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HyperMesh Core 2017 Tutorials
Basics................................................................................................................................................... 5
Geometry .......................................................................................................................................... 51
HM-2070: Geometry and Mesh Editing Using the Quick Edit Panel ........................................... 124
Meshing........................................................................................................................................... 149
HM-4020: Obtaining and Assigning Beam Cross-Section Properties using HyperBeam ............ 438
Geometry
HM-2000: Importing and Repairing CAD
HM-2070: Geometry and Mesh Editing Using the Quick Edit Panel
Meshing
1-D Elements
2-D Elements
HM-3100: AutoMeshing
HM-3200: Tetrameshing
Quality
HM-3300: Checking and Editing Mesh
HM-3320: Penetration
Assembly
HM-3400: Creating Connectors
Morphing
HM-3510: Freehand Morphing
HM-3520: Sculpting
HM-3695: Working with a Parameterized File Model for Shape Variables in HyperStudy
Analysis Setup
HM-4000: Setting up Loading Conditions
HM-4070: OptiView
Customization
Scripts
HM-8050: Create Forces on Nodes and Add a Button on the User Page
Post-Processing
HM-9000: Exporting Data for Fatigue Analysis
1. To access model files, visit Altair Connect or the Altair Client Center.
A user ID and password are required to access the model files. Follow the
instructions at the website to obtain login credentials.
2. Select the required file package and download it onto your system.
Note that the files may require unzipping before proceeding with the tutorials. When
extracting zipped files, preserve any directory structure included with the file
package.
Tools
Feature Description
Title bar The bar across the top of the interface is the title bar. It contains
the version of HyperMesh that you are running and the name of
the file you are working on.
Menu bar Located just under the title bar. Like the pull-down menus in
many graphical user interface applications, these menus "drop
down" a list of options when clicked. Use these options to access
different areas of HyperMesh functionality.
Toolbars Located around the graphics area, these buttons provide quick
access to commonly-used functions, such as changing display
options. They can be dragged and placed at the top or side of the
graphics area.
Graphics area The graphics area is the display area for your model. You can
interact with the model in three-dimensional space in real time. In
addition to viewing the model, entities can be selected
interactively from the graphics area.
Main menu The main menu displays the functions available on each page. You
access those functions by clicking on the button corresponding to
the function you wish to use.
Main menu The main menu pages menu divides the main menu into groups
pages of related functions. Only one page of the main menu is displayed
at a time.
The 1D, 2D, and 3D pages contain element creation and editing
tools grouped according to element type.
Command You can type HyperMesh commands directly into this text box and
window execute them instead of using the HyperMesh graphical user
interface. This window is not displayed by default, but can be
opened via the View menu.
Hint: You can hold the left mouse button down on top of a panel
to see a description for it in the status bar.
Starting HyperMesh
To start HyperMesh in Windows 7, go to Start > All Programs > Altair HyperWorks
> HyperMesh Desktop or HyperMesh.
Or
3. Type in a pre-defined alias that you or a systems administrator has created in the
user .alias or .cshrc file in the user home directory.
Start Directory
By default, HyperMesh uses a "start directory" for files. HyperMesh reads and writes a
number of files from the start directory:
Upon closing, HyperMesh writes out a command history file (command.cmf) and a
menu settings file (hmmenu.set).
By default, HyperMesh will read from/write to this directory for any open, save,
save as, import, or export functionality.
Image files (.jpg) created using the F6 key are saved to the start directory.
2. Go to Properties.
HyperMesh Help
To obtain help for a particular feature, go to the Help menu and select HyperWorks
Desktop or HyperWorks Help Home. The help is organized by product and contains
the following types of information:
Model Files
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the hm.zip file unless
otherwise noted.
Model Files
Exercise
2. To open a HyperMesh model file, click File > Open > Model from the menu bar, or
click on the Standard toolbar.
2. In the Open File dialog, open the bumper_cen_mid1.hm model file. HyperMesh
loads a model containing mesh and geometry data.
4. Click Import. HyperMesh imports the bumper_mid.hm model file on top of the
existing data.
3. Click .
4. Click Import. HyperMesh imports a mesh for the bumper's end portion to the
geometry representing the bumper’s end.
2. In the Save Model As dialog, navigate to your working directory and save the data
in your current session as a binary data file labeled practice.hm.
3. In the File field, navigate to your working directory and save the file as
practice.igs.
4. Click Export. HyperMesh exports all of the geometry data (points, lines, surfaces)
loaded in your current session as a .iges file.
3. In the File field, navigate to your working directory and save the file as
practice.fem.
4. Click Export. HyperMesh exports all of the finite element data (nodes, elements,
loads) loaded in your current session as a .fem file.
2. In the HyperMesh dialog, click Yes if you would like to discard all current model
data.
With the completion of Steps 8, 9, and 10, your current HyperMesh session should
contain all of the geometry and mesh data that existed in the HyperMesh session that
you saved to a HyperMesh file in Step 5.
Use the entity selector and the extended entity selection menu to select and
unselect nodes and elements from the graphics area.
Use the orientation selector to define vectors along which to translate nodes and
elements.
Switch between different entities to select and methods to define vectors.
Toggle between two options.
Enter, copy and paste, and calculate numbers.
Use the rapid menu functionality to execute commands with the mouse buttons
rather than clicking buttons.
Interrupt, but not exit, a panel to go to another panel using the keyboard function
keys.
Model Files
This exercise uses the bumper.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
3. In the Open Model dialog, navigate to your working directory and open the
bumper.hm model file. A model appears in the graphics area.
