2.3 Work-Energy and Power

1. An object of mass m1 has a kinetic energy K1.
Another object of mass m2 has a kinetic energy

K1
K . If the momentum of both objects is the same, the ratio K 2 is equal to
2
m2
A. m1 .
m1
B. m2 .
m2
m1
C. .
m1
m2
D. .
(1)
2. A rocket is fired vertically. At its highest point, it explodes. Which one of the following
describes what happens to its total momentum and total kinetic energy as a result of the
explosion?
Total momentum Total kinetic energy
A. unchanged increased
B. unchanged unchanged
C. increased increased
D. increased unchanged
(1)
1
3. The graph below shows the variation with displacement d of the force F applied by a spring on
a cart.
3
F / N
2
0
0 1 2 3
–2
d / 10 m
The work done by the force in moving the cart through a distance of 2 cm is
–2
A. 10 × 10 J.
–2
B. 7 × 10 J.
–2
C. 5 × 10 J.
–2
D. 2.5 × 10 J.
(1)
4. A satellite orbits the Earth at constant speed as shown below.
s a te llite
E a rth
2
(a) Draw on the diagram
(i) an arrow labelled F to show the direction of the gravitational force of the Earth on
the satellite.
(ii) an arrow labelled V to show the direction of the velocity of the satellite.
(2)
(b) Although the speed of the satellite is constant, it is accelerating. Explain why it is
accelerating.
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(2)
(c) Discuss whether or not the gravitational force does work on the satellite.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
5. This question is about nuclear reactions.
(a) Complete the table below, by placing a tick ( ) in the relevant columns, to show how an
increase in each of the following properties affects the rate of decay of a sample of
radioactive material.
Effect on rate of decay

Property
increase decrease stays the same
temperature of sample
pressure on sample
amount of sample
(2)
3
226
Radium-226 ( 88 Ra) undergoes natural radioactive decay to disintegrate spontaneously
with the emission of an alpha particle (α-particle) to form radon (Rn). The masses of the
particles involved in the reaction are
radium: 226.0254 u
radon: 222.0176 u
α-particle: 4.0026 u
(b) (i) Complete the nuclear reaction equation below for this reaction.
226 ......... .........

88 Ra ® .........…… + .........Rn
(2)
(ii) Calculate the energy released in the reaction.
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(3)
(c) The radium nucleus was stationary before the reaction.
(i) Explain, in terms of the momentum of the particles, why the radon nucleus and the
α-particle move off in opposite directions after the reaction.
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(3)
4
(ii) The speed of the radon nucleus after the reaction is vR and that of the α-particle is
v
v . Show that the ratio v R is equal to 55.5.
α
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(3)
(iii) Using the ratio given in (ii) above, deduce that the kinetic energy of the radon
nucleus is much less than the kinetic energy of the α-particle.
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(3)
(d) Not all of the energy of the reaction is released as kinetic energy of the α-particle and of
the radon nucleus. Suggest one other form in which the energy is released.
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(1)
5
Another type of nuclear reaction is a fusion reaction. This reaction is the main source of the
Sun’s radiant energy.
(e) (i) State what is meant by a fusion reaction.
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(3)
(ii) Explain why the temperature and pressure of the gases in the Sun’s core must both
be very high for it to produce its radiant energy.
High temperature: ............................................................................................
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High pressure: ............................................................................................
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(5)
(Total 25 marks)
6
(a) Complete the table below, by placing a tick ( ) in the relevant columns, to show how an
increase in each of the following properties affects the rate of decay of a sample of
radioactive material.
Effect on rate of decay

