Air pollution Control for stationary

sources
I. Natural cleansing process
II. Engineering control
1. Improve dispersion
2. Preventive techniques(reduction at source)
3. Pollution Control Devices
 I Natural cleansing processes
• Also known as atmospheric cleansing processes
a) Dispersion and dilution
b) Settling- spm
c) Absorption- spm and gases
d) Adsorption-gases, liquids and solids
e) Flocculation and settling- spm
f) Washout- below cloud level, particle size>0.1um
g) Rainout- within cloud, particle size<0. 1um
 II Engineering control
1 Improve dispersion
1.1 Taller stacks-
• Dispersion and dilution of pollutants in larger
volume of air and hence less g.l.
concentration
• Emission in inversion layer- trapping, lofting
• Debate and contraversy
• No reduction in total quantity- no
contribution towrds efforts to control env.’tal
imapcts of air pollution
 1.2 Shifting of source
• Can reduce impacts on near by population
only
• Useful for heavy industries located in densely
populated areas- textiles
• Difficult task for industries- huge financial cost
• Zoning, Siting of new industries, env.’tal
planning
 1.3 Intermittent control scheme
• Temporary shutdown of source
• During certain time of the year/day when high
g.l. concentrations are likely to occur
• Based on knowledge of atmospheric conditions
• Predictive or observational control
• Not very effective
• Can be used along with other measure
2 Preventive techniques(reduction at
source)
• Effective and Long term measure
• More desirable and more effective
• prevention of contaminant from generating
• Most effective but difficult to implement
method
2.1 Alternate fuel/power source e.g. hydro or
wind power instead of thermal power
Altering fuel characteristics i.e. reduction in
sulfur content of coal or oil
No elimination but reduction of different
degrees
2.2 Regular inspection and maintenance of
equipments- leaning of filters, carburetor,
plugs etc.- can be very effective for
automobiles- can reduce HC and CO
emissions by 20-50 %
2.3 Good operational practices- Changes in
operational parameters like temp., pressure,
Air to fuel ratio etc which may result in less
emissions
• reduction in fly ash emissions by adjusting
boiler air intake or reduction in CO emission
by increasing temp. and/or turbulences
during combustion (change in combustion
conditions)
2.4 Process change : Replacing open –hearth
furnaces with electric furnace will reduce emission of
spm, CO,
2.5 Process modifications - various options are
1) Substitution of raw materials
2) Modification of or replacement of equipments
3) Recovery of byproduct from pollutants rather than
emitting in the atmosphere- recovery of elemental
sulfur from hydrogen sulfide gas rather than flaring
in refineries
 3 Pollution Control Devices
• Special designed equipments
• Are designed to destroy, counteract or collect one
or more pollutants
• Can target a specific pollutant or pollutants from
the emitted gases
• Requires careful design, installation operation
and maintenance
• May require additional power
• Pollutants may require further treatment and
disposal