Note: The cyan border around the entity selector indicates that it is active.
4. In the graphics area, left-click on the corners of the elements to select a few nodes.
HyperMesh positions a small, white node at each element corner you select.
1. Click on the entity selector, and select elems from the list of entities that can
be translated. The entity selector is now set to elems.
2. In the graphics area, left-click on the element handles (the dot at the element's
center) to select several elements. HyperMesh highlights the elements you select in
white.
2. In the graphics area, press SHIFT, left-click, and draw a rectangular window around
a few elements. HyperMesh selects all of the element handles inside of the
rectangular window you drew.
3. To unselect the elements, press SHIFT, right-click, and draw a rectangular window
around the selected elements.
4. In the graphics area, press SHIFT and left-click. The Quick window pop-up menu
appears, containing eight icons.
5. Still pressing SHIFT, click , and draw a polygon window around a few unselected
elements.
6. Release the SHIFT key and mouse button. HyperMesh selects all of the element
handles inside of the polygon window.
2. Click elems >> by adjacent. HyperMesh selects the elements that are adjacent to
the selected elements.
Step 6: Shade the elements, reset the selection, and select a few
adjacent elements.
3. Using the entity selector, select a few elements that are adjacent to each other in
the graphics area.
1. On the orientation selector, click and select N1, N2, N3 from the list of vector
and plane options, which define the direction in which to translate the selected
elements.
Note: The cyan border around the N1 selector indicates that it is active. Since the
entity selector is no longer active, HyperMesh changes the color of the
selected elements in the graphics area to gray.
3. In the graphics area, select any node for N1. HyperMesh highlights the selected
node in green, and the active selector advances to N2 in the Translate panel.
4. In the graphics area, select a node near N1 for N2. HyperMesh highlights the
selected node in blue, and the active selector advances to N3 in the Translate
panel.
Note: For this tutorial, you do not need to select a node for N3. Selecting N1 and
N2 defines a vector for the direction of translation. This vector goes from
N1 towards N2. Selecting N3 defines a plane. The direction of translation is
Note: HyperMesh places a thick black border around translate+, which indicates
that it is a rapid menu button.
4. Click translate- twice. HyperMesh translates the selected elements in the negative
N1-N2 vector direction, and restores them to their initial position.
Note: The graphics area is currently not displaying the elements and nodes that
you selected in the Translate panel, however, they are still selected. When
you return to the Translate panel, they will reappear.
3. In the graphics area, select any node for N1. HyperMesh highlights the selected
node in green, and the active selector advances to N2.
4. In the graphics area, select a node near N1 for N2. The distance between N1 and
N2 appears in the distance = field.
7. To return to the Translate panel, click return. The graphics area displays the
elements and nodes you selected earlier in the Translate panel.
3. To paste the distance= value that you copied from the Distance panel, press
CTRL + V.
4. Click translate+. HyperMesh translates the selected elements in the direction from
N1 to N2 by the number of units specified in the magnitude = field.
5. Click translate- once. HyperMesh translates the selected elements in the negative
N1-N2 vector direction, and restores them to their initial position.
Step 11: Calculate 5.5 * 10.5 and specify the resulting value for
magnitude =.
1. In the magnitude= field, right-click. The HyperMesh calculator appears.
6. Click exit. The calculator closes and 57.75 appears in the magnitude = field.
Step 12: Specify a new vector and translate the elements again.
1. To reset the direction of the translated elements, click on the direction selector.
N1 becomes the active selector.
2. In the graphics area, select three nodes for N1, N2, N3 to define a plane.
Model Files
This exercise uses the bumper.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
It is recommend that you review the general overview before completing this tutorial.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
3. In the Open Model dialog, navigate to your working directory and open the
bumper.hm model file. A model appears in the graphics area.
4. Click Create. The Model browser displays the current component collector
geometry in bold.
3. In the graphics area, select two opposite and diagonal nodes of the same element as
illustrated in the image below:
Note: This line is the same color as the geometry component, because it is
organized into the current component, geometry.
5. In the Model browser, Component folder, right-click on rigid and select Make
Current from the context menu. HyperMesh makes the rigid component the active
component.
Note: This line is the same color the rigid component, because it is organized into
the current component, rigid.
3. Click on the entity selector, and select surfs from the list of entities that can be
collected. The entity selector is now set to surfs.
4. Click surfs >> all. HyperMesh highlights all of the displayed surfaces in white,
which indicates they are selected.
Note: If there are surfaces that are not displayed, HyperMesh still selects them
because you selected surfs >> all.
7. Click move. Hypermesh moves the selected surfaces into the geometry
component, and colors the geometric entities yellow to match the component color.
1. Click on the entity selector, and select elems from the list of entities that can
be collected. The entity selector is now set to elems.
4. Optional: To select a component in the graphics area, left-click on it. A check mark
appears in the check box of the component you selected in the panel area.
5. Optional: To unselect a component, right-click its check box in the panel area, or
right-click on it in the graphics area.
9. Click move. HyperMesh moves the elements in the selected components into the
center component, and colors all of the shell elements cyan blue to match the
component color.
2. In the editable field, rename the component shells and then press ENTER.
3. Click preview empty. The Status bar displays a message that says, "3 entities are
empty."
Note: The empty entities are the mid1, mid2, and end components that no
longer have elements in them.
Note: The empty components are indicated with a selected check box.
6. Click delete entity. The Status bar displays a message that says, "Deleted 3
comps 336 elems 28 surfs"
3. Click delete entity. HyperMesh deletes the two lines you created earlier.
3. On the right side of the panel, click the bottom switch and select name(id).
HyperMesh displays the IDs for each component next to its name. The ID for shells
is 1, the ID for rigid is 5, and the ID for geometry is 6.
