are identified on a grid-to-grid basis using a
variety of input data from different countries and regions. In order to
pinpoint the actual Micro grid benefits arising from different real-time
operation conditions, each case study has been simulated as a consecutive

day-to-day Micro grid scheduling problem with annual stochastic weather,

market, and demand data. Reliability improvements and social benefits,
however, can be seen as independent from daily Micro grid operation and
are thus studied separately. Study results indicate that large confidence
intervals are expected for literally all economic, technical, and
environmental benefit indices deducted from Micro grids in different
countries and regions. However, despite individual differences a general
convergence of Micro grid behavior under varying sensitivity entries can be
observed. Statistical analysis of obtained results also suggests that estimated
energy self sufficiency level (demand side) of a Micro grid can be used as a
good indication for potential value estimation of the majority of benefit
indices. Sensitivity studies, in the mean time, confirmed the previously
claimed necessity for proper market, regulatory, and design settings.
Recommendations are given in the end for different stakeholders that might
be potentially involved with Micro grids.
With this in mind, this project was modeled for rural applications.
HRES system for inverter and multilevel inverters are modeled and
comparison of Total Harmonic Distortion(THD).

CHAPTER 3
HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The term hybrid energy system refers to those applications in which

normally include at least one renewable energy source in the configuration.
Hybrid energy systems are used an alternative to more conventional
systems, which typically are based on a single fossil fuel source. Hybrid
energy systems may also be used as part of distributed generation
application in conventional electricity grid. The most general definition is
the following: ‘‘Hybrid energy systems are combinations of two or more
energy conversion devices (e.g., electricity generators or storage devices), or
two or more fuels for the same device, that when integrated, overcome
limitations that may be inherent in either.’’ This definition is useful because
it includes a wide range of possibilities and the essential feature of the
multiplicity of energy conversion. This article focuses on stationary power
systems, where at least one of the energy conversion devices is powered by
a renewable energy source.
3.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy technologies offer the promise of clean, abundant

energy gathered from self-renewing resources such as the sun, wind, water,
earth and plants. Virtually all regions of the world have renewable resources
of one type or another. Renewable energy technologies offer important
benefits compared to those of conventional energy sources. Worldwide,
1000 times more energy reaches the surface of the earth from the sun than is
released today by all fossil fuels consumed. Photovoltaic s and wind
generation are also an attractive source of energy because of their benign
effect on the environment. Increased population growth and economic

developed are accelerating the rate at which energy, and in particular

electrical energy is being demanded. All methods of electricity generation
have consequences for the environment, so meeting this growth in demand,
while safeguarding the environment poses a growing challenge.
Each of the renewable energy technologies is in a different stage of

research, development, and commercialization and all have differences in
current and future expected costs, current industrial base, resources
availability, and potential impact on green house gas emissions. Hybrid
power systems consist of a combination of renewable energy sources such
as: photovoltaic (PV), wind generators, hydro, etc. to charge batteries and
provide power to meet the energy demand, considering the local geography
and other details of the place of installation. These types of systems, which
are not connected to the main utility grid, are also used in stand-alone
applications and operate independently and reliably. The best applications
for these systems are in remote places, such as rural villages, in
telecommunications, etc.
The importance of hybrid systems has grown as they appeared to be

the right solution for a clean and distributed energy production. It has to be
mentioned that new implementations of hybrid systems require special
attention on analysis and modeling. One issue is determined by the variable
and un predictable character of energy supply from renewable sources.
3.3 SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed
by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies.
Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind
and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the
available renewable energy on earth Only a minuscule fraction of the available
solar energy is used. Solar energy is the most readily available source of
energy. It does not belong to anybody and is, therefore, free. It is also the
most important of the non-conventional sources of energy because it is non-
polluting and, therefore, helps in lessening the greenhouse effect. Solar

energy has been used since prehistoric times, but in a most primitive
manner. Before 1970, some research and development was carried out in a
few countries to exploit solar energy more efficiently, but most of this work
remained mainly academic. After the dramatic rise in oil prices in the 1970s,
several countries began to formulate extensive research and development
program to exploit solar energy. Solar energy can also be used to meet our
electricity requirements. This electricity can either be used as it is or can be
stored in the battery. This stored electrical energy then can be used at night.
SPV can be used for a number of applications such as:
a. Domestic lighting
b. Street lighting
c. Village electrification
d. Water pumping
e. Railway signals
3.3.1 SOLAR POWER
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either

directly using photovoltaic’s (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar
power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to
focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into
electric current using the photoelectric effect.
3.3.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC
Photovoltaic are solid state semiconductor devices that convert Solar
light into electricity. They are usually made of silicon with traces of other
elements. A photovoltaic device (generally called a solar cell) consists of
layers of semiconductor materials with different electronic properties. Solar
PV system including battery (for storing energy which generated by the PV
array), controller (it is electronic device to control charging or limit the
discharging of the batteries), inverter large systems usually including
DC/AC inverters to supply AC power in standard voltages and frequencies.