Property
increase decrease stays the same
temperature of sample
pressure on sample
amount of sample
(2)
226
Radium-226 ( 88 Ra) undergoes natural radioactive decay to disintegrate spontaneously with the
emission of an alpha particle (α-particle) to form radon (Rn). The decay constant for this
–4 –1
reaction is 4.30 × 10 yr . The masses of the particles involved in the reaction are
radium: 226.0254 u
radon: 222.0176 u
α-particle: 4.0026 u
–4 –1
(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the statement that the decay constant is 4.30 × 10 yr .
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(2)
(ii) Calculate the energy released in the reaction.
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(3)
7
(c) The radium nucleus was stationary before the reaction.
(i) Explain, in terms of the momentum of the particles, why the radon nucleus and the
α-particle move off in opposite directions after the reaction.
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(3)
(ii) The speed of the radon nucleus after the reaction is vR and that of the α-particle is
v
v . Determine the ratio v R .
α
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(3)
A college has been using a sample of radium-226 as an α-particle source for 30 years. Initially,
the mass of radium was 15.0 μg.
(d) Determine
(i) the initial number of atoms of radium-226 in the sample;
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8
(ii) the number of atoms of radium-226 in the sample after 30 years;
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(iii) the average activity of the sample during the 30 year period.
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(6)
(e) The α-particle is composed of protons and neutrons. Describe, by reference to the
structure of the proton and the neutron, why they are not classed as fundamental particles.
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(3)
Another type of nuclear reaction is a fusion reaction. This reaction is the main source of the
Sun’s radiant energy.
(f) (i) State what is meant by a fusion reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
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(3)
9
10
(ii) Explain why the temperature and pressure of the gases in the Sun’s core must both
be very high for it to produce its radiant energy.
High temperature: ............................................................................................
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High pressure: ............................................................................................
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(5)
(Total 30 marks)
7. Which of the following quantities are conserved in an inelastic collision between two bodies?
Total linear momentum of the bodies Total kinetic energy of the bodies
A. yes yes
B. yes no
C. no yes
D. no no
(1)
11
8. The diagram below shows the variation with displacement x of the force F acting on an object in
the direction of the displacement.
Q
S
P
0 W V T
0 x1 x2 x
Which area represents the work done by the force when the displacement changes from x1 to x2?
A. QRS
B. WPRT
C. WPQV
D. VQRT
(1)
9. An engine takes in an amount E of thermal energy and, as a result, does an amount W of useful
work. An amount H of thermal energy is ejected. The law of conservation of energy and the
efficiency of the engine are given by which of the following?
Law of conservation of energy Efficiency
A. E=W+H W
W
B. E=W+H E
W
C. E+H=W H
W
D. E+H=W E–H
(1)
12
10. This question is about the kinematics of an elevator (lift).
(a) Explain the difference between the gravitational mass and the inertial mass of an object.
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(3)
13
An elevator (lift) starts from rest on the ground floor and comes to rest at a higher floor. Its
motion is controlled by an electric motor. A simplified graph of the variation of the elevator’s
velocity with time is shown below.
v e lo c ity / m s –1
0 .8 0
0 .7 0
0 .6 0
0 .5 0
0 .4 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 0
0 .1 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 2 .0
tim e / s
14
(b) The mass of the elevator is 250 kg. Use this information to calculate
(i) the acceleration of the elevator during the first 0.50 s.
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(2)
15
(ii) the total distance travelled by the elevator.
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(2)
16
(iii) the minimum work required to raise the elevator to the higher floor.
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(2)
17
(iv) the minimum average power required to raise the elevator to the higher floor.
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(2)
18
(v) the efficiency of the electric motor that lifts the elevator, given that the input power
to the motor is 5.0 kW.
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(2)
19
(c) On the graph axes below, sketch a realistic variation of velocity for the elevator. Explain
your reasoning. (The simplified version is shown as a dotted line)
0 .8 0
0 .7 0
0 .6 0
0 .5 0
0 .4 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 0
0 .1 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 2 .0
tim e / s
(2)
20
The elevator is supported by a cable. The diagram below is a free-body force diagram for when
the elevator is moving upwards during the first 0.50 s.
te n s io n
w e ig h t
21
(d) In the space below, draw free-body force diagrams for the elevator during the following
time intervals.
(i) 0.5 to 11.50 s (ii) 11.50 to 12.00 s
(3)
22
A person is standing on weighing scales in the elevator. Before the elevator rises, the reading on
the scales is W.
23
(e) On the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the reading on the scales varies during the
whole 12.00 s upward journey of the elevator. (Note that this is a sketch graph – you do
not need to add any values.)
re a d in g o n s c a le s
0 .0 0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 2 .0
tim e / s
(3)
24
(f) The elevator now returns to the ground floor where it comes to rest. Describe and explain
the energy changes that take place during the whole up and down journey.
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(4)
(Total 25 marks)
25
11. This question is about modelling the thermal processes involved when a person is running.
When running, a person generates thermal energy but maintains approximately constant
temperature.
(a) Explain what thermal energy and temperature mean. Distinguish between the two
concepts.
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(4)
26
The following simple model may be used to estimate the rise in temperature of a runner
assuming no thermal energy is lost.
A closed container holds 70 kg of water, representing the mass of the runner. The water is
heated at a rate of 1200 W for 30 minutes. This represents the energy generation in the runner.
6
(b) (i) Show that the thermal energy generated by the heater is 2.2 × 10 J.
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(2)
27
(ii) Calculate the temperature rise of the water, assuming no energy losses from the
−1 −1
water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg K .
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(3)
28
(c) The temperature rise calculated in (b) would be dangerous for the runner. Outline three
mechanisms, other than evaporation, by which the container in the model would transfer
energy to its surroundings.
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(6)
29
A further process by which energy is lost from the runner is the evaporation of sweat.
(d) (i) Describe, in terms of molecular behaviour, why evaporation causes cooling.
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(3)
30
(ii) Percentage of generated energy lost by sweating: 50%
6 −1
Specific latent heat of vaporization of sweat: 2.26 × 10 J kg
Using the information above, and your answer to (b) (i), estimate the mass of sweat
evaporated from the runner.
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(3)
31
(iii) State and explain two factors that affect the rate of evaporation of sweat from the
skin of the runner.
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(4)
(Total 25 marks)
32
12. This question is about the kinematics of an elevator (lift).
(a) Explain the difference between the gravitational mass and the inertial mass of an object.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
33
An elevator (lift) starts from rest on the ground floor and comes to rest at a higher floor. Its
motion is controlled by an electric motor. A simplified graph of the variation of the elevator’s
velocity with time is shown below.
0 .8 0
0 .7 0
0 .6 0
0 .5 0
0 .4 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 0
0 .1 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 2 .0
tim e / s
34
The elevator is supported by a cable. The diagram below is a free-body force diagram for when
the elevator is moving upwards during the first 0.50 s.
te n s io n
w e ig h t
35
(b) In the space below, draw free-body force diagrams for the elevator during the following
time intervals.
(i) 0.50 to 11.50 s (ii) 11.50 to 12.00 s
(3)
A person is standing on weighing scales in the elevator. Before the elevator rises, the reading on
the scales is W.
(c) On the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the reading on the scales varies during the
whole 12.00 s upward journey of the elevator. (Note that this is a sketch graph – you do
not need to add any values.)
re a d in g o n s c a le s
0 .0 0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 2 .0
tim e / s
(3)
36
(d) The elevator now returns to the ground floor where it comes to rest. Describe and explain
the energy changes that take place during the whole up and down journey.
.....................................................................................................................................
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(4)
(Total 13 marks)
37
(a) (i) Distinguish between fission and radioactive decay.
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(4)
38
235
U
A nucleus of uranium-235 ( 92 ) may absorb a neutron and then undergo fission to produce
90 142
Sr Xe
nuclei of strontium-90 ( 38 ) and xenon-142 ( 54 ) and some neutrons.
The strontium-90 and the xenon-142 nuclei both undergo radioactive decay with the emission of
–
β particles.
(ii) Write down the nuclear equation for this fission reaction.
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(2)
39
(iii) State the effect, if any, on the mass number (nucleon number) and on the atomic
–
number (proton number) of a nucleus when the nucleus undergoes β decay.
Mass number: ...................................................................................................
Atomic number: ...............................................................................................
(2)
40
The uranium-235 nucleus is stationary at the time that the fission reaction occurs. In this fission
reaction, 198 MeV of energy is released. Of this total energy, 102 MeV and 65 MeV are the
kinetic energies of the strontium-90 and xenon-142 nuclei respectively.
(b) (i) Calculate the magnitude of the momentum of the strontium-90 nucleus.
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(4)
41
(ii) Explain why the magnitude of the momentum of the strontium-90 nucleus is not
exactly equal in magnitude to that of the xenon-142 nucleus.
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(2)
42
On the diagram below, the circle represents the position of a uranium-235 nucleus before
fission. The momentum of the strontium-90 nucleus after fission is represented by the arrow.
s tro n tiu m -9 0
43
(iii) On the diagram above, draw an arrow to represent the momentum of the xenon-142
nucleus after the fission.
(2)
44
(c) In a fission reactor for the generation of electrical energy, 25% of the total energy
released in a fission reaction is converted into electrical energy.
(i) Using the data in (b), calculate the electrical energy, in joules, produced as a result
of nuclear fission of one nucleus.
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(2)
45
3 –1 –1
(ii) The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 × 10 J Kg K . Calculate the energy
required to raise the temperature of 250 g of water from 20°C to its boiling point
(100°C).
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(3)
46
(iii) Using your answer to (c)(i), determine the mass of uranium-235 that must be
fissioned in order to supply the amount of energy calculated in (c)(ii). The mass of
–25
a uranium-235 atom is 3.9 × 10 kg.
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(4)
(Total 25 marks)
47
(a) (i) Distinguish between fission and radioactive decay.
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(4)
48
235
U
A nucleus of uranium-235 ( 92 ) may absorb a neutron and then undergo fission to produce
90 142
Sr Xe
nuclei of strontium-90 ( 38 ) and xenon-142 ( 54 ) and some neutrons.
The strontium-90 and the xenon-142 nuclei both undergo radioactive decay with the emission of
–
β particles.
(ii) Write down the nuclear equation for this fission reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
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(2)
49
(iii) State the effect, if any, on the mass number (nucleon number) and on the atomic
–
number (proton number) of a nucleus when the nucleus undergoes β decay.
Mass number: ...................................................................................................
Atomic number: ................................................................................................
(2)
50
The uranium-235 nucleus is stationary at the time that the fission reaction occurs. In this fission
reaction, 198 MeV of energy is released. Of this total energy, 102 MeV and 65 MeV are the
kinetic energies of the strontium-90 and xenon-142 nuclei respectively.
(b) (i) Suggest what has happened to the remaining 31 MeV of energy.
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(2)
51
(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the momentum of the strontium-90 nucleus.
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(4)
52
(iii) Explain why the magnitude of the momentum of the strontium-90 nucleus is not
exactly equal in magnitude to that of the xenon-142 nucleus.
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(2)
53
On the diagram below, the circle represents the position of a uranium-235 nucleus before
fission. The momentum of the strontium-90 nucleus after fission is represented by the arrow.
s tro n tiu m -9 0
54
(iv) On the diagram above, draw an arrow to represent the momentum of the xenon-142
nucleus after the fission.
(2)
55
(c) (i) Define the decay constant for radioactive decay.
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(2)
56
(ii) The half-life of strontium-90 is 28.0 years. Deduce that the decay constant of
–10 –1
strontium-90 is 7.85 × 10 s .
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(1)
57
–1
(d) The decay constant of xenon-142 is 0.462 s . Initially, a sample of radioactive waste
material contains equal numbers of strontium-90 and xenon-142 nuclei.
(i) Use the values of the decay constants in (c) and (d) to calculate the time taken for
the ratio
numberof strontium - 90 nuclei

numberof xenon - 142 nuclei
6
to become equal to 1.20 × 10 .
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(3)
58
(ii) Suggest why, in the long-term, strontium-90 presents a greater problem then
xenon-142 as radioactive waste.
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(2)
(Total 26 marks)
59
15. An astronaut in outer space is holding a hammer and drifting at constant velocity. The astronaut
throws the hammer in the opposite direction to that in which she is drifting.
What change, if any, occurs in the total kinetic energy and the total momentum of the astronaut
and hammer?
Total kinetic energy Total momentum