Note: The component, geometry, is at the top of the list. However, it still has the
same ID, (6).
Note: The components are numbered according to their position in the list. Set
the view to name(id) to see the numbers.
Note: Having components with IDs that do not reflect their position in the model’s
list of components will not result in errors. However, having components
with IDs that do reflect their position in the model’s list of components can
be helpful for organizational purposes.
6. To add the selected components to the elements assembly, drag the components,
using the left mouse button, over the elements assembly until it highlights.
2. In the Create Load Collector dialog, enter constraints in the Name field.
4. Click Create. HyperMesh creates the load collector, and the Status bar displays a
message that says, "Load collector created".
Note: The constraints load collector is displayed in bold in the Model browser,
which indicates that it is the active load collector. Any loads that are created
will be organized into this load collector.
Step 13: Move the model’s one constraint into the load collector,
constraints.
The existing load collector, loads, contains several forces and one constraint. In this
step, you will use the Organize panel is to move the one constraint in the load collector,
constraints.
1. To open the Organize panel, click Collectors > Organize > Load Collectors from
the menu bar.
9. Click move. HyperMesh moves the selected constraints into the load collector,
constraints.
4. Click Create. HyperMesh creates the component, and appends it to the list.
Step 15: Review the existing assembly elements from the Model
Browser.
1. In the Model browser, expand the Assembly Hierarchy folder and then expand
the elements assembly folder. It contains two components, rigid and shells.
Note: Use can use the Assemblies panel to add components from one assembly
to another assembly. The Model browser does not allow you to do this, but
you can create assemblies from it.
Tip: To select multiple items in the Model browser one at a time, press and hold
Ctrl and then left-click the items. If you wish to select multiple items in the
Model browser at once, left-click the first item, press and hold SHIFT, and
then left-click the last item in the list.
2. In the editable field, rename the assembly assem_geom and then press Enter.
2. In the HyperMesh dialog, click Yes to confirm that you wish to delete the
component. HyperMesh deletes component1.
Step 19: Set the current component from the Model Browser.
1. In the Model browser, Component folder, right-click on shells and select Make
Current from the context menu.
Model Files
This exercise uses the bumper.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
3. In the Open Model dialog, navigate to your working directory and open the
bumper.hm model file. A model appears in the graphics area.
2. Press CTRL + Left Mouse Button (LMB) and move the mouse around. The model
rotates with the movement of the mouse, and a small white square appears in the
middle of the graphics area, indicating the center of the rotation.
3. Release the LMB and press it again to rotate the model in a different direction.
Note: If none of the conditions are met, the center of rotation is relocated to the
center of the screen.
5. To rotate the model and view the change in rotation behavior, press CTRL + LMB.
6. Press CTRL and quick-click the LMB anywhere in the graphics area, except for on
the model. HyperMesh relocates the center of rotation square to the center of the
screen.
7. To rotate the model and observe the change in rotation behavior, press CTRL +
LMB.
8. Press CTRL + Middle Mouse Button (MMB) and move the mouse around.
HyperMesh draws a white line along the path of the mouse movement.
9. Release the mouse button. HyperMesh zooms in on the portion of the model where
the line was drawn.
Note: You can also simply draw a line to zoom in on a portion of the model.
10. Press CTRL + quick-click the MMB. Hypermesh fits the model to the graphics area.
11. Press CTRL and spin the Mouse Wheel. Hypermesh zooms in or out on the model,
depending on which direction you spin the mouse wheel.
12. Move the mouse pointer to a different location in the graphics area and repeat step
2.11. HyperMesh zooms zooms in or out on the model from where the mouse handle
is located.
13. To fit the model to the graphics area, press CTRL + quick-click the MMB.
14. Press CTRL + Right Mouse Button (RMB) and move the mouse around.
Hypermesh pans (translates) the model according to the mouse movement.
2. Move the mouse pointer into the graphics area. The center of rotation square
appears.
3. Press and hold the LMB, and then move the mouse around. The model rotates with
the movement of the mouse, similar to the way the model rotates when you press
CTRL + LMB and move the mouse.
4. Click the MMB on the model. The center of rotation square appears near where you
clicked.
5. To exit the rotation mode, move the mouse pointer out of the graphics area or right-
click.
8. Click the LMB near the center of rotation square. The model rotates continuously in
the direction of your mouse pointer, relative to the center of rotation.
9. With the LMB still pressed, move the mouse around slowly. The direction and speed
of the rotating model changes.
Note: The farther the mouse pointer is from the center of rotation, the quicker the
model rotates.
10. To rotate the model in a different direction, release the LMB, and then click it again.
11. Click the MMB anywhere in the graphics area, except on the model. The center of
rotation square is relocates to the screen’s center.
12. To exit the rotation mode, move the mouse pointer out of the graphics area or left-
click.
3. Press the LMB and move the mouse around in the graphics area. HyperMesh draws
a white line along the path of the mouse movement.
4. Release the LMB. HyperMesh zooms in on the portion of the model where the line
was drawn.
Note: You can also simply draw a linear line to zoom in on a portion of the model.
5. On the Standard Views toolbar, click (Fit). HyperMesh fits the model to the
graphics area.
8. To open the Options panel, click Preferences > Meshing Options or Geometry
Options from the menu bar.
12. On the View Controls toolbar, left-click (Zoom In / Out). HyperMesh zooms in
on the model by the larger, specified factor.