3.3.3 SOLAR RADIATION
The solar radiation resource is fundamentally determined by the

location on the earth’s surface, the date, and the time of day. Those factors
will determine the maximum level of radiation. Other factors, such as height
above sea level, water vapor or pollutants in the atmosphere, and cloud
cover, decrease the radiation level below the maximum possible. Solar
radiation does not experience the same type of turbulence that wind does,
but there can be variations over the short term. Most often, these are related
to the passage of clouds.
3.3.4 DESCRIPTION OF PV CELL

The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the
rest of the system. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage
and moisture. Most solar panels are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are
available, based on thin-film cells. Electrical connections are made in series
to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired
current capability. The p-n junctions of mono-crystalline silicon cells may
have adequate reverse current characteristics that these are not necessary.
Reverse currents waste power and can also lead to overheating of shaded
cells. Solar cells become less efficient at higher temperatures and installers
try to provide good ventilation behind solar panels.
Some recent solar panel designs include concentrators in which light

is focused by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables
the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a
cost-effective way. Depending on construction, photovoltaic panels can
produce electricity from a range of frequencies of light, but usually cannot
cover the entire solar range (specifically, ultraviolet, infrared and low or
diffused light). Therefore another design concept is to split the light into
different wavelength ranges and direct the beams onto different cells tuned
to those ranges. This has been projected to be capable of raising efficiency
by 50%.

The power delivered by a PV system of one or more photovoltaic

cells is dependent on the irradiance, temperature, and the current drawn from
the cells. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is used to obtain the
maximum power from these systems. Such applications as putting power on
the grid, charging batteries, or powering an electric motor benefit from
MPPT. In these applications, the load can demand more power than the PV
system can deliver. In this case, a power conversion system is used to
maximize the power from the PV system.
There are many different approaches to maximizing the power from

a PV system, this range from using simple voltage relationships to more
complexes multiple sample based analysis. Depending on the end
application and the dynamics of the irradiance, the power conversion
engineer needs to evaluate the various options.
3.3.5 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT)

The photovoltaic modules are made up of silicon cells. The silicon
solar cells which give output voltage of around 0.7V under open circuit
condition. When many such cells are connected in series we get a solar PV
module. Normally in a module there are 36 cells which amount for a open
circuit voltage of about 20V. For obtaining higher power output the solar PV
modules are connected in series and parallel combinations forming solar PV
arrays. A typical characteristic curve is called current (I)-voltage (V) curve
and power (P) voltage (V) curve of the module is shown is shown in fig.3.1
Figure 3.1 Characteristics of a typical solar PV module

3.3.6 APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR PANEL
 Solar lanterns

 Solar home systems


 Solar street lighting systems


 Water pumping

 Medical refrigeration

 Rural electrification

 Telecommunication

 Telemetry

 Navigational aids

 Railway signaling

 Cathodes protection

 Obstruction lighting

 Grid connected power plants

3.4 WIND ENERGY
3.4.1. WIND TURBINE

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the
wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used to produce
electricity, the device may be called a wind generator or wind charger. If the
mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain or
pumping water, the device is called a windmill or wind pump. Developed for
over a millennium, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a range of
vertical and horizontal axis types. The smallest turbines are used for
applications such as battery charging or auxiliary power on sailing boats;
while large grid-connected arrays of turbines are becoming an increasingly
large source of commercial electric power. Wind energy is the kinetic energy
of air in motion. Total wind energy flowing through an imaginary area A during
the time t is:
E = ½ m v2 = ½ (A * v * t * ρ) v 2 ---------------------------3.1
Where v is the wind speed; ρ is the air density; (A * v * t) is the

volume of air passing through A (which is considered perpendicular to the
direction of the wind); (A * v * t * ρ) is therefore the mass m passing per
unit time. Note that ( ½ ρ * v2) is the kinetic energy of the moving air per
unit volume.
Power is energy per unit time, so the wind power incident on A (e.g
equal to the rotor area of a wind turbine) is:
P = E / t = ½ A * ρ * v3 -----3.2
3.4.2 WIND POWER

Wind power in an open air stream is thus proportional to the third
power of the wind speed; double the wind speed and 8 times the power
passes. Wind turbines for grid electricity therefore need to be especially
efficient at the faster wind speeds. Total wind power could be captured only
if the wind velocity is reduced to zero. In a realistic wind turbine this is
impossible, as the captured air must also leave the turbine. A relation

between the input and output wind velocity must be considered. Using the
concept of stream tube, the maximal achievable extraction of wind power by
a wind turbine is 59% of the total theoretical wind power.
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of

energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for
mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to
propel ships. The total amount of economically extractable power available

from the wind is considerably more than present human power use from all
sources. Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful,
renewable, widely distributed, clean, and produces no greenhouse gas
emissions during operation, and the cost per unit of energy produced is
similar to the cost for new coal and natural gas installations.
At the end of 2010, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered

generators was 197 Giga watts (GW). Wind power now has the capacity to
generate 430 TWh annually, which is about 2.5% of worldwide electricity
usage. Over the past five years the average annual growth in new
installations has been 27.6 percent. Wind power market penetration is
expected to reach 3.35 percent by 2013 and 8 percent by 2018. Several
countries have already achieved relatively high levels of wind power
penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark,
18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, 14% in Ireland and 9% in Germany in 2010.
As of 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a
commercial basis.
Although a variable source of power, the intermittency of wind

seldom creates problems when using wind power to supply up to 20% of
total electricity demand, but as the proportion rises, increased costs, a need
to use storage such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, upgrade the grid, or a
lowered ability to supplant conventional production may occur. Power
management techniques such as excess capacity, storage, dispatch able
backing supply (usually natural gas), exporting and importing power to
neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is low, can
mitigate these problems.