A. unchanged increased
B. unchanged unchanged
C. increased increased
D. increased unchanged
(1)
60
–1
16. An electric train develops a power of 1.0 MW when travelling at a constant speed of 50 ms .
The net resistive force acting on the train is
A. 50 MN.
B. 200 kN.
C. 20 kN.
D. 200 N.
(1)
61
q Ì17. A stone of mass m is attached to a string and moves round in a horizontal circle of
radius R at constant speed V. The work done by the pull of the string on the stone in one
complete revolution is
A. zero.
2
B. 2πmV .
2πmV 2
C. R .
2πmV
D. R .
(1)
62
18. This question is about the collision between two railway trucks (carts).
(a) Define linear momentum.
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(1)
63
In the diagram below, railway truck A is moving along a horizontal track. It collides with a
stationary truck B and on collision, the two join together. Immediately before the collision, truck
–1
A is moving with speed 5.0 ms . Immediately after collision, the speed of the trucks is v.
5 .0 m s –1
B
A
Im m e d ia te ly b e fo re c o llis io n
B
A
Im m e d ia te ly a fte r c o llis io n
The mass of truck A is 800 kg and the mass of truck B is 1200 kg.
64
(b) (i) Calculate the speed v immediately after the collision.
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(3)
65
(ii) Calculate the total kinetic energy lost during the collision.
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(2)
66
(c) Suggest what has happened to the lost kinetic energy.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
67
19. This question is about the kinematics and dynamics of circular motion.
(a) A car goes round a curve in a road at constant speed. Explain why, although its speed is
constant, it is accelerating.
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(2)
68
In the diagram below, a marble (small glass sphere) rolls down a track, the bottom part of which
has been bent into a loop. The end A of the track, from which the marble is released, is at a
height of 0.80 m above the ground. Point B is the lowest point and point C the highest point of
the loop. The diameter of the loop is 0.35 m.
m a rb le
0 .8 0 m C
0 .3 5 m
g ro u n d B
The mass of the marble is 0.050 kg. Friction forces and any gain in kinetic energy due to the
–2
rotating of the marble can be ignored. The acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 ms .
Consider the marble when it is at point C.
69
(b) (i) On the diagram opposite, draw an arrow to show the direction of the resultant force
acting on the marble.
(1)
70
(ii) State the names of the two forces acting on the marble.
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(2)
71
–1
(iii) Deduce that the speed of the marble is 3.0 ms .
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(3)
72
(iv) Determine the resultant force acting on the marble and hence determine the
reaction force of the track on the marble.
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(4)
(Total 12 marks)
73
20. This question is about induced emf’s.
In the diagram below, a thin rod made of conducting material is moved along the conducting
rails X and Y at constant speed. The rails are in a region of uniform magnetic field of strength B
that is directed at right angles to the plane of the rails. A conducting wire is connected between
the rails as shown.
B = 0 .2 0 T
re g io n o f u n ifo rm fie ld
0 .3 0 m
v = 5 .5 m s –1 Y
c o n d u c tin g w ire
74
The distance between the rails, X and Y is 0.30 m, the magnetic field strength is 0.20 T and the
–1
speed v of the rod is 5.5 m s .
(a) On the diagram above, draw arrows to show the direction of
(i) the force on the electrons in the rod (label this FE).
(1)
(ii) the force on the rod due to the induced current (label this F M).
(1)
75
(b) (i) Calculate the emf induced in the rod.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
76
(ii) Calculate the force required to move the rod at constant speed due to an induced
current in the rod of 0.80 A.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
77
(c) Deduce that the mechanical power required to move the rod at the constant speed of
–1
5.5 m s is equal in value to the electrical power dissipated in the rod.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
78
21. The variation with time of the vertical speed of a ball falling in air is shown below.
Speed
0
0 T tim e
79
During the time from 0 to T, the ball gains kinetic energy and loses gravitational potential
energy ΔEp. Which of the following statements is true?
A. ΔEp is equal to the gain in kinetic energy.
B. ΔEp is greater than the gain in kinetic energy.
C. ΔEp is equal to the work done against air resistance.
D. ΔEp is less than the work done against air resistance.
(1)
80
–1
22. A ball of mass 2.0 kg falls vertically and hits the ground with speed 7.0 ms as shown below.
7 .0 m s –1
–1
3 .0 m s
before after
–1
The ball leaves the ground with a vertical speed 3.0 ms .
81
The magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball is
A. zero.
B. 8.0 Ns.
C. 10 Ns.
D. 20 Ns.
(1)
82
23. Which of the following quantities are conserved in an inelastic collision in an isolated system of
two objects?
Linear momentum of system Kinetic energy of system
A. Yes Yes
B. Yes No
C. No Yes
D. No No
(1)
83
24. The diagram below represents energy transfers in an engine.
in p u t e n e rg y u s e fu l o u tp u t e n e rg y
e n g in e
E IN E O U T
w a s te d e n e rg y
EW
84
The efficiency of the engine is given by the expression
EW
E IN
A. .
EW
E OUT
B. .
E OUT
E IN
C. .
E OUT
EW
D. .
(1)
85
25. Which of the following involves a change in the total energy of the objects?
A. Some ice and water as the ice melts at constant temperature.
B. An electron accelerated by a magnetic field.
C. A satellite in a circular orbit round the Earth.
D. A stone falling in a vacuum towards the Earth’s surface.
(1)
86
26. This question is about power output of an outboard motor.
A small boat is powered by an outboard motor of variable power P. The graph below shows the
variation with speed v of P when the boat is carrying different loads.
5 .0
4 .5 350 kg
4 .0
3 .5
3 .0
300 kg
P / kW 2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
250 kg
1 .0
200 kg
0 .5
0 .0
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 3 .5 4 .0
v / m s – 1
The masses shown are the total mass of the boat plus passengers,
87
–1
(a) For the boat having a steady speed of 2.0 m s and with a total mass of 350 kg
(i) use the graph to determine the power of the engine.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) calculate the frictional (resistive) force acting on the boat.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
88
–1
Consider the case of the boat moving with a speed of 2.5 m s .
(b) (i) Use the axes below to construct a graph to show the variation of power P with the
total mass W.
200 250 300 350 400 450

W / kg
(6)
89
(ii) Use data from the graph that you have drawn to determine the output power of the
motor for a total mass of 330 kg.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
90
27. This question is about estimating energy changes for an escalator (moving staircase).
The diagram below represents an escalator. People step on to it at point A and step off at point
B.
30m
40°
A
91
(a) The escalator is 30 m long and makes an angle of 40° with the horizontal. At full
capacity, 48 people step on at point A and step off at point B every minute.
2
(i) Calculate the potential energy gained by a person of weight 7.0 × 10 N in moving
from A to B.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
92
(ii) Estimate the energy supplied by the escalator motor to the people every minute
when the escalator is working at full capacity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
93
(iii) State one assumption that you have made to obtain your answer to (ii).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
94
The escalator is driven by an electric motor that has an efficiency of 70%.
(b) Using your answer to (a) (ii), calculate the minimum input power required by the motor
to drive the escalator.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
95
28. This question is about conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.
(a) State Newton’s third law.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
96
(b) State the law of conservation of momentum.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
97
The diagram below shows two identical balls A and B on a horizontal surface. Ball B is at rest
and ball A is moving with speed V along a line joining the centres of the balls. The mass of each
ball is M.
v
B e fo re c o llis io n A B
During the collision of the balls, the magnitude of the force that ball A exerts on ball B is FAB
and the magnitude of the force that ball B exerts on ball A is FBA.
98
(c) On the diagram below, add labelled arrows to represent the magnitude and direction of
the forces FAB and FBA.
D u rin g th e c o llis io n A B
(3)
99
The balls are in contact for a time Δt. After the collision, the speed of ball A is +vA and the
speed of ball B is +vB in the directions shown.
vA vB
A fte r th e c o llis io n A B
As a result of the collision, there is a change in momentum of ball A and of ball B.
100
(d) Use Newton’s second law of motion to deduce an expression relating the forces acting
during the collision to the change in momentum of
(i) ball B.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
101
(ii) ball A.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
102
(e) Apply Newton’s third law and your answers to (d), to deduce that the change in
momentum of the system (ball A and ball B) as a result of this collision, is zero.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
103
(f) Deduce, that if kinetic energy is conserved in the collision, then after the collision, ball A
will come to rest and ball B will move with speed V.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 17 marks)
104
29. A stone on a string is moving in a circle as shown below.
x – d ire c tio n
P y – d ire c tio n
Q v
105
At point P, the stone of mass m has speed v in the y-direction. A quarter of a revolution later, the
stone at point Q has speed v in the x-direction.
What is the change, in the y-direction only, of the magnitude of the momentum of the stone?
A. zero
B. mv
C. 2mv
D. 2mv
(1)
106
30. This question is about power output of an outboard motor.
A small boat is powered by an outboard motor of variable power P. The graph below shows the
variation with speed v of P when the boat is carrying different loads.
5 .0
4 .5 350 kg
4 .0
3 .5
3 .0
300 kg
P / kW 2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
250 kg
1 .0
200 kg
0 .5
0 .0
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0 3 .5 4 .0
v / m s – 1
The masses shown are the total mass of the boat plus passengers,
107
–1
(a) For the boat having a steady speed of 2.0 m s and with a total mass of 350 kg
(i) use the graph to determine the power of the engine.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
108
(ii) calculate the frictional (resistive) force acting on the boat.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
109
–1
Consider the case of the boat moving with a speed of 2.5 ms .
110
(b) (i) Use the axes below to construct a graph to show the variation of power P with the
total mass W.
200 250 300 350 400 450