14. Move the mouse pointer into the graphics area, press the LMB, and then move the
mouse pointer up and down. HyperMesh zooms in and out on the model according to
how far you move the mouse up or down.
15. To exit the dynamic zoom mode, move the mouse pointer out of the graphics area
or left-click.
Step 5: Manipulate the model view using the arrows and view
panel on the toolbar.
1. On the View Controls toolbar, right-click or left-click any of the Rotate icons ( ,
, ). The model rotates in the direction of the arrow by the rotation angle specified
in the Options panel.
3. To open the Options panel, click Preferences > Meshing Options or Geometry
Options from the menu bar.
6. On the View Controls toolbar, click any of the Rotate icons ( , , ). The model
rotates by the new specified rotation angle, 90.
8. To rotate the model, press CTRL + LMB, or click any of the Rotate icons on the
View Controls toolbar.
9. To zoom in or out on the model, press CTRL + MMB, or click any of the Zoom icons
on the View Controls toolbar.
10. From the Model browser, right-click anywhere and select Create > View from the
context menu.
11. To see the new view name, expand the View folder.
12. Right-click on the view and select Rename from the context menu.
13. In the editable field, enter my_view for the new name.
14. To display a different view of the model, click (XY Plane Top View).
2. In the Model browser, right-click and select Columns > Show FE Style from the
context menu. A new column appears in the Model browser.
4. From the pop-up menu of displays modes, select (Wireframe Elements Skin
Only). HyperMesh changes only the mid1 components display mode to wireframe.
2. At the top of the browser, click (Display none). HyperMesh turns off the display of
all the entities in the model.
3. Click (Display all). HyperMesh displays all of the entities in the model.
5. Click (Display none). HyperMesh turns off the display of all the component
collectors.
Note: Display all, Display none, and Display reverse act globally (on all
entities) if you have not selected any of the entities in the Model browser. If
a folder is selected (highlighted), HyperMesh will perform the action only on
the entities within that folder. If an individual entity is selected, HyperMesh
will perform the action only on that entity.
6. Left-click in the white space of the browser. HyperMesh deselects all of the entities
in the browser.
9. At the top of the browser, click next to (Elements and Geometry Filter), and
select (Elements).
Note: Display all, Display none, and Display reverse will no longer affect the
display of the geometry in the components.
10. Click (Display none). HyperMesh only displays the components geometry.
11. Set the elements and geometry filter to (Elements and Geometry).
12. Click (Display reverse). HyperMesh only displays the component's elements.
1. Next to the mid2, end, and rigid components, click (elements). HyperMesh
displays the elements in the center and mid1 components.
3. Next to the components mid2 and end, click (geometry). HyperMesh displays
the geometry in the mid2 and end components.
Step 10: Control the display of entities using the Mask panel.
1. To open the Mask panel, click (Mask) on the Display toolbar.
7. From the graphics area, manually select a few elements in the center (blue)
component.
8. To mask the elements, click mask. The elements in the mid1 component and the
elements you selected from the graphics area are no longer displayed.
Note: In the Model browser, notice that the elements ( ) for the components
center and mid1 are still displayed. Their display icons indicate that they
are activated even though some or all of the elements in these components
are masked (hidden).
Note: The elements in the other components are not displayed. This is because
these components are not active in the Display panel.
Step 11: Control the display of entities using the Find panel.
5. Click select.
6. To find the elements, click find. HyperMesh displays the elements in the component,
end.
In the Model browser, notice that the elements for the component, end, are now
shown as active ( ). This is because the collector containing the entities that are to
be displayed (found) must be active.
9. To find the elements, click find. HyperMesh displays some of the elements in the
components, mid2 and rigid. These elements are immediately adjacent and
connected to the selected elements.
Note: The elements for these components are now shown as active ( ). The
components were made active so that the elements could be displayed.
11. On the Display toolbar, click (Unmask All). HyperMesh displays all of the
model's elements.
Note: This is because the Find panel finds the entities it is supposed to find,
activates (displays) the corresponding collectors, and then masks the other
entities in the collectors it activated. In this case, the last find command
displayed on the components, mid2 and rigid, in the Model browser.
Step 12: Change the display of entities using the Mask tab.
1. In the Model browser, click on any of the white space to make sure nothing is
selected.
Note: Performing these two steps makes sure that everything is displayed in the
model.
7. In the Hide column of Elements, click . HyperMesh masks the elements in the
model, and only displays the surfaces.
9. Expand the Loads branch to expose constraints, forces, moments, and so on.
10. In the Show column of Constraints, click . HyperMesh adds constraints to the
display of the surfaces.
11. Expand the Elements branch to expose 0D/rigids, springs/gaps, 1D, 2D, and 3D.
12. In the Isolate column of 0D/Rigids, click . HyperMesh adds rigid elements to the
display, and masks the surfaces. The constraints remain displayed.
Note: When you use Isolate below the top level of the list, HyperMesh will not
mask anything outside of the top level that the entity being isolated belongs
to. Rigids belong to components at the top level, therefore Hypermesh will
not mask any entities in the other top levels.
13. In the Isolate column of Components, click . HyperMesh displays all of the
entities in the components, and masks the constraints.
Note: When you use Isolate at the top level of the list (components, groups,
loadcollectors, morphing, multibodies, and systemcollectors), HyperMesh
will mask everything outside of the entity type being isolated.
Model Files
This exercise uses the clip_repair.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
2. To open the Auto Geometry Cleanup panel, click Geometry > Autocleanup from
the menu bar. The surface edges are now colored according to their topology status.
3. To display the model's geometry in wire frame mode, click on the Visualization
toolbar.