A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind

turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network.
Offshore wind power can harness the better wind speeds that are available
offshore compared to on land, so offshore wind power’s contribution in
terms of electricity supplied is higher. Small onshore wind facilities are used
to provide electricity to isolated locations and utility companies increasingly
buy back surplus electricity produced by small domestic wind turbines. The
construction of wind farms is not universally welcomed because of their
visual impact, but any effects on the environment from wind power are
generally less problematic than those of any other power source.
WIND POWER INDIA 2011 is the international counterpart of

India’s coveted national biennial wind event, WIND INDIA, which was
launched in 2006 in Pune, India, by WISE, followed by the second event in
2008 in Chennai, India. WIND POWER INDIA 2011 is the third in the
series.
3.5 STAND ALONE SYSTEM
Off grid power systems are ideal for providing energy to rural
properties, holiday homes, alternative power systems and small community
power supplies. If you live in an area where there is no electricity and
connecting to the electricity grid is not an option, most likely it is far too
expensive. The UK is unusual in that it experiences good wind conditions so
wind power is certainly viable. Coupled with sunshine, a solar and wind
solution provides a reliable, safe, environmentally friendly and user-friendly
source of electricity for a very long time. A solar and wind power solution
will need little maintenance simply because there are no moving parts. With
an off grid system you will need somewhere to store the generated electricity
and this is usually stored in batteries. The battery bank provides electricity at
night, and during periods of cloud cover. Remote power systems are
installed for a range of reasons, including:


 expensive grid connection;

 desire to use renewable energy;


 low running costs;


 environmentally safe - no overhead wires;


 Desire for independence from the grid.
Systems can comprise of a stand-alone PV system and wind turbine,

solar PV system. Stand-alone solar (only PV) systems require high
availability and so systems are often oversized, to account for long summer
and/or short winter sunshine. Over sizing is expensive, but may be necessary
for applications in remote areas, On the other hand, house design and
orientation, plus a planned maintenance schedule and careful choice of
energy sources and appliances are of critical importance. General
suggestions and rules with off-grid systems.
Grid connected photovoltaic energy conversion systems are composed

of a dc-dc converter and an inverter. The dc-dc converter is controlled to
track the maximum power point of the photovoltaic array and the inverter is
controlled to produce voltage in such a way that the grid current has low
total harmonic distortion (THD) and it is in phase with the grid voltage.
Power generated by PV generators and injected into the grid, is gaining
more and more visibility in the area of PV applications. This is mainly
because the world’s power demand is steadily increasing. Not many PV
systems have so far been put into the grid operation. This is due to a
relatively high cost. The work in this context in this thesis work is to design
an H-Bridge inverter of photovoltaic generation systems for connection in a
three phase system so as to comply with the grid standards.
3.5.1 OFF GRID PV SYSTEM
A standalone system does not have a connection to the electricity

"mains" (aka "grid"). Standalone systems vary widely in size and application
from wristwatches or calculators to remote buildings or spacecraft. If the load is
to be supplied independently of solar insulation, the generated power is stored
and buffered with a battery. In non-portable applications where

weight is not an issue, such as in buildings, lead acid batteries are most
commonly used for their low cost.
A charge controller may be incorporated in the system to: a) avoid

battery damage by excessive charging or discharging and, b) optimizing the
production of the cells or modules by maximum power point tracking
(MPPT). However, in simple PV systems where the PV module voltage is
matched to the battery voltage, the use of MPPT electronics is generally
considered unnecessary, since the battery voltage is stable enough to provide
near-maximum power collection from the PV module. In small devices (e.g.
calculators, parking meters) only direct current (DC) is consumed. In larger
systems (e.g. buildings, remote water pumps) AC is usually required. To
convert the DC from the modules or batteries into AC, an inverter is used.
Figure 3.2 Off-grid PV system with battery charger
3.5.2 OFF GRID WIND TURBINE SYSTEM
Isolated places or locations where the grid is unavailable are one of

the main commercial applications of stand-alone wind turbines.
Autonomous variable speed wind energy systems have been studied in the
past decades and they have shown a high efficiency and good performance
in face of constant speed or non controlled systems, even in low power
range. Electrical machine drives are the optimal complement for classic
aerodynamic wind turbine control strategies. The variable speed operation
of the electric machine (in indirect grid connection or isolated applications)
has shown advantageous for several reasons.