W / kg
(6)
111
(ii) Use data from the graph that you have drawn to determine the power of the motor
for a total mass of 330 kg.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
112
The relationship between power P and speed v is of the form
n
P = kv
where n is an integer and k is a constant.
The graph below shows the variation of lg v (log10 v) with lg P (log10 P) for the situation when
–1
the total mass is 350 kg. P is measured in kW and v is measured in m s .
1 g (P / k W )
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
0 .3
0 .2
0 .1
0 .0 1 g ( v / m s – 1)
– 0 .4 – 0 .3 – 0 .2 – 0 .1 0 .0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6
– 0 .1
– 0 .2
– 0 .3
– 0 .4
– 0 .5
– 0 .6
– 0 .7
– 0 .8
– 0 .9
– 1 .0
113
(c) Use the graph to deduce the value of n and explain how you obtained your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 13 marks)
31. This question is about estimating the energy changes for an escalator (moving staircase).
The diagram below represents an escalator. People step on to it at point A and step off at
point B.
30 m
A 40°
(a) The escalator is 30 m long and makes an angle of 40° with the horizontal. At full
capacity, 48 people step on at point A and step off at point B every minute.
(i) Calculate the potential energy gained by a person of weight 700 N in moving from
A to B.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
114
(ii) Estimate the energy supplied by the escalator motor to the people every minute
when the escalator is working at full capacity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) State one assumption that you have made to obtain your answer to (ii).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
The escalator is driven by an electric motor that has an efficiency of 70%.
(b) (i) Using your answer to (a)(ii), calculate the minimum input power required by the
motor to drive the escalator.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Explain why it is not necessary to take into account the weight of the escalator
when calculating the input power.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
115
(c) Explain why in practice, the power of the motor will need to be greater than that
calculated in (b)(i).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
32. This question is about the wave nature of matter.
(a) Describe the concept of matter waves and state the de Broglie hypothesis
......................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 850 V. For this
electron
(i) calculate the gain in kinetic energy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
–23
(ii) deduce that the final momentum is 1.6 × 10 Ns.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
116
–19
(iii) determine the associated de Broglie wavelength. (Electron charge e = 1.6 × 10
–34
C, Planck constant h = 6.6 × 10 J s)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
33. Two spheres X and Y are moving towards each other along the same straight line with momenta
of magnitude PX and PY respectively. The spheres collide and move off with momenta pX and
pY respectively, as illustrated below.
Px PY px pY
X Y X Y
B e fo re c o llis io n A fte r c o llis io n
Which one of the following is a correct statement of the law of conservation of momentum for
this collision?
A. PX + PY = pX + pY
B. PX – PY = pX + pY
C. PX – PY = pX – pY
D. PX + PY = pX – pY
(1)
117
34. The point of action of a constant force F is displaced a distance d. The angle between the force
and the direction of the displacement is θ, as shown below.
Which one of the following is the correct expression for the work done by the force?
A. Fd
B. Fd sin θ
C. Fd cos θ
D. Fd tan θ
(1)
35. Which one of the following is a true statement about energy?
A. Energy is destroyed due to frictional forces.
B. Energy is a measure of the ability to do work.
C. More energy is available when there is a larger power.
D. Energy and power both measure the same quantity.
(1)
118
Which one of the following is the correct expression for the work done by the force?
A. Fd
B. Fd sin è
C. Fd cos è
D. Fd tan è
(1)
36. This question is about driving a metal bar into the ground.
Large metal bars can be driven into the ground using a heavy falling object.
o b je c t
m a s s = 2 .0 × 1 0 3 k g
bar
m ass = 400 kg
119
3
In the situation shown, the object has a mass 2.0 × 10 kg and the metal bar has a mass of
400 kg.
–1
The object strikes the bar at a speed of 6.0 m s . It comes to rest on the bar without bouncing.
As a result of the collision, the bar is driven into the ground to a depth of 0.75 m.
(a) Determine the speed of the bar immediately after the object strikes it.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b) Determine the average frictional force exerted by the ground on the bar.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
37. This question is about momentum and the kinematics of a proposed journey to Jupiter.
(a) State the law of conservation of momentum.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
120
121
A solar propulsion engine uses solar power to ionize atoms of xenon and to accelerate them. As
a result of the acceleration process, the ions are ejected from the spaceship with a speed of
4 –1
3.0 × 10 m s .
x e n o n io n s s p a c e s h ip
s p e e d = 3 .0 × 1 0 4 m s –1
m a s s = 5 .4 × 1 0 2 k g
(b) The mass (nucleon) number of the xenon used is 131. Deduce that the mass of one ion of
–25
xenon is 2.2 × 10 kg.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
18
(c) The original mass of the fuel is 81 kg. Deduce that, if the engine ejects 77 × 10 xenon
7
ions every second, the fuel will last for 1.5 years. (1 year = 3.2 × 10 s)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
122
2
(d) The mass of the spaceship is 5.4 × 10 kg. Deduce that the initial acceleration of the
–5 –2
spaceship is 8.2 × 10 m s .
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the spaceship. The
solar propulsion engine is switched on at time t = 0 when the speed of the spaceship is 1.2 × 103
–1
ms .
1 0 .0
9 .5
a / × 1 0 – 5m s – 2
9 .0
8 .5
8 .0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0
t / ×107 s
123
(e) Explain why the acceleration of the spaceship is increasing with time.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(f) Using data from the graph, calculate the speed of the spaceship at the time when the
xenon fuel has all been used.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(g) The distance of the spaceship from Earth when the solar propulsion engine is switched on
is very small compared to the distance from Earth to Jupiter. The fuel runs out when the
–11
spaceship is a distance of 4.7 × 10 m from Jupiter. Estimate the total time that it would
take the spaceship to travel from Earth to Jupiter.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 19 marks)
124
38. An amount Q of energy is supplied to a machine. The machine does useful work W and an
amount R of energy is wasted, as illustrated below.
e n e rg y s u p p lie d Q u se fu l w o rk W
m a c h in e
w a s te d e n e rg y R
Which one of the following is a correct expression for the efficiency of the machine?
W
A. Q
R
B. Q
W R
C. Q
W R
D. Q
(1)
39. This question is about radioactive decay.
A nucleus of the isotope xenon, Xe-131, is produced when a nucleus of the radioactive isotope
iodine I-13 decays.
(a) Explain the term isotopes.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
125
(b) Fill in the boxes below in order to complete the nuclear reaction equation for this decay.
131 131 – +
I X e +
54
(2)
5
The activity A of a freshly prepared sample of the iodine isotope is 6.4 × 10 Bq and its half-life
is 8.0 days.
(c) Using the axes, draw a graph to illustrate the decay of this sample.
A / Bq
5
6 .4 × 1 0
0
0 5 .0 10 15 20 25
tim e / d a y s
(3)
(d) Determine the decay constant of the isotope I-131
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
126
(2)
The sample is to be used to treat a growth in the thyroid of a patient. The isotope should not be
5
used until its activity is equal to 0.5 × 10 Bq.
(e) Calculate the time it takes for the activity of a freshly prepared sample to be reduced to an
5
activity of 0.5 × 10 Bq
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
40. This question is about driving a metal bar into the ground and the engine used in the process.
Large metal bars can be driven into the ground using a heavy falling object.
o b je c t m a s s = 2 .0 × 1 0 3 k g
bar m ass = 4 00kg
127
3
In the situation shown, the object has a mass 2.0 × 10 kg and the metal bar has a mass of 400
kg.
–1
The object strikes the bar at a speed of 6.0 m s It comes to rest on the bar without bouncing.
As a result of the collision, the bar is driven into the ground to a depth of 0.75 m.
(a) Determine the speed of the bar immediately after the object strikes it.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b) Determine the average frictional force exerted by the ground on the bar.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
128
(c) The object is raised by a diesel engine that has a useful power output of 7.2 kW.
–1
In order that the falling object strikes the bar at a speed of 6.0 m s , it must be raised to a
certain height above the bar. Assuming that there are no energy losses due to friction,
calculate how long it takes the engine to raise the object to this height.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
The diagram below shows the relation between the pressure and the volume of the air in the
diesel engine for one cycle of operation of the engine. During the cycle there are two adiabatic
processes, an isochoric process and an isobaric process.
p re ssu re
th e rm a l e n e rg y
B C
A
v o lu m e
129
(d) Explain what is meant by
(i) an adiabatic process;
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) an isochoric process;
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) an isobaric process.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) Identify, from the diagram, the following processes.
(i) Adiabatic processes
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Isochoric process
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Isobaric process
...........................................................................................................................
130
(1)
131
During the process B ® C thermal energy is absorbed.
The diesel engine has a total power output of 8.4 kW and an efficiency of 40%. The cycle of
operation is repeated 40 times every second.
(f) State what quantity is represented on the diagram by the area ABCD.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(g) Determine the value of the quantity that is represented by the area ABCD.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(h) Determine the thermal energy absorbed during the process B ® C.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 22 marks)
m
41. A body of mass m and speed v has kinetic energy EK. A second body of mass 2 moves at
speed 2v. The kinetic energy of this second body is
EK
A. 2 .
B. EK.
C. 2EK.
D. 4EK.
(1)
132
42. The momentum of a system is conserved if
A. no external forces act on the system.
B. no friction forces act within the system.
C. no kinetic energy is lost or gained by the system.
D. the forces acting on the system are in equilibrium.
(1)
43. A box of mass m is moved horizontally against a constant frictional force f through a distance s
at constant speed v. The work done on the box is
A. 0.
B. mgs.
1
C. 2 mv2.
D. fs.
(1)
44. An electric motor, with an input power of 250 W, produces 200 W of mechanical power. The
efficiency of the motor is
A. 20%.
B. 25%.
C. 55%.
D. 80%.
(1)
133
45. This question is about collisions and radioactive decay.
(a) (i) Define linear momentum and impulse.
Linear momentum: ..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
Impulse: ..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
(2)
(ii) State the law of conservation of momentum.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Using your definitions in (a)(i), deduce that linear momentum is constant for an
object in equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
220
A stationary radon-220 ( 86 Rn ) nucleus undergoes α-decay to form a nucleus of polonium (Po).
The α-particle has kinetic energy of 6.29 MeV.
(b) (i) Complete the nuclear equation for this decay.
220
86 Rn ® Po +
(2)
134
(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy, in joules, of the α-particle.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
7 –1
(iii) Deduce that the speed of the α-particle is 1.74 × 10 m s .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
The diagram below shows the α-particle and the polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.
The direction of the velocity of the α-particle is indicated.
-p a rtic le
p o lo n iu m n u c le u s
(c) (i) On the diagram above, draw an arrow to show the initial direction of motion of the
polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.
(1)
(ii) Determine the speed of the polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
135
(iii) In the decay of another radon nucleus, the nucleus is moving before the decay.
Without any further calculation, suggest the effect, if any, of this initial speed on
the paths shown in (c)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
The half-life of the decay of radon-220 is 55 s.
(d) (i) Explain why it is not possible to state a time for the life of a radon-220 nucleus.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Define half-life.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
136
A sample of radon-220 has an initial activity A0.
(iii) On the axes below, draw a graph to show the variation with time t of the activity A
for time t = 0 to time t = 180 s.
A 0
0
0 40 80 120 160 200
t / s
(2)
(iv) Use your graph to determine the activity, in terms of A0, of the sample of radon at
time t = 120 s. Also, estimate the activity, in terms of A0, at time t = 330 s.
Activity at time t = 120 s : ……………………................................................
Activity at time t = 330 s : ………………………............................................
(2)
(Total 25 marks)
137
46. This question is about collisions and radioactive decay.
(a) (i) Define linear momentum and impulse.
Linear momentum: ..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
Impulse: ..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
(2)
(ii) State the law of conservation of momentum.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Using your definitions in (a)(i), deduce that linear momentum is constant for an
object in equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
220
A stationary radon-220 ( 86 Rn ) nucleus undergoes α-decay to form a nucleus of polonium (Po).
The α-particle has kinetic energy of 6.29 MeV.
(b) (i) Complete the nuclear equation for this decay.
220
86 Rn ® Po +
(2)
138
(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy, in joules, of the α-particle.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
7 –1
(iii) Deduce that the speed of the α-particle is 1.74 × 10 m s .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
The diagram below shows the α-particle and the polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.
The direction of the velocity of the α-particle is indicated.
-p a rtic le
p o lo n iu m n u c le u s
(c) (i) On the diagram above, draw an arrow to show the initial direction of motion of the
polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.
(1)
(ii) Determine the speed of the polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
139
(iii) In the decay of another radon nucleus, the nucleus is moving before the decay.
Without any further calculation, suggest the effect, if any, of this initial speed on
the paths shown in (c)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
The half-life of the decay of radon-222 is 3.8 days and radon-220 has a half-life of 55 s.
(d) (i) Suggest three ways in which nuclei of radon-222 differ from those of radon-220.
1. .................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
3. .................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Define half-life.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
140
(iii) State the expression that relates the activity At at time t of a sample of a radioactive
material to its initial activity A0 at time t = 0 and to the decay constant λ. Use this
expression to derive the relationship between the decay constant λ and the half-life
T1
2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
3
(iv) Radon-222 emits α-particles. The activity of radon gas in a sample of 1.0 m of air
3 25
is 4.6 Bq. Given that 1.0 m of the air contains 2.6 × 10 molecules, determine the
ratio
numberof radon - 222 atoms in 1.0 m 3 of air