Note: The Visualization toolbar contains icons that control the display of the
surfaces and surface edges. Surfaces can be shaded with or without edges
or wireframe. Right-click the icons to access the drop-down menu for
additional options. Place your mouse over the cursor to view a description
of the button’s functionality.
4. To open the Visualization browser and access the Topology options, click .
Note: The Topology options control the display of the surfaces and surface
edges. Surfaces can be shaded or wireframe. The check boxes within the
Visualization browser turn the display of the different edge types and
fixed points (surface vertices) on or off.
5. Select only the Free check box. The graphics area displays only the free edges.
6. Observe the free (red) edges and make note of where they are. Free edges show
where there is incorrect connectivity or gaps.
7. Observe the locations where there are closed loops of free edges. These are
locations that probably have missing surfaces.
9. Observe the non-manifold edges and make note of where they are. Non-manifold
edges show where there are more than two surfaces sharing an edge, which might
indicate incorrect connectivity. For this part, there are yellow edges completely
surrounding two areas. This indicates that there are probably duplicate surfaces in
these locations.
13. To shade the model's geometry and surface edges, click on the Visualization
toolbar.
14. To locate any errors in the geometry, rotate, zoom, and pan.
A missing surface
2. Optional: If you opened the Delete panel by pressing F2, set the entity selector to
surfs.
4. Verify the Auto create (free edges only) check box is selected. The Auto create
option simplifies the selection of the lines bounding the missing surface. Once a line
is selected, HyperMesh selects the remaining free edges that form a closed loop, and
then creates the filler surface.
6. Select one of the red lines bounding one of the gaps (missing surfaces) shown in the
previous image. HyperMesh creates a filler surface to close the hole.
3. In the cleanup tol = field, type 0.01 to stitch the surfaces with a gap less than
0.01
4. Verify that the cleanup tol= is set to 0.01. This is the global cleanup tolerance that
you specified in the Options panel.
5. Click equivalence. HyperMesh combines any free edge pairs within the specified
cleanup tolerance. Most of the red free edges are combined into green shared
edges. The few remaining are caused by gaps larger than the cleanup tolerance.
Step 7: Combine free edge pairs, one pair at a time, using the
toggle.
1. Go to the toggle subpanel.
3. Click one of the free edges shown in the following image. When you select the edge,
it will change from red to green, indicating that the free edge pair has been
equivalenced.
4. Use toggle to equivalence the other edges shown in the previous image.
2. In the Model browser, View folder, right-click on View2 and select Show from the
context menu. The graphics area displays two edges to retain and remove for
replacement.
4. With the retained edge line selector now active, select the rightmost red edge.
6. Click replace. HyperMesh posts a message similar to, "Gap = (.200018). Do you
still wish to replace?".
4. Click find. The status bar displays the following message, "2 duplicated surfaces
were found."
Step 10: Observe the model again to identify any remaining free
edges, or missing or duplicate surfaces.
2. Observe the model again to identify the remaining free edges and missing or
duplicate surfaces.
Note: All of the edges in the model should be displayed as green shared edges,
indicating that you have a completely enclosed thin solid part.
1. From the menu bar, click File > Save > Model.
Create a midsurface
Visualize the midsurface by using shading options and transparency
This exercise uses CAD geometry data for a thin solid clip. Because of the small
thickness of the part, it is assumed that it will be modeled for FEA as shell elements. The
elements will be created on the mid-plane of the part.
Model Files
This exercise uses the clip_midsurface.hm model file, which can be found in the
hm.zip file. Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
The surfaces in this model have no connectivity errors. This could be because the file
was imported without errors or because the errors were corrected using HyperMesh. In
this case, errors in the topology were repaired in the previous exercise (missing surfaces
are re-created, duplicate surfaces are deleted, gaps are closed, and so on). For this
tutorial, you can continue using the model you created in tutorial HM-2000, or you can
open the new, clip_midsurface.hm, file. Either way, the geometry is at the point where
you can use the Midsurface panel to generate a midsurface.
2. On the Visualization toolbar, click to shade the model's geometry and surface
edges, and click to change the geometry color mode to mixed. The
surfaces displayed in the graphics area represent a solid part.
Note: These visualization techniques will be necessary for viewing the newly
created midsurface.
2. Verify that the closed solid option is selected, and the entity selector is active and
set to surfs.
2. In the Model browser, turn the geometry for the lvl10 component back on.
4. With the comps selector active, select a line or surface of the lvl10 component.
HyperMesh selects the entire component because the entity selector is set to
comps.
Tip: You may need to zoom in on the model to select a valid entity.
5. Under transparency, click several times. The surfaces in the lvl10 component
become more and more transparent.
6. Optional: Drag the transparency slider back and forth to control the level of
transparency.
1. From the menu bar, click File > Save > Model.
Summary
You have now created surfaces on the mid-plane of the part. These surfaces can now be
meshed or further modifications can be made to their topology, depending on the
requirements of the analysis.
Mesh the clip, review the mesh quality, and determine the features to be
simplified
Remove surface fillets
Remove edge fillets
Remove pinholes
This exercise involves changing the shape of a part in order to simplify the geometry.
Certain details of the shape, such as small holes or blends, may simply not be necessary
for the analysis being performed. When these details are removed, the analysis can run
more efficiently. Additionally, mesh quality is often improved as well. Changing the
geometry to match the desired shape can also allow a mesh to be created more quickly.
Model Files
This exercise uses the clip_defeature.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file.
Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory. This model file contains
geometry that has been midsurfaced. Surfaces have been created on the mid-plane of
the part.