Figure 3.3 Off grid connected wind turbine system
3.6 ENERGY STORAGE

Energy storage is often useful in hybrid energy systems. Energy
storage can have two main functions. First of all, it can be used to adapt to a
mismatch between the electrical load and the renewable energy resource.
Second, it can be used to facilitate the control and operation of the overall
system. There are basically two types of energy storage, convertible and end
use. Convertible storage is that which can readily be converted back to
electricity. End-use storage can be applied to a particular end-use
requirement but may not readily be converted back to electricity.
3.6.1 BATTERIES
Batteries are the most commonly used form of convertible storage for
hybrid energy systems. They have been used both for short term (less than 1
hour) and long term (more than 1 day) rage. A number of types of batteries
have been developed. The most common type of storage battery for hybrid
applications is the lead acid battery. Nickel cadmium has also been used
occasionally. Batteries are discussed elsewhere in this encyclopedia, so only
those aspects most relevant to hybrid energy systems are summarized here. As
far as hybrid energy systems are concerned, there are five important

performance characteristics of batteries: (1) voltage, (2) energy storage

capacity, (3) charge/discharge rates, (4) efficiency, and (5) battery lifetime.
Batteries by their nature are DC. Individual batteries are made up by a
number of cells in series, with each cell nominally two volts. Complete
batteries are typically 2, 6, 12, or 24 Volts. The actual terminal voltage will
depend on three factors: (1) state of charge, (2) whether the battery is being
charged or discharged, and (3) the rate of charge or discharge. The energy
storage capacity is primarily a function of battery voltage and the amount of
charge it can hold and then return. Charge is measured in units of current
times time (Ampere-hours).
The amount of charge that is stored in a battery at any particular time

is often described with reference to its full state by the term ‘‘state of
charge’’ (SOC). Discharging and charging back to a given level (normally
fully charged) is referred to a cycle. The total amount of charge that a
battery can hold is primarily a function of the amount of material used in the
construction. Battery capacity is normally specified with reference to a
specific discharge rate. This is because the apparent capacity of batteries
actually differs with charge and discharge rate. Higher rates result in smaller
apparent capacities.
As energy storage media, batteries are not 100% efficient. That is,
more energy is expended in charging than can be recovered. Overall
efficiencies are typically in range of 50 to 80%. An important characteristic
of batteries is their useful lifetime. Experience has shown that the process of
using batteries actually decreases their storage capacity until eventually the
battery is no longer useful. The important factors in battery life are the
number of cycles and the depth of discharge in the cycles. Depending on the
type of battery, the number of deep cycles to which a battery can be
subjected ranges from a few thousand down to hundreds or even tens of
cycles.

CHAPTER 4
MODELING OF MICRO GRID SYSTEM BASED ON RENEWABLE
POWER GENERATION UNITS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
‘‘Hybrid energy systems are combinations of two or more energy

conversion devices (e.g., electricity generators or storage devices), or two or
more fuels for the same device, that when integrated, overcome limitations
that may be inherent in either.’’ In this hybrid systems modeling of each
energy sources, solar, wind & battery. The total model is modeled by with
filter and without filter harmonic distortion. Comparing these two models by
the parameter THD.
4.2 THE MICRO-GRID SYSTEM
The schematic of the micro-grid system shown in Figure 1 consists of

a solar, a WPGS, battery and two load areas represented as Load-I (3.94
MW,0.9 MVar) and Load-II (2.82 MW, 0.84 MVar).The two load areas are
connected through a 20.12 km transmission line and the two generating
systems are connected through a 21 km transmission line. The wind turbines
are connected to bus 2 using its own transmission lines and a 12.5/66kV, 30
MVA power transformer.
Load bus-II is connected to bus 2 and the power is delivered to the

load using a 66/12.5kV, 4 MVA power transformer. Load bus-I is connected
to bus 1 and the power is delivered to the load using a 66/12.5kV, 5 MVA
power transformer. The WPGS is connected to bus 1 using a 6.9/66kV, 8
MVA power transformer. A conventional synchronous generator, equipped
with IEEE standard excitation and governor system, is used for the WPGS.
A 66kV, 1000 MVA grid is connected to bus 1. Both power generation
systems operate in grid connected mode.
The automatic isolated operation of the WPGS is not the current

practice of the utility owner, and the WPGS is not allowed to operate in
isolated mode. In the event that the grid power is lost due to faults or

scheduled maintenance, a black out would result until the WPGS comes in
operation. Even with the WPGS in operation, some load shedding may be
necessary since the WPGS would not be able to meet the load demand.
Therefore, the consequences of the grid outage are the key drivers which
dictate the operational modes of the micro grid system.
figure.4.1. The micro-grid system currently under investigation
4.3 MODELING THE PHOTO VOLTAIC SYSTEM
A photovoltaic PV generator consists of an assembly of solar cells,

connections, protective parts, supports etc. Solar cells are made of
semiconductor materials,(usually silicon), which are specially treated to
form an electric field, positive on one side (back side) and negative on the
other (towards the sun).when solar energy hits the solar cell, electrons are
knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material, creating
electron hole pairs .If electrical conductors are then attached to the positive
and negative sides, forming an electrical circuit ,the electrons are captured in
the form of electric current (photocurrent).
The model of the solar cell can be realized by an equivalent circuit that
consists of a current source in parallel with a diode shown in fig .5.1 .In fig
5.1 Rs, Rp and C components can be neglected for the ideal model.