numberof moleculesin 1.0 m 3 of air
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(e) Suggest whether radon-222 or radon-220 presents the greater hazard to people over a
long period of time.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 30 marks)
141
47. This question is about waves and wave properties.
(a) (i) Describe what is meant by a continuous travelling wave.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) With reference to your answer in (a)(i), state what is meant by the speed of a
travelling wave.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Define, for a wave,
(i) frequency;
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) wavelength.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
142
A tube that is open at both ends is placed in a deep tank of water, as shown below.
tu n in g fo rk , fre q u e n c y 2 5 6 H z
tu b e
ta n k o f w a te r
A tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz is sounded continuously above the tube. The tube is slowly
raised out of the water and, at one position of the tube, a maximum loudness of sound is heard.
(c) (i) Explain the formation of a standing wave in the tube.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
143
(ii) The tube is raised a further small distance. Explain, by reference to resonance, why
the loudness of the sound changes.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(iii) The tube is gradually raised from a position of maximum loudness until the next
position of maximum loudness is reached. The length of the tube above the water
surface is increased by 65.0 cm. Calculate the speed of sound in the tube.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
144
A sound wave is incident on the ear of a person. The pressure variation of the sound wave
causes a force F to be exerted on a moveable part of the ear called the eardrum. The variation of
the displacement x of the eardrum caused by the force F is shown below.
8
F /× 1 0 –5 N
0 0
– 2 .0 – 1 .0 1 .0 2 .0
–2
x /× 1 0 m m
–4
–8
2
(d) The eardrum has an area of 30 mm . Calculate the pressure, in pascal, exerted on the
–2
eardrum for a displacement x of 1.0 × 10 mm.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) (i) Calculate the energy required to cause the displacement to change from x = 0 to
–2
x = +1.5 × 10 mm.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
145
(3)
–2
The sound wave causing a maximum displacement of the eardrum of 1.5 × 10 mm has
frequency 1000 Hz.
(ii) Deduce that the energy causing the displacement in (e)(i) is delivered in a time of
0.25 ms. Also, determine the mean power of the sound wave to cause this
displacement.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(iii) Suggest the form of energy into which the energy of the sound wave has been
transformed at the eardrum.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
In an experiment to measure the speed of sound, two coherent sources S 1 and S2 produce sound
waves of frequency 1700 Hz. A sound detector is moved along a line AB, parallel to S 1S2 as
shown below.
S 1
S 2
146
When the detector is at P, such that S1P = S2P, maximum loudness of sound is detected. As the
detector is moved along AB, regions of minimum and maximum loudness are detected. Point X
is the third position of minimum loudness from P. The distance (S2X – S1X) is 0.50 m.
(f) (i) Determine the speed of the sound.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) At X, no sound is detected. The loudness of the sound produced by S1 alone is then
reduced. State and explain the effect of this change on the loudness of sound heard
at X and at P.
at X: ...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
at P: ...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 30 marks)
147
48. A small ball P moves with speed v towards another identical ball Q along a line joining the
centres of the two balls. Ball Q is at rest. Kinetic energy is conserved in the collision.
v
P Q a t re st
Which one of the following situations is a possible outcome of the collision between the balls?
A . v v B. v
v = 0
P Q P Q
C . v 3v D . v v
4 4 2 2
P Q P Q
(1)
148
49. The graph below shows the variation with displacement d of the force F acting on a particle.
r
0 d
0 d m ax
The area that represents the work done by the force between d = 0 and d = dmax is
A. s − r.
B. r.
C. s.
D. s + r.
(1)
149
50. A spring is compressed by a force F.
For a compression e, the force F is given by F = ke. When the compression force is removed,
the spring returns to its original length in time t. The best estimate for the power developed by
the spring during its expansion is
ke
.
A. 2t
ke
.
B. t
ke 2
.
C. 2t
ke 3
.
D. t
(1)
150
51. Electric motor
(a) In an experiment to measure the efficiency of a small dc electric motor, the motor is
clamped to the edge of a bench. The motor is used to raise a small weight that is attached
to a pulley wheel by cotton thread. The pulley wheel is rotated by the motor. The thread
wraps around the pulley wheel, so raising the weight.
axel
m o to r p u lle y w h e e l
c o tto n th re a d
w e ig h t
S id e v ie w E n d -o n -v ie w
The time taken for the motor to raise the weight through a certain height is measured. It is
assumed that the weight accelerates uniformly whilst being raised. The weight of the
cotton thread is negligible.
(i) Draw a labelled free-body force diagram of the forces acting on the accelerating
weight.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
151
(ii) The weight has a mass of 15 g and it takes 2.2 s to raise it from rest through a
height of 0.84 m. Calculate the tension in the thread as the weight is being raised.
−2
(Acceleration of free fall g = 10 m s .)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
(b) In a second experiment, the current is adjusted so that the weight of mass 15 g is raised at
constant speed. The motor is connected to a 6.0 V supply and it now takes the motor 3.4 s
to raise the weight through 0.84 m.
(i) Suggest how it might be determined that the weight is being raised at constant
speed.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Determine the power delivered to the weight by the motor. (Acceleration of free
−2
fall g = 10 m s .)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
152
(iii) The current in the motor is 45 mA. Estimate the efficiency of the motor.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
52. A force stretches a wire that is fixed at one end. The value of this force increases from zero to a
maximum value and then returns to zero. The graph below shows the variation with force F of
the extension x of the wire.
a re a R
a re a Q
a re a P
0
0 F
Which area, or areas, represents the net work done on the wire by the force?
A. Area P
B. Area Q
C. Area R
D. Area Q and area R
(1)
153
53. The output power of an electric motor is determined using the arrangement shown below.
m o to r
w heel
b e lt
W 1
W 2
The belt has weights W1 and W2 attached to its ends. The wheel has circumference S. When the
wheel is rotating at R revolutions per second, the belt is stationary.
Which one of the following is a correct expression for the output power of the motor?
A. W1 ´ SR
B. W2 ´ SR
C. (W2 − W1) ´ SR
D. (W2 + W1) ´ SR
(1)
54. Mechanical power
(a) Define power.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
154
(b) A car is travelling with constant speed v along a horizontal straight road. There is a total
resistive force F acting on the car.
Deduce that the power P to overcome the force F is
P = Fv.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) A car drives up a straight incline that is 4.80 km long. The total height of the incline is
0.30 km.
4 .8 0 k m
0 .3 0 k m
−1
The car moves up the incline at a steady speed of 16 m s . During the climb, the average
2
resistive force acting on the car is 5.0 ´ 10 N. The total weight of the car and the driver
4
is 1.2 ´ 10 N.
(i) Determine the time it takes the car to travel from the bottom to the top of the
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Determine the work done against the gravitational force in travelling from the
bottom to the top of the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
155
(iii) Using your answers to (i) and (ii), calculate a value for the minimum power output
of the car engine needed to move the car from the bottom to the top of the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
(iv) State one reason why your answer to (iii) is only an estimate.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
55. Forces of magnitude F1 and F2 act tangentially on the edge of a wheel of circumference S. The
wheel is made to complete one revolution about its centre, in the direction shown below.
F 1 F 2
Which one of the following is a correct expression for the work done on the wheel?
A. F1 ´ S
B. F2 ´ S
C. (F2 − F1) ´ S
D. (F2 + F1) ´ S
(1)
156
56. This question is about mechanical power and heat engines.
Mechanical power
(a) Define power.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
Deduce that the power P to overcome the force F is
P = Fv.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
157
(c) A car drives up a straight incline that is 4.80 km long. The total height of the incline is
0.30 km.
4 .8 0 k m
0 .3 0 k m
−1
2
resistive force acting on the car is 5.0 ´ 10 N. The total weight of the car and the driver
4
is 1.2 ´ 10 N.
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Using your answers to (i) and (ii), calculate a value for the minimum power output
of the car engine needed to move the car from the bottom to the top of the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
158
(d) From the top of the incline, the road continues downwards in a straight-line. At the point
where the incline starts to go downwards, the driver of the car in (c) stops the car to look
at the view. In continuing his journey, the driver decides to save fuel. He switches off the
engine and allows the car to move freely down the incline. The car descends a height of
0.30 km in a distance of 6.40 km before levelling out.
6 .4 0 k m
0 .3 0 k m
2
The average resistive force acting on the car is 5.0 ´ 10 N.
Estimate
(i) the acceleration of the car down the incline;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(5)
(ii) the speed of the car at the bottom of the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) In fact, for the last few hundred metres of its journey down the incline, the car travels at
constant speed. State the value of the frictional force acting on the car whilst it is moving
at constant speed.
...................................................................................................................................
159
(1)
The heat engine
(f) The diagram below shows the idealised pressure-volume (P-V) diagram for one cycle of
the gases in an engine similar to that used in the car.
p re ssu re P
B C
v o lu m e V
The changes A ® B and C ® D are adiabatic changes.
(i) Explain what is meant by an adiabatic change.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) State the name given to the change B ® C.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
160
(g) The useful power output of the engine is 20 kW and the overall efficiency of the engine is
32%. The car engine completes 50 cycles every second. Deduce that QH = 1.3 kJ.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 24 marks)
57. A body moving along a straight-line has mass 3.0 kg and kinetic energy 24 J. The motion is then
opposed by a net force of 4.0 N. The body will come to rest after travelling a distance of
A. 2.0 m.
B. 6.0 m.
C. 8.0 m.
D. 12 m.
(1)
58. Two objects collide inelastically. For this system of two objects
A. only momentum is conserved.
B. only kinetic energy is conserved.
C. both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
D. neither momentum nor kinetic energy are conserved.
(1)
161
59. An object of weight 50 N is dragged up an inclined plane at constant speed, through a vertical
height of 12 m. The total work done is 1500 J.
The work done against friction is
A. 2100 J.
B. 1500 J.
C. 900 J.
D. 50 J.
(1)
162
60. This question is about energy and momentum.
–1
A train carriage A of mass 500 kg is moving horizontally at 6.0 m s . It collides with another
train carriage B of mass 700 kg that is initially at rest, as shown in the diagram below.
6 .0 m s –1
tra in c a rria g e A tra in c a rria g e B

500kg 700kg
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocities of the two train carriages
before, during and after the collision.
v / m s –1
6 .0
tra in c a rria g e B
5 .0
4 .0
3 .0
2 .0
1 .0
0 .0
1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 t / s
– 1 .0
tra in c a rria g e A
– 2 .0
163
(a) Use the graph to deduce that
(i) the total momentum of the system is conserved in the collision;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) the collision is elastic.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Calculate the magnitude of the average force experienced by train carriage B.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
164
61. This question is about motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field.
A charged particle is projected from point X with speed v at right angles to a uniform magnetic
field. The magnetic field is directed out of the plane of the page. The particle moves along a
circle of radius R and centre C as shown in the diagram below.
re g io n o f m a g n e tic fie ld Y
o u t o f p la n e o f p a g e
R C X
c h a rg e d p a rtic le
(a) On the diagram above, draw arrows to represent the magnetic force on the particle at
position X and at position Y.
(1)
(b) State and explain whether
(i) the charge is positive or negative;
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) work is done by the magnetic force.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
165
v
(c) A second identical charged particle is projected at position X with a speed 2 in a
direction opposite to that of the first particle. On the diagram above, draw the path
followed by this particle.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
62. Motion of a ball
A ball of mass 0.25 kg is projected vertically upwards from the ground with an initial velocity
–1 –2
of 30 m s . The acceleration of free fall is 10 m s , but air resistance cannot be neglected.
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of this ball for the upward part
of the motion.
v / m s–1 3 0 .0
2 5 .0
2 0 .0
1 5 .0
1 0 .0
5 .0
0 .0
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0
t/s
166
(a) State what the area under the graph represents.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Estimate the maximum height reached by the ball.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Determine, for the ball at t = 1.0 s,
(i) the acceleration;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) the magnitude of the force of air resistance.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Use the graph to explain, without any further calculations, that the force of air resistance
is decreasing in magnitude as the ball moves upward.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
167
(e) The diagram below is a sketch graph of the upward motion of the ball.
Draw a line to indicate the downward motion of the ball. The line should indicate the
motion from the maximum height of the ball until just before it hits the ground.
v / m s– 1 30
20
10
0 .0
0 .0 2 .0 4 .0 t / s
–10
–20
–30
(2)
(f) State and explain, by reference to energy transformations, whether the speed with which
–1
the ball hits the ground is equal to 30 m s .
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(g) Use your answer in (f) to state and explain whether the ball takes 2.0 s to move from its
maximum height to the ground.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
168
63. Block on an inclined plane
A block is held stationary on a frictionless inclined plane by means of a string as shown below.
s trin g
b lo c k
in c lin e d p la n e
(a) (i) On the diagram draw arrows to represent the three forces acting on the block.
(3)
(ii) The angle q of inclination of the plane is 25°. The block has mass 2.6 kg. Calculate
–2
the force in the string. You may assume that g = 9.8 m s .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
–1
(b) The string is pulled so that the block is now moving at a constant speed of 0.85 m s up
the inclined plane.
(i) Explain why the magnitude of the force in the string is the same as that found in (a)
(ii).
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
169
(ii) Calculate the power required to move the block at this speed.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) State the rate of change of the gravitational potential energy of the block. Explain
your answer.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
64. A machine lifts an object of weight W at constant speed through a vertical distance h. The
efficiency of the machine is 25%. The total input energy to the machine is
A. 0.25Wh.
B. 0.75Wh.
C. 2.5Wh.
D. 4.0Wh.
(1)
170
65. The graph below shows the variation with displacement x of the force F acting on an object. The
force F always acts in the same direction as the displacement.
Q
F Q
0 xQ x
0
At point Q, the displacement is xQ and the force is FQ.
Which of the following gives the work done by the force on the body as the displacement
increases from zero to xQ and then returns to zero?
A. Zero
1
FQ xQ
B. 2
C. FQ xQ
D. 2FQ xQ
(1)
171
66. Water flows out from a tank down a pipe, as shown below.
ta n k
w a te r
w a te r flo w
p ip e
The pipe is always full of water.
Which of the following gives the change in the kinetic energy and in the gravitational potential
energy of the water as the water flows down the pipe?
kinetic energy gravitational potential energy
A. constant decreases
B. constant increases
C. increases decreases
D. increases increases
(1)
67. Engine X is stated to be more powerful than engine Y.
Which of the following is the correct comparison of the engines?
A. Engine X produces a larger force than engine Y.
B. Engine X produces more useful energy than engine Y.
C. Engine X produces more useful energy per unit time than engine Y.
D. Engine X produces more power for a longer time than engine Y.
(1)
172
68. This question is about Newton’s laws of motion, the dynamics of a model helicopter and the
engine that powers it.
(a) Explain how Newton’s third law leads to the concept of conservation of momentum in the
collision between two objects in an isolated system.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b) The diagram illustrates a model helicopter that is hovering in a stationary position.
0 .7 0 m 0 .7 0 m
ro ta tin g
b la d e s
d o w n w a rd m o tio n o f a ir
The rotating blades of the helicopter force a column of air to move downwards. Explain
how this may enable the helicopter to remain stationary.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
173
(c) The length of each blade of the helicopter in (b) is 0.70 m. Deduce that the area that the
2 2
blades sweep out as they rotate is 1.5 m . (Area of a circle = pr )
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) For the hovering helicopter in (b), it is assumed that all the air beneath the blades is
–1
pushed vertically downwards with the same speed of 4.0 m s . No other air is disturbed.
–3
The density of the air is 1.2 kg m .
Calculate, for the air moved downwards by the rotating blades,
(i) the mass per second;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) the rate of change of momentum.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) State the magnitude of the force that the air beneath the blades exerts on the blades.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
174
(f) Calculate the mass of the helicopter and its load.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(g) In order to move forward, the helicopter blades are made to incline at an angle q to the
horizontal as shown schematically below.
While moving forward, the helicopter does not move vertically up or down. In the space
provided below draw a free body force diagram that shows the forces acting on the
helicopter blades at the moment that the helicopter starts to move forward. On your
diagram, label the angle q.
(4)
(h) Use your diagram in (g) opposite to explain why a forward force F now acts on the
helicopter and deduce that the initial acceleration a of the helicopter is given by
a = g tan q
where g is the acceleration of free fall.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(5)
175
(i) Suggest why, even though the forward force F does not change, the acceleration of the
helicopter will decrease to zero as it moves forward.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 25 marks)
69. Electrical conduction and the force on a conductor in a magnetic field
(a) The diagram below shows a copper rod inside which an electric field of strength E is
maintained by connecting the copper rod in series with a cell. (Connections to the cell are
not shown.)
c o n d u c tio n e le c tro n
c o p p e r ro d
(i) On the diagram, draw an arrow to show the direction of the force on the conduction
electron shown. Label this arrow with the letter F.
(1)
(ii) Describe how the electric field enables the conduction electrons to have a drift
velocity in a direction along the copper rod.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
176
(b) A copper rod is placed on two parallel, horizontal conducting rails PQ and SR as shown
below. The conducting rails are connected to a battery and switch X.
The rails and the copper rod are in a region of uniform magnetic field of strength B. The
magnetic field is normal to the plane of the conducting rods as shown in the diagram
below.
B B c o p p e r ro d B
X P
Q
b a tte ry L
R
S I
The length of the copper rod between the rails is L. The mass of the copper rod is M.
Friction between the copper rod and the rails is negligible.
The switch X is now closed and the current in the copper rod is I and in the direction
shown in the diagram.
(i) On the diagram, draw an arrow to show the direction of the force F on the copper
rod.
(1)
(ii) Derive an expression in terms of B, L, M and I, for the initial acceleration a of the
copper rod.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
177
(c) The copper rod in (b) eventually moves with constant speed v. When moving at this
constant speed, the power supplied by the battery is equal to rate at which work is done
by the force F.
(i) Deduce that the power P supplied by the force F acting on the copper rod when it
is moving at constant speed v is given by the expression
P = Fv.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Use the expression in (i) and the data below to determine the speed v.
emf of the battery = 0.80 V
length of copper rod L = 0.60 m
field strength B = 0.25 T
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
178
70. A petrol engine P is used to drive a generator G. The energy-flow diagram for this system is
shown below.
in p u t e n e rg y e n e rg y in p u t to e le c tric a l e n e rg y
e n g in e g e n e ra to r
P G g e n e ra te d E
E P g e n e ra to r E G
O
e n e rg y lo s s e s e n e rg y lo s s e s
What is the efficiency of this electrical energy generating system?
EG
A.
EP
EO
B.
EP
EO
C.
EG
 EO  EG 
D.
EP
(1)
71. An elevator (lift) of mass m is raised vertically with constant speed v for a time t. The work
done on the elevator during this time is
A. mgv.
B. mgvt.
mgv
.
C. t
mgt
.
D. v
(1)
179
72. A force of magnitude F1 accelerates a body of mass m from rest to a speed v. A force of
magnitude F2 accelerates a body of mass 2m from rest to a speed 2v.
work done by F2
is
The ratio
work done by F1
A. 2.
B. 4.
C. 8.
D. 16.
(1)
180
73. Linear motion
At a sports event, a skier descends a slope AB. At B there is a dip BC of width 12 m. The slope
and dip are shown in the diagram below. The vertical height of the slope is 41 m.
A
(n o t to s c a le )
s lo p e
41m
B C D
1 .8 m
d ip 12m
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the speed v down the slope of the skier.
2 5 .0
2 0 .0
1 5 .0
v / m s –1
1 0 .0
5 .0
0 .0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0
t / s
The skier, of mass 72 kg, takes 8.0 s to ski, from rest, down the length AB of the slope.
(a) Use the graph to
(i) calculate the kinetic energy EK of the skier at point B.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
181
(ii) determine the length of the slope.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
182
(b) (i) Calculate the magnitude of the change DEP in the gravitational potential energy of
the skier between point A and point B.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Use your anwers to (a)(i) and (b)(i) to determine the ratio
 DE P  E K  .
DE P
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Suggest what this ration represents.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
183
(c) At point B of the slope, the skier leaves the ground. He “flies” across the dip and lands on
the lower side at point D. The lower side C of the dip is 1.8 m below the upper side B.
(i) Calculate the time taken for an object to fall, from rest, through a vertical distance
of 1.8 m. Assume negligible air resistance.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) The time calculated in (c)(i) is the time of flight of the skier across the dip.
Determine the horizontal distance travelled by the skier during this time, assuming
that the skier has the constant speed at which he leaves the slope at B.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
74. A force of magnitude F1 accelerates a body of mass m from rest to a speed v. A force of
magnitude F2 accelerates a body of mass 2m from rest to a speed 2v.
work done by F2
is
The ratio
work done by F1
A. 2.
B. 4.
C. 8.
D. 16.
(1)
184
75. Linear motion
At a sports event, a skier descends a slope AB. At B there is a dip BC of width 12 m. The slope
and dip are shown in the diagram below. The vertical height of the slope is 41 m.
A
(n o t to s c a le )
s lo p e
41m
B C D
1 .8 m
d ip 12m
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the speed v down the slope of the skier.
2 5 .0
2 0 .0
1 5 .0
v / m s –1
1 0 .0
5 .0
0 .0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0
t / s
The skier, of mass 72 kg, takes 8.0 s to ski, from rest, down the length AB of the slope.
185
(a) Use the graph to
(i) calculate the kinetic energy EK of the skier at point B.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) determine the length of the slope.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
(b) (i) Calculate the change DEP in the gravitational potential energy of the skier between
point A and point B.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Use your answers to (a) and (b)(i) to determine the average retarding force on the
skier between point A and point B.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
186
187
(iii) Suggest two causes of the retarding force calculated in (ii).
1. ...............................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................
(2)
(c) At point B of the slope, the skier leaves the ground. He “flies” across the dip and lands on
the lower side at point D. The lower side C of the dip is 1.8 m below the upper side B.
Determine the distance CD of the point D from the edge C of the dip. Air resistance may
be assumed to be negligible.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)
(d) The lower side of the dip is altered so that it is inclined to the horizontal, as shown below.
B C D
s lo p e
1 .8 m
d ip
12m
(i) State the effect of this change on the landing position D.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
188
(ii) Suggest the effect of this change on the impact felt by the skier on landing.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 20 marks)
76. A rocket is fired vertically into the air. When the rocket reaches its maximum height, the rocket
explodes.
What change, if any, occurs in the momentum and in the kinetic energy of the rocket during the
explosion?
momentum kinetic energy

A. increases increases
B. increases constant
C. constant increases
D. constant constant
(1)
77. A box of weight W is moved at constant velocity v along a horizontal floor. There is a constant
frictional force F between the box and the floor.
What is the power required to move the box through a distance s?
A. Fs
B. Fv
C. Ws
D. Wv
(1)
189
78. This question is about the breaking distance of a car and specific heat capacity.
–1
(a) A car of mass 960 kg is free-wheeling down an incline at a constant speed of 9.0 m s .
s p e e d = 9 .0 m s -1
15°
The slope makes an angle of 15° with the horizontal.
3
(i) Deduce that the average resistive force acting on the car is 2.4×10 N.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
190
(b) The driver now applies the brakes and the car comes to rest in 15 m. Use your answer to
(a)(ii) to calculate the average braking force exerted on the car in coming to rest.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The same braking force is applied to each rear wheel of the car. The effective mass of
–1 –1
each brake is 5.2 kg with a specific heat capacity of 900 J kg K . Estimate the rise in
temperature of a brake as the car comes to rest. State one assumption that you make in
your estimation.
estimate:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
assumption:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
191
79. This question is about momentum and energy.
(a) Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum.
definition:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
relation:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) By applying Newton’s laws of motion to the collision of two particles, deduce that
momentum is conserved in the collision.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
192
(c) In an experiment to measure the speed of a bullet, the bullet is fired into a piece of
plasticine suspended from a rigid support by a light thread.
24cm
b u lle t
speed V
p la s tic in e
The speed of the bullet on impact with the plasticine is V. As a result of the impact, the
bullet embeds itself in the plasticine and the plasticine is displaced vertically through a
–3
height of 24 cm. The mass of the bullet is 5.2×10 kg and the mass of the plasticine is
0.38 kg.
(i) Ignoring the mass of the bullet, calculate the speed of the plasticine immediately
after the impact.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Deduce that the speed V with which the bullet strikes the plasticine is about
–1
160 m s .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
193
80. This question is about power.
(a) Define power.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) A constant force of magnitude F moves an object at constant speed v in the direction of
the force. Deduce that the power P required to maintain constant speed is given by the
expression
P = Fv
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
–1
(c) Sand falls vertically on to a horizontal conveyor belt at a rate of 60 kg s .
san d
6 0 k g s -1
2 .0 m s -1
–1
The conveyor belt that is driven by an engine, moves with speed 2.0 m s .
When the sand hits the conveyor belt, its horizontal speed is zero.
(i) Identify the force F that accelerates the sand to the speed of the conveyor belt.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
194
195
(ii) Determine the magnitude of the force F.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Calculate the power P required to move the conveyor belt at constant speed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) Determine the rate of change of kinetic energy K of the sand.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(v) Explain why P and K are not equal.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
196
(d) The engine that drives the conveyor belt has an efficiency of 40%. Calculate the input
power to the engine.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
81. This question is about momentum and energy.
(a) Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum.
definition
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
relation
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) By applying Newton’s laws of motion to the collision of two particles, deduce that
momentum is conserved in the collision.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
197
(c) In an experiment to measure the speed of a bullet, the bullet is fired into a piece of
plasticine suspended from a rigid support by a light thread.
24cm
b u lle t
sp eed V
p la s tic in e
The speed of the bullet on impact with the plasticine is V. As a result of the impact, the
bullet embeds itself in the plasticine and the plasticine is displaced vertically through a
–3
height of 24 cm. The mass of the bullet is 5.2×10 kg and the mass of the plasticine is
0.38 kg.
(i) Ignoring the mass of the bullet, calculate the speed of the plasticine immediately
after the impact.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Deduce that the speed V with which the bullet strikes the plasticine is about
–1
160 m s .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
198
(iii) Estimate the kinetic energy lost in the impact.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) Another bullet is fired from a different gun into a large block of wood. The block remains
stationary after impact and the bullet melts completely. The temperature rise of the block
is negligible. Use the data to estimate the minimum impact speed of the bullet.
–3
mass of bullet = 5.3×10 kg
–1 –1
specific heat capacity of the material of the bullet = 130 J kg K
–1
latent heat of fusion of the material of the bullet = 870 J kg
melting point of the material of the bullet = 330°C
initial temperature of bullet = 30°C
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 19 marks)
199
82. This question is about power and an ideal gas.
(a) Define power.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) A constant force of magnitude F moves an object at constant speed v in the direction of
the force. Deduce that the power P required to maintain constant speed is given by the
expression
P = Fv
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
–1
(c) Sand falls vertically on to a horizontal conveyor belt at a rate of 60 kg s .
san d
-1
60 kg s
-1
2 .0 m s
–1
The conveyor belt that is driven by an engine, moves with speed 2.0 m s .
When the sand hits the conveyor belt, its horizontal speed is zero.
(i) Identify the force F that accelerates the sand to the speed of the conveyor belt.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
200
(ii) Determine the magnitude of the force F.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Calculate the power P required to move the conveyor belt at constant speed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) Determine the rate of change of kinetic energy K of the sand.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(v) Explain why P and K are not equal.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
201
(d) The engine that drives the conveyor belt in (c) operates in a cycle. In part of this cycle, air
is compressed in a cylinder of the engine such that the pressure and the temperature of the
air increases. Assuming that the air in the cylinder behaves as an ideal gas, outline how
the kinetic model of an ideal gas accounts for this increase in temperature and pressure.
temperature:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
pressure:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(7)
(Total 18 marks)
83. An electric motor has an input power of 160W. In raising a load, 120W of power is dissipated.
The best estimate for the efficiency of the motor is
A. 25%.
B. 33%.
C. 57%.
D. 75%.
(1)
202
84. An object of mass m falls from rest in a vacuum. As the object falls it loses an amount E of
gravitational potential energy. The speed of the object is then
2E
A. m .
m
B. 2E .
2E
C. m .
m
D. 2E .
(1)
85. An electric motor has an input power of 160W. In raising a load, 120W of power is dissipated.
The best estimate for the efficiency of the motor is
A. 25%.
B. 33%.
C. 57%.
D. 75%.
(1)
(a) Define power.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
203
Deduce that the power P to overcome the force F is P = Fv.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
204
(c) A car drives up a straight incline that is 4.8 km long. The total height of the incline is 0.30
km.
–1
2
friction force acting on the car is 5.0 ´ 10 N. The total weight of the car and the driver is
4
1.2 ´ 10 N.
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Using your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), calculate a value for the minimum power
output of the car engine needed to move the car from the bottom to the top of the
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
205
(d) From the top of the incline, the road continues downwards in a straight line. At the point
where the road starts to go downwards, the driver of the car in (c), stops the car to look at
the view. In continuing his journey, the driver decides to save fuel. He switches off the
engine and allows the car to move freely down the hill. The car descends a height of 0.30
km in a distance of 6.4 km before levelling out.
2
Estimate
(i) the acceleration of the car down the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(5)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) In fact, for the last few hundred metres of its journey down the hill, the car travels at
at constant speed.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 18 marks)
206
87. The variation with time of the vertical speed of a ball falling in air is shown below.
During the time from 0 to T, the ball gains kinetic energy and loses gravitational potential
energy DEp. Which of the following statements is true?
A. DEp is equal to the gain in kinetic energy.
B. DEp is greater than the gain in kinetic energy.
C. DEp is equal to the work done against air resistance.
D. DEp is less than the work done against air resistance.
(1)
207
(a) A car drives up a straight incline that is 4.8 km long. The total height of the incline is 0.30
km.
–1
2
friction force acting on the car is 5.0 ´ 10 N. The total weight of the car and the driver is
4
1.2 ´ 10 N.
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Detemine the work done against the gravitational force in travelling from the
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Using your answers to (a)(i) and (a)(ii), calculate a value for the minimum power
output of the car engine needed to move the car from the bottom to the top of the
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
208
(b) From the top of the incline, the road continues downwards in a straight line. At the point
where the road starts to go downwards, the driver of the car in (a), stops the car to look at
the view. In continuing his journey, the driver decides to save fuel. He switches off the
engine and allows the car to move freely down the hill. The car descends a height of 0.30
km in a distance of 6.4 km before levelling out.
2
Estimate
(i) the acceleration of the car down the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(5)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) In fact, for the last few hundred metres of its journey down the hill, the car travels at
at constant speed.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 15 marks)
209
210

2.3 Work-Energy and Power

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1. An object of mass m1 has a kinetic energy K1.

Another object of mass m2 has a kinetic energy

Total momentum Total kinetic energy

4. A satellite orbits the Earth at constant speed as shown below.

5. This question is about nuclear reactions.

Effect on rate of decay

226 ......... .........

(ii) Calculate the energy released in the reaction.

(c) The radium nucleus was stationary before the reaction.

(e) (i) State what is meant by a fusion reaction.

High temperature: ............................................................................................

High pressure: ............................................................................................

Effect on rate of decay

(ii) Calculate the energy released in the reaction.

(i) the initial number of atoms of radium-226 in the sample;

(f) (i) State what is meant by a fusion reaction.

High temperature: ............................................................................................

High pressure: ............................................................................................

Law of conservation of energy Efficiency

(i) the acceleration of the elevator during the first 0.50 s.

(i) 0.5 to 11.50 s (ii) 11.50 to 12.00 s

(i) 0.50 to 11.50 s (ii) 11.50 to 12.00 s

(a) (i) Distinguish between fission and radioactive decay.

Mass number: ...................................................................................................

Atomic number: ...............................................................................................

(a) (i) Distinguish between fission and radioactive decay.

Mass number: ...................................................................................................

Atomic number: ................................................................................................

numberof strontium - 90 nuclei

Total kinetic energy Total momentum

(a) Define linear momentum.

Consider the marble when it is at point C.

(a) On the diagram above, draw arrows to show the direction of

A. ΔEp is equal to the gain in kinetic energy.

B. ΔEp is greater than the gain in kinetic energy.

C. ΔEp is equal to the work done against air resistance.

D. ΔEp is less than the work done against air resistance.

Linear momentum of system Kinetic energy of system

A. Some ice and water as the ice melts at constant temperature.

B. An electron accelerated by a magnetic field.

C. A satellite in a circular orbit round the Earth.

D. A stone falling in a vacuum towards the Earth’s surface.

(i) use the graph to determine the power of the engine.

(ii) calculate the frictional (resistive) force acting on the boat.

200 250 300 350 400 450

(a) State Newton’s third law.

As a result of the collision, there is a change in momentum of ball A and of ball B.

(i) use the graph to determine the power of the engine.

200 250 300 350 400 450

where n is an integer and k is a constant.

The escalator is driven by an electric motor that has an efficiency of 70%.

32. This question is about the wave nature of matter.

(i) calculate the gain in kinetic energy.

B e fo re c o llis io n A fte r c o llis io n

35. Which one of the following is a true statement about energy?

A. Energy is destroyed due to frictional forces.

B. Energy is a measure of the ability to do work.

C. More energy is available when there is a larger power.

D. Energy and power both measure the same quantity.

(a) State the law of conservation of momentum.

39. This question is about radioactive decay.

(a) Explain the term isotopes.

(d) Determine the decay constant of the isotope I-131

bar m ass = 4 00kg