Exercise
In this exercise, you will mesh the model using an element size of 2.5. You can assume
a simple structural analysis will be run on the part, and thus does not require much
detail. There are unnecessary features in this model that can also be removed.
Step 2: To easily work with the midsurface, turn off the display of
the lvl10 component.
If the lvl10 component is displayed, it needs to be turned off so that you can easily work
on the midsurface geometry.
1. In the Model browser, Component folder, click next to lvl10 to turn off its
geometry display.
2. To open the AutoMesh panel, click Mesh > Create > 2D AutoMesh from the
menu bar, or press F12.
1. To open the Check Elements panel, click Mesh > Check > Elements > Check
Elements from the menu bar, or press F10.
4. To evaluate the minimum length, click length. Many of the elements that failed the
length test are located around the fillets of this model.
Tip: For better visualization of element quality, you may need to display the
geometry in wire frame mode by clicking on the Visualization toolbar.
1. To open the Defeature panel, click Geometry > Defeature > Pinholes from the
menu bar.
4. Click find. HyperMesh identifies all of the pinholes that have a diameter of 3 or less
in the model, and places a white xP symbol in their centers.
5. Click delete. HyperMesh removes the selected pinholes in the model and replaces
them with fixed points located at the center of the original pinholes. The mesh also
updates according to the changes in the geometry.
2. If the model's geometry and surface edges are not shaded, click on the
Visualization toolbar.
5. Click find. HyperMesh identifies all of the surface fillets with a radius of 2 or greater
in the model.
6. Click remove.
4. To find all of the fillets in the model, set the bottom switch to all.
5. Click find. HyperMesh identifies all of the edge fillets that meet the filter criteria,
and displays a F symbol where they are located in the model along with radial lines.
6. With the fillets entity selector active, right-click on one of the F fillet markers on
the screen to deselect the fillet.
7. Click remove. HyperMesh deletes all of the selected edge fillets except for the one
which was deselected in step 6.
1. From the menu bar, click File > Save > Model.
Summary
The model is now represented in a much simpler form that suits the analysis that will be
performed. Holes, surface fillets, and edge fillets were removed that were considered too
small to be captured by the desired element size of 2.5.
In this tutorial, you will be using CAD geometry data for a box with thin ribs inside of it.
Because the geometry consists of thin planar sections, it is assumed that it will be
modeled for FEA as shell elements. The elements will be created on the mid-planes of
each section.
Model Files
This exercise uses the Insert_planes.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file.
Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
4. From the menu bar, click Geometry > Create > Midsurfaces > Auto.
5. In the Auto Midsurface panel, click the toggle and select closed solid.
11. Shade the model's geometry and surface edges by clicking on the Visualization
toolbar.
12. Review the generated midsurface by hiding the Body.1 component in the Model
browser. Some of the plates do not properly cross.
3. From the panel area, select the interim edit tools from the drop-down.
Note: If you have not yet extracted the middle surface using either the
offset+planes or offset+planes+sweeps options, then the model will
not have any plate information yet. Plate components will not be populated
in this situation.
5. In the Model browser, hide the components Body.1 and Middle Surface.
7. Select the green face. HyperMesh selects all of the plates in the ^Planar plate #0
component.
8. Hide all of the plates in the ^Planar plate #0 component by right-clicking on the
green face.
9. Hide the three remaining exterior sides. HyperMesh hides the components ^Planar
plate #2, ^Planar plate #3, and ^Planar plate #4.
10. Select any face from the long interior rib, as shown in the following image. This rib
was split into three groups by the algorithm, and needs to be reunited into one
component.
12. Merge the three plates into a single planar plate by setting the plate type to planar.
13. Click merge plates or middle-click in the graphics area. HyperMesh combines the
three plates into a single component and displays them in the same color.
17. Review the generated misdurface by hiding the Body.1 component in the Model
browser. The plates are closer together, but they are still not the full length of the
rib due to the holes that trim the plates.
1. In the interim edit tools panel, edit plates subpanel, click show/edit all.
HyperMesh populates less plate components in the Model browser because some
plates were merged in the previous steps.
3. Using the single surface surfs selector, select all four internal surfaces of the two
holes.
5. Click update.
6. Click return.
7. Review the generated misdurface by hiding the Body.1 component in the Model
browser. There is now a yellow edge where the plates meet, which indicates that the
plates are intersected correctly. It would have been possible to reorganize the plates
and create the Not a trim surface component at the same time.
Summary
The model now contains surfaces on the mid-plane of the part. You used insert planes
and plates edit to ensure that there were no erroneous gaps in the generated
midsurfaces. You can now mesh these surfaces, or further modify their topology,
depending on the requirements of the analysis.
Topological details of the geometry may affect the quality of the mesh created from the
surfaces. Some of these details may not reflect any major feature of the part’s shape,
and can be removed without concern. When modifying the topology affects the shape of
the surfaces, a compromise must be made between the part shape and the element
quality necessary for the analysis. Other times, adding topological features that do not
change the shape of the part may actually help create a better quality mesh.
Model Files
This exercise uses the clip_refine.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
3. Take a few moments to observe the model using the different visual options
available in HyperMesh (rotation, zooming, etc.).
2. To open the Check Elements panel, click Mesh > Check > Elements > Check
Elements from the menu bar, or press F10.
5. To evaluate the minimum length, click length. HyperMesh highlights the elements
that failed the check.
7. In the Model browser, Component folder, click next to Middle Surface to turn
off the display of it's elements.
Tip: If there are no visible fixed points on your model, verify that is selected
on the Display toolbar.