Figure 4.2 Equivalent circuit diagram of a solar cell

The P-N junction has a certain depletion layer capacitance, which is
typically neglected for modeling solar cells. At increased inverse voltage the
depletion layer becomes wider so that the capacitance is reduced similar to
stretching the electrodes of a plate capacitor. Thus solar cells represent
variable capacitance whose magnitude depends on the present voltage .This
effect is considered by the capacitor C located in parallel to the diode.
Parallel or shunt resistance RP includes the "leakage currents" at the

photovoltaic cell edges at which the ideal shunt reaction of the p-n junction
may be reduced. This is usually within the kn region and consequently
has almost no effect on the current-voltage characteristic (Kaltschmitt et al.,

2007).
The diode is the one which determines the current-voltage

characteristic of the cell. The output of the current source is directly
proportional to the light falling on the cell. The open circuit voltage
increases logarithmically according to the Shockley equation which

describes the interdependence of current and voltage in a solar cell.

where:
k - Boltzmann constant (1.3806 10-23 J/K);

T - Reference temperature of solar cell;
q - Elementary charge (1.6021 10-19 As);
U - Solar cell voltage (V);
I0 - saturation current of the diode (A);
IPV - photovoltaic current (A).
Equations (4.1) and (4.2) lead to the development of a Mat lab/Simulink mo

d e l for the PV.
Figure 4.3 Simulink PV model
The solar system model consists of three Simulink blocks: the solar
model block, the PV model block and energy conversion modules.The solar
model block implements the mathematical model of the solar radiation. This
is done by using standard Simulink and Matlab modules and functions. This
block allows selecting different type of patterns for the solar radiation
(Dumitru & Gligor, 2008a).The PV module implements the equivalent
circuit of a solar cell, shown in Fig. 1. Standard functions and blocks of
Matlab and Simulink were used to obtain this model. Its structure is
presented in Fig 4.4.
The output of the PV module is processed by an energy conversion

block T inverter block from standard Simulink/ Sim Power Systems library.

Figure 4.4 Mat lab/Simulink implementation of the PV module
4.4 MODELING THE WIND ENERGY SYSTEM
Modeling the wind energy converter is made considering the following

assumptions
 friction is neglected;

 Stationary wind flow;

 constant, shear-free wind flow;

 rotation-free flow;

 incompressible flow (p=1.22 kg/m3);

 Free wind flow around the wind energy converter.
On the above condition the maximum physical achievable wind energy

conversion can be derived using a theoretical model that is independent of
the technical construction of a wind energy converter. The flow air mass has
certain energy. This energy is obtained from the air
movement on the earth's surface determined by the difference in speed and

pressure. This is the main source of energy used by the wind turbines to
obtain electric power. The kinetic energy W taken from the air mass flow
The resulted theoretical medium power is determined as the ratio between

the kinetic energy and the unit of time and is expressed by equation

Assuming the expression of the mean air speed
volume transferred per unit time can be determined as follow
Fig.4.5 Flow through a wind energy converter

The equation for the mean theoretical power is determined using equation
power value taken by the wind converter from the kinetic energy of the air masses,
as shown by equation

This power represents only a fraction of the incident air flow theoretical
power given by
This coefficient, meaning the maximum theoretical efficiency of wind

power, was introduced by Betz (Burton et al., 2004).
The electrical power obtained under the assumptions of a wind generator's

electrical and mechanical part efficiency is given by:
transformer terminals
A Matlab Simulink model, based on the equations mentioned above,

was developed for the wind generator module. This model is shown in
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6 The Mat lab Simulink model of the wind generator module.

The wind system model consists of three Simulink blocks: the wind
model block, the wind generator model block and energy conversion
modules. The wind model block implements the mathematical model of the
air mass flow. This is done by using standard Simulink and Mat lab modules
and functions. This block allows the selection of different patterns for the air
mass flow and the equations mentioned above were used in the design of
this model. The wind energy generator model was implemented by a module
having configurable parameters based on equation and using the equivalent
model of a generator. This model takes the following form and is shown in
Figure 4.6.
Figure 4. 7 Equivalent circuit diagram of a small wind generator
In the equivalent circuit diagram of a small wind generator the notations are:
Ra - rotor winding resistance

Ex - generator separate excitation winding
I e - through t h i s winding generates the main field Current
Ue - induced voltage in the rotor (armature) U - Terminal
voltage U = Ue - Ra Ia
The resulted Mat lab-Simulink model for the wind generator is a

particular case of the more general model of an electrical generator, which is
presented in figure 4 . 7.

