ABSTRACT :-

We have seen that an electronic control system with one or more feedback paths is called a Closed-
loop System. Closed-loop control systems are also called “feedback control systems” are very
common in process control and electronic control systems. Feedback systems have part of their
output signal “fed back” to the input for comparison with the desired set point condition. The type
of feedback signal can result either in positive feedback or negative feedback.
In a closed-loop system, a controller is used to compare the output of a system with the required
condition and convert the error into a control action designed to reduce the error and bring the
output of the system back to the desired response. Then closed-loop control systems use feedback
to determine the actual input to the system and can have more than one feedback loop.
Closed-loop control systems have many advantages over open-loop systems. One advantage is the
fact that the use of feedback makes the system response relatively insensitive to external
disturbances and internal variations in system parameters such as temperature. It is thus possible
to use relatively inaccurate and inexpensive components to obtain the accurate control of a given
process or plant.
However, system stability can be a major problem especially in badly designed closed-loop
systems as they may try to over-correct any errors which could cause the system to loss control
and oscillate.

INTRODUCTION :-
A control system is a system, which provides the desired response by controlling the output. It is
a system of devices or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs or regulates the behavior
of other devices or systems to achieve desired results. The following figure shows the simple block
diagram of a control system.

Here, the control system is represented by a single block. Since, the output is controlled by varying
input, the control system got this name. In recent years, control systems plays the main role in the
development and advancement of modern technology and civilization. Practically every aspect of
our day-to-day life is affected less or more by some control system. A bathroom toilet tank, a
refrigerator, an air conditioner, a geezer, an automatic iron, an automobile all are control system.
These systems are also used in industrial processes for more output.
The main feature of control system is there should be a clear mathematical relation between input
and output of the system. When the relation between input and output of the system can be