6. Click replace.
3. Select the four fixed points as illustrated in the following image. HyperMesh deletes
each fixed point when you select it.
These fixed points are left over from a defeaturing operation where small holes
(pinholes) were removed. They could remain without greatly sacrificing the element
quality, given the element size used for the mesh, but the mesh would be better
without them.
3. Zoom into the area illustrated in the following image and select the indicated fixed
point.
4. With the lines selector now active, select the line shown in the image below.
HyperMesh creates an edge from the location of the fixed point perpendicular to the
line.
5. Repeat steps 6.2 through 6.4 for the point and line illustrated in the following image.
6. Repeat steps 6.2 through 6.4 for the point and line illustrated in the following image.
7. Repeat steps 6.2 through 6.4 for the point and line illustrated in the following image.
2. In the with plane column, verify that the surfs selector is active.
6. Press and hold your left mouse button, move it over the edge as indicated in the
following figure, and then release it when the cursor changes to a square with a dot
in the center .
7. Click two points anywhere along the edge. Do not click a third. Hypermesh places
nodes on the line for N1 and N2.
10. Press and hold your left mouse button, move it over the edge of the hole as
indicated in the following image, and then release it when the cursor changes to a
square with a dot in the center .
11. Click three points anywhere along the edge. HyperMesh places temporary nodes on
the line representing N1, N2, and N3.
12. Click circle center. HyperMesh creates a node at the center of the hold.
15. Select the node that was just created at the center of the hole.
16. Click trim. HyperMesh trims the surfaces through the center of the hole.
3. Verify that elem size = is set to 2.5 and the mesh type is set to mixed.
5. Click mesh.
2. To open the Check Elements panel, click Mesh > Check > Elements > Check
Elements from the menu bar, or press F10.
5. To evaluate the minimum length, click length. HyperMesh highlights only two
elements that failed the check. Both of these elements failed the check because of
the shape of the part. These elements are not too small compared to the global
element size, therefore you can leave them as is.
6. To open the Automesh panel, click Mesh > Create > 2D AutoMesh from the
menu bar, or press F12.
8. Verify that elem size = is set to 2.5 and the mesh type is set to mixed.
10. In the Criteria File Editor dialog, enter 2.500 in the Target element size field.
13. To select all of the displayed surfaces, select surfs >> displayed.
14. Click mesh. HyperMesh replaces the old mesh with a new mesh.
15. If there is a message saying, "There is a conflict between the user requested
element size and quality criteria ideal element size," click the Recompute quality
criteria button using a size of 2.5.
16. To access the Quality Index panel, click Mesh > Check > Elements > Quality
Index from the menu bar.
17. Go to page 1.
18. Verify that the comp. QI is 0.01. This low value indicates that the mesh is good
quality. The higher the number, the lower the mesh quality.
Sometimes CAE users need to create models from sketches where there is no pre-
existing geometry. The tools in this tutorial will help you accomplish that task.
In this exercise, you will learn how to create lines and surfaces.
3. Click the Color swatch and select yellow from the box of colors.
4. Click Create.
2. To open the Create Nodes panel in the XYZ subpanel, click Geometry > Create >
Nodes > XYZ from the menu bar.5
Node X Y Z
1 0 0 0
2 0 0 25
3 0 0 37
4 0 5 25
5 0 5 -2
4. Click return.
3. To select all of the nodes in the model, click nodes >> all.
6. Click return.
3. Select node 2. This node will be the center of the arc as well as the base for the
axis of rotation.
4. Click return.
4. Click lines >> duplicate >> current comp. Hypermesh copies the new line into
the current component, Geometry.
7. Click translate-.
8. Click return.
3. Select the top, right curved line of the circle indicated in the following image.
6. Click split. The circle has one quarter of it's radius split off from the rest.
7. Repeat steps 8.2 through 8.6 to select the top, left curved line of the circle and the
other line that was translated in step 7.
8. Click return.
3. Click lines >> all. HyperMesh selects all of the lines in the model.
6. Click return.
5. Select the bottom left curve and then click delete entity.
6. Click return.
6. Click lines >> duplicate >> original comp to copy the new line into the current
component, Geometry.
8. Click return.
3. Select Node 3.
Note: Your line IDs may be different, depending on whether you needed to
perform the split/delete/duplicate tasks more than once.
Step 14: Split curves by tangent line and delete redundant line.
1. Go to the Split at Line subpanel.
6. Click split. HyperMesh splits the semi-circular line (ID 5) with the selected tangent
line (ID 9).
10. Select the semi-circular line between the two tangent lines indicated in the following
image.
4. Click Create.
2. To create a line on the X-Y plane, set the orientation vector to z-axis.
5. Select the two straight lines that are perpendicular to the X-Y plane indicated in the
following image. HyperMesh displays a bold, white line in the graphics area to
represent the results.
Note: From this point on, when you create any new elements or geometry,
HyperMesh will place them in the geometry component collector.
2. To open the Extend panel, click Geometry > Edit > Lines > Extend from the
menu bar.
6. Select the line that you created in step 17 (the line that passes through Node 1) as
the line to be extended. HyperMesh places a red V at the beginning of the line to be
extended.
8. Select the lower-right edge of the purple plane indicated in the following image.
10. To exit the panel, click return. Your model should resemble the following image.
5. Select the vertical line through which the extended line passes indicated in the
following image.
7. Select the extended line that you created in step 19. The status bar reads, "Please
select fillet quadrant", which indicates that HyperMesh wants you to select a
reference location for the fillet.