Figure 4.8 Matlab-Simulink model of the generator
Figure 4.9 The Matlab Simulink model of the battery storage device
4.5 MODELING OF HYBRID DC SYSTEM
In order to implement a real hybrid system a theoretical preliminary

study is required. Such study can be performed on simulation models. A
simulation model is presented in Fig. 4.10

Figure 4.10 Simulation model of a hybrid renewable energy system
The simulation model basically consists of the models presented above

connected together to form an isolated hybrid system. The proposed model
allows studies of modeled DC and AC consumers.
The simulation model allows studies such as:
 renewable energy sources electrical parameters (powers, voltages,

currents, etc.);

renewable energy sources constructive parameters (blades length
and number of wind turbine, PV panels number and dimens2ions,
number of hydroelectric turbines, batteries number, etc.);
 electrical energy conversion (type of DC/AC conversion methods);

 consumer modeling and control

 power quality distortion phenomena and analysis renewable energy
availability

CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION CIRCUITS AND RESULTS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Due to the complexity of modern power electronics system, computer

simulation has become an indispensable tool to analyze parts of circuits that
is too difficult or complex for hand calculation. This chapter is dedicated to
the modeling of the three-phase hybrid energy systems using inverter
converters and load voltage detection individually in MATLAB/Simulink
environment.
To begin with, MATLAB/Simulink simulation models of the overall

system are developed. The simulation mainly focuses on time domain
response analysis. The simulation models are discussed part by part, starting
with the modeling of solar, wind system, using inverter. The HRES is
simulated and phase voltages of THD individually compared.
5.2 MODELING OF HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY

SYSTEMS
The complete simulation model of the HRES by comparing load

voltage THD is constructed using the MATLAB/Simulink environment is
depicted in Fig.5.1. It consists inverter , converter and dynamic load.
5.2.1 SIMULINK CIRCUITS &RESULTS FOR THE

PROPOSED CIRCUIT
Figure 5.1 shows the Mat lab/Simulink model of Micro grid based on
Renewable power generation units without filter. It consists of inverter , converter
is supplied with wind, solar and Battery System.

Figure 5.1: Simulink circuit for Micro grid system without filter
5.2.2 SIMULATION CIRCUIT FOR PV SYSTEM
Figure 5.2 Simulation circuit for PV System

5.2.3 OUTPUT WAVE FORM FOR MICRO GRID SYSTEM

AT GENERATING STATION WITHOUT FILTER
Figure 5.3 Output voltage for micro grid system at generating

station without filter converter
5.2.4 CIRCUIT FOR BOOST CONVERTER
Figure 5.4 Simulink Circuit for Boost Converter

MICRO GRID SYSTEM BASED ON RENEWBLE ENERGY SOURCES
5.2.5 BOOST CONVERTER OUT PUT VOLTAGE WITHOUT

FILTER
Figure 5.5 BOOST CONVERTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE WITHOUT FILTER
5.2.6 SIMULATION FOR WIND SYSTEM
Figure 5.6 Simulation circuit for Wind system

5.2.7 OUTPUT VOLTAGE FOR WIND SYSYEM
Figure 5.7 Output voltage for wind system
5.2.8 SIMULATION CIRCUIT FOR BATTERY SYSTEM
Figure 5.8 Simulation circuit for Battery System

5.2.9 OUTPUT VOLTAGE FOR BATTERY SYSTEM
Figure 5.9 Output voltage for Battery System
5.3 MODEL FOR MICRO GRID USING WITH FILTER

The simulation model basically consists of Micro grid based on
Renewable power generation units using with filter. It consists of inverter,
converter is supplied with wind, solar and Battery System. The simulation
model allows studies such as:
 renewable energy sources electrical parameters (powers, voltages,

currents, etc.); renewable energy sources constructive parameters
(blades length and number of wind turbine, PV panels number and
dimensions, number of hydroelectric turbines, batteries number,
etc.);

 voltage and frequency control (control algorithms);

 electrical energy conversion (type of DC/AC conversion methods);

 consumer modeling and control

 Power quality distortion p henomena and analysis renewable energy
availability.

.5.3.1 SIMULATION MODEL FOR MICRO GRID SYSTEM WITH

FILTER
Figure 5.10 micro grid system with filer

5.3.2 OUTPUT WAVE FORM AT GENERATING STATION WITH

FILTER CIRCUIT
Figure 5.11 Generating station output wave form with filter

5.3.3 OUTPUT WAVE FORM AT CONVERTER STATION WITH

FILTER CIRCUIT
Figure 5.12 Output wave form at converter station with filter circuit
5.3.4 OUTPUT WAVE FORM FOR MICRO GRID SYSTEM AT

LOAD WITH FILTER:
Figure 5.13 Output wave form for micro grid system at load with filter

5.4 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION FOR OUTPUT

WAVEFORM
5.4.1 BOOST CONVERTER WITHOUT FILTER OUTPUT

VOLTAGE THD
Figure 5.14 shows output voltage THD for the boost

converter without filter. Form the figure it is clear that THD of output
voltage is 2344.21% .
Figure 5.14 Boost converter without filter output voltage THD

5.4.2 GENERATING STATION WITHOUT FILTER OUTPUT

VOLTAGE THD
Figure 5.15 Generating Station without filter output voltage THD
5.4.3 AT LOAD SIDE MG WITHOUT FILTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE

THD
Figure 5.16At load side MG without filter output voltage THD

5.4.4 BOOST CONVERTER WITH FILTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE

THD
Figure 5.16 shows output voltage THD for the boost converter
with filter. Form the figure it is clear that THD of output voltage is 46.16 %.
Figure 5.17 Boost converter with filter output voltage THD
5.4.5 GENERATING STATION WITH FILTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE

THD
Fig: 5.18 Generating station with filter output voltage THD

5.4.6 MICRO GRID SYSTEM AT LOAD WITH FILTER OUTPUT

VOLTAGE THD
5.19 Micro grid system at load with filter output voltage THD

Table 5.1 Comparison Table for Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Values:
S.NO Name of the Circuit Output voltage THD

value
1. At Generating Station without 1335.03%

filter
2. At Converter Station without 2344.21%

filter
3. At Load side without filter 1336.10%
4. At Generating Station with 47.26%

filter
5. At Converter Station with filter 46.16%
6. At Load side with filter 47.42%
Another important aspect of filter design to consider is the Total

Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the final output sinusoidal. THD is definedas
the percentage of the total signal that is contained in harmonics of the
fundamental frequency. In the case of this project, a goal of a THD of 5% or
less on the output voltage has been set. The simplest solution to this problem
is to high-pass filter the output.
This will be done by connecting with and without filter to the micro grid
system. Additionally, a higher than normal switching frequency of 50 kHz
has been chosen to shift the harmonic content even further away from the
cut off frequency of the high pass filter.

The above simulation results are provided by a hybrid

system with installed PV power of 1kW, wind power of 1kW and a battery
of 1kW. It has to be mentioned that the output voltage of hybrid power
system generators is 12V and the consumer uses 60% of the available power
the rest being used for battery charging. It can be also notified the presence
of harmonics caused by consumer but also by the power electronics from
electric energy conversion modules. If necessary, on AC side, the power
quality can be raised up by using power active filtering devices.

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
Micro-grid operation of a system based on renewable power

generation units was presented. The system behavior and technical issues
involved in the Micro grid system in two modes were discussed and
analyzed. A particular MG architecture has been modeled in order to
calculate its THD. The model is based on a wind turbine, a PV panels array
and a battery used for the interconnection with the main grid. A SIMULINK
based model was developed and Simulation results were presented for each
condition by connecting with and without filter.
A particular MG architecture has been modeled in order to

analyses its behavior during with filter and without filter. The model is
based on a wind turbine, a PV panels array, a battery, a DC -DC
CONVERTER and a Inverter used for the interconnection with the main
grid. Finally High pass filter based output is shown.
Finally we conclude that Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

reduces. THD value for the for the MG at converter station without filter is
2344.21%.In order to decrease the THD value for the MG at converter
station with filter was considered.THD value for the MG at converter station
with filter is 46.16% . The maximum allowable THD value should be in the
range of 0-5%. THD value for the for the MG at generating station without
filter is 1335.03%.In order to decrease the THD value for the MG at
generating station with filter was considered.THD value for the MG at
generating station with filter is 47.26%. THD value for the for the MG at
load side without filter is 1336.10%.In order to decrease the THD value for
the MG at load side with filter was considered.THD value for the MG at
load side with filter is 47.42%.
THD value was decreases then system reduces the

transmission losses and then increases the transmission system efficiency
and improves reliability of the transmission system.


REFERENCES /BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. R.Ahshan. M.T.Iqbal, George K.I.Mann and John E.Quaicoe “
Micro Grid System Based on Renewable Power Generation

Units”@2010 IEEE
2. Dorin Bici, Cristian Drago;; Dumitru, Adrian Gligor, Adrian-Vasile

Duka ,’’Isolated hybrid solar-wind-hydro renewable energy
systems’’.
3. M P Atkinson, V Dialani, L Guy et al, ‘‘Grid database access and
integration: Requirements and functionalities argonne : Global Grid
Forum’’ , 2003. Http: / www.gridforum.org.

4. Markus Bayegan, ‘‘A Vision of the Future Grid’’©2001 IEEE
Power Engineering Review, December 2001.
5. Siew-Chng Tan, Y.M.Lai and chi K. Tse, “Topology study of
Photovoltaic Interface for Maximum Power Point Tracking,” IEEE
Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 54 no. 3 pp. 1696-1704, June.

2007.
6. Toshihisa Shimizu, Osamu Hashimoto and Gunji Kimure, “A novel

high-performance utility-interactive photovoltaic inverter system,”
IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 704-711,

March 2003.
7. Mehmet Bodur and Muammer Ermis, “Maximum power point

tracking for low power photovoltaic solar panels” IEEE 1994.
8. Dr. M. M. Qurashi & Engr. Tajammul Hussain,’’ Renewable Energy

Technologies for Developing Countries Now and to 2023’’-ISESCO-
1426A.H./2005A.D.
9. Cláudio Monteiro, Vladimiro Miranda,‘‘Wind Power Forecasting
and Electricity Market Operations’’INESC Porto LA and Faculty of
Engineering of the University of Porto, Portugal.

10. ‘‘Smart Grid – Future Grid’’- A Basic Information Report on Smart

Grid December, 2007.
11. Patrick Mazza,’’The Smart Energy Network’’:Electricity’s Third
Great Revolution.
12. Kloster Banz, Germany,’’ How Smart Energy Grids will Shape the
Evolution of Energy Policy and Energy Management Systems in the
21st Century’’ Presentation to the Smart Grids Conference
November 7, 2007.
13. Nikos Hatziargyriou, Hiroshi Asano, Reza Iravani, and Chris
Marnay,’’ Microgrid’’©2007 IEEE.

14. Liang Peng, Simon See, Yueqin Jiang , Jie Song, Appie Stoelwinder,
and Hoon Kang Neo ‘’Performance Evaluation in Computational
Grid Environments’’ Proceedings of the Seventh International
Conference on High Performance Computing and Grid in Asia
Pacific Region (HPCAsia’04)IEEE.
15. Faisal A. Mohamed,‘‘Microgrid modeling and online management’’
Helsinki University of Technology Control Engineering Espoo

January 2008.
16. Liang Peng,, Melvin Koh, Jie Song, Simon See,‘‘Grid service
monitoring for grid market frame work’’ 2006 IEEE.
17. ‘‘Solar Electricity (2nd Edition)’’, Edited by Tomas Makvart, John
Wiley & Sons (2000).
18. H.Tsoukalas, “From smart grid to an energy internet: Assumption,

Architecture, and Requirements” DRPT 2008, 6-9, April 2008,
Nanjing china.

19. ‘‘Nagpur selected first model solar city in the country 60 solar cities
during 11th plan period’’ @ ministry of new and renewable energy.
20. Govind sighn,”National action plan on climate change launched:

Solar energy to change the face of India”,June 30,2008.
21. CristianDragos,Dumitru,AdrianGligor,‘‘Modeling and simulation of

renewable hybrid power system using MATLAB/SIMULINK
environment’’ Scientific Bulletin of the „Petru Maior” University of
Târgu Mureş Vol. 7 (XXIV), no. 2, 2010, ISSN 1841-9267 .
22. A. Chih-Chiang Hua, B. Chien-Hung Cheng,’’Design and

Implementation of Power Converters for Wind Energy Conversion
System’’ International Power Electronics Conference©2010 IEEE.
23. Dr. Recayi Pecen, Dr. MD Salim, & Dr. Marc Timmerman,’’ A
Hybrid Solar-Wind Power Generation System as an Instructional
Resource for Industrial Technology Students’’journal of industrial

technology Volume 16, Number 3 - May 2000 to July 2000.
24. J. F. Manwell,’’ Hybrid Energy Systems’’ Encyclopedia of Energy,
Volume 3. @2004
25. AWS Scientific. Inc. ‘’Wind Resource Assessment Handbook.’’
NREL/SR-440-22223, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,

1997.
26. Bagul A.D., Salameh Z.M., Borowy B., ‘‘Sizing of stand-alone

hybrid wind–PV system using a three event probability density
approximation’’Solar Energy, 56(4):323–335, 1996.

Chapter - 1: Dept of Eee, Pace Institute of Technology and Sciences

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter - 1: Dept of Eee, Pace Institute of Technology and Sciences

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Micro Grid System Based on Renewable Power Generation Units by using Multilevel Converter

The term hybrid energy system refers to those applications in which

A considerable interest has emerged in combined or ‘hybrid’ energy

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 1

multiple energy conversion devices are used together to supply an energy

In photovoltaic power conversion system, the dc output

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main objective of this project is to modeling a solar-wind-hydro

In the following sections Chapter 2 discuss about the literature

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 2

The energy policy of India is largely defined by the country's

The key development objectives of the power sector is supply of

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 3

Determined efforts should be made to ensure that the task of rural

Reliable rural electrification system will aim at creating the following:

 Rural Electrification Distribution Backbone (REDB) with at least

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 4

Rural Electrification Corporation of India, a Government of India

Targeted expansion in access to electricity for rural households in the

The gigantic task of rural electrification requires appropriate cooperation

Renewable energy in India is a sector that is still undeveloped. India was

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 5

India is densely populated and has high solar insulation, an ideal

The Indian Solar Loan Programmer, supported by the United Nations

Launched in 2003, the Indian Solar Loan Programmed was a four-year

Announced in November 2009, the Government of India proposed to

Also, TERI's Lighting a Billion Lives Campaign started in 2008 aims to

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 6

about 500 CFLs in Myanmar. This campaign has reportedly benefited

As of December 2010 the installed capacity of wind power in India was

Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such

from hydroelectricity. New renewable (small hydro, modern biomass, wind,

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 7

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide

While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 8

of the world’s electricity within 50 years, dramatically reducing the

Scientists have advanced a plan to power 100% of the world's energy

All forms of energy are expensive, but as time progresses; renewable

First, once the renewable infrastructure is built, the fuel is free.

Second, while fossil fuel technologies are more mature, renewable

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 9

Third, once the world makes a clear commitment to shifting toward

As of 2011, there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar

The International Solar Energy Society argues that renewable energy

Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010,

China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed. Several

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 10

A Micro grid is essentially an aggregation concept with participation

In order to fully achieve the potential economic benefits of a Micro

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 11

A Micro grid could potentially improve the technical performance of

The actual level of technical benefits explored from a Micro grid,

(2) Creation of new research and job opportunities; and

(3) Electrification of remote or underdeveloped areas.

All of these listed impacts, however, can be seen as long-term effects

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 12

day-to-day Micro grid scheduling problem with annual stochastic weather,

Dept of EEE, PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES 13

HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

The term hybrid energy system refers to those applications in which

3.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy technologies offer the promise of clean, abundant