8. Select the top, right X for the fillet quadrant indicated in the following image.
HyperMesh creates a fillet.
3. Select the vertical line that does not have a fillet indicated in the following image.
Note: This file can be shared with other CAD packages such as UG, Catia, and
ProE.
The surfaces created in this process are regular surfaces that can be used for geometry
editing (for changes to a design) and meshing, and to export geometry information (in
reverse engineering applications, for example). This is particularly useful if you are
trying to obtain geometry information (surfaces) from a model containing elements only.
Model Files
This exercise uses the fe_to_surf.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory. The model is the tetrahedral
mesh of a bracket. It is organized into a single component, and does not contain any
entities besides the solid elements.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
Note: This solid mesh was obtained by running the HyperMesh tetramesher on a
tria mesh of the surfaces defining the initial part.
In this tutorial, you will reverse this process by obtaining the shell elements and then the
surfaces. You can then, for example, remesh the surfaces with a different element size,
or export them as an IGES file.
3. Select any element. HyperMesh temporarily highlights the element, which signifies
that the component has been selected.
4. You do not have to change the tolerance field, as it does not influence the creation
of face elements.
5. Click find faces. HyperMesh creates shell elements on the free faces of the solid
elements (faces that are not shared with any other element), and places them into
the ^faces component collector.
6. In the Model browser, turn off the element display of the tetras component.
1. To open the From FE subpanel, click Geometry > Create > Surfaces > From FE
from the menu bar.
3. Use the toggles to select Auto Detect Features and Mesh Based Auto Tol.
6. In the Model browser, turn off the display of all the elements to review the surfaces
that were created.
7. Click return.
8. To shade the model's geometry and surface edges, click on the Visualization
toolbar.
9. Review the surface by rotating and zooming in and out of the model. The delineation
of the surfaces may or may not correspond to what you may expect or wish to
obtain. For example, you may want to have three separate surfaces in some areas
of the model and fewer surfaces in other areas.
14. In the Model browser, turn on the element display of the ^faces component.
In this step, you have learned how to use the FE surf panel to generate some surfaces
that can later be meshed. You have also seen that when the surface generation engine
(From FE tool) is asked to create surface delineation automatically, the surfaces obtained
may not necessarily have the specific delineation you wish to obtain. In order to obtain
specific delineation, plot elements can be used to define the boundaries of the various
surfaces, and can be supplied to the engine (From FE tool).
The new surfaces should have boundaries that respect the features of the tria mesh. The
tria mesh captures, to some extent, the features of the initial geometry.
Generate plot elements that correspond to the features of the mesh. You can use the
edges, features, and edit element panels to create plot elements. Using the Features
panel is one of the most automated ways of generating plot elements, although it does
not always create the features as desired. Some manual methods will be used to modify
the results of automatic feature creation.
In this step, you will use the features panel to automatically generate plot elements
capturing the features of the tria mesh (^faces component). Use a break angle of 30
degrees.
Note: This option performs further analysis on the features created based on the
angle and combines and extends them to create closed loops.
6. Click features. HyperMesh generates plot elements representing the features of the
mesh. These plots elements are automatically created in a component collector
named ^feature.
7. Zoom into the areas indicated in the following image to see how many plot elements
were created to define the boundary area.
Note: In the following steps you will remove the unnecessary plot elements.
10. Select one of the plot elements indicated in the following image. HyperMesh selects
the entire row of elements to the next intersection as you select the plot elements.
Features to be removed
12. Repeat steps 4.10 and 4.11 to remove the remaining plot elements.
3. Select the nodes indicated in following image. HyperMesh selects all of the nodes in
the path between these two nodes.
Note: In the following steps, you will delete these features and create new smooth
ones.
7. Select one of the plot elements as indicated in the following image. HyperMesh
selects the entire row of elements to the next intersection as you select plot
elements.
8. Click remove.
9. Repeat steps 5.7 and 5.8 to remove the remaining plot features.
11. Select the nodes indicated in following image. HyperMesh selects all of the nodes in
the path between these two nodes.
13. Repeat steps 5.11 and 5.12 to select the nodes indicated in the previous image, and
create a new feature line.
14. Repeat the previous cleanup operations to create features to your needs. The
following image shows an example of the final features. Notice that many of the
features in the cylindrical holes have been removed.
You created plot elements that will be used in the surfaces panel to indicate the
boundaries of the surfaces to generate. These plot elements were generated in an
attempt to capture the features of the tria mesh. The number and location of plot
elements generated using this approach is directly dependent on the value that is
chosen for the feature angle. In most situations, a lower feature angle will generate
more plot elements while a higher one will yield fewer plot elements.
In this section, you learned how to create and edit plot elements using the features
panel. The creation process was straightforward, but required some editing in order
to obtain a set of plot elements forming closed loops only. Various tools are available
to make the editing process as easy as possible and you used the ones that would
allow you to get to your goal the most effectively.
Now that both the shell elements and the plot elements delineating the surfaces are
available, you will generate surfaces on the entire model.
4. Click select.
8. Click select.
11. In the Model browser, turn off the display of all the elements to review the surfaces
that were generated.
Surfaces generated
This concludes this tutorial. You may discard this model or save it to your working
directory for your own reference. As this tutorial showed, this is a powerful tool in
generating surface data where none is available, but needed. It also provides you with a
great deal of control over the surfaces that are generated through the use of plot
elements. Automated and semi-automated ways let you create and edit plot elements
quickly and easily.
Solids are geometric entities that define a three-dimensional volume. Geometric entities
are defined as follows:
The use of solid geometry is helpful when dividing a part into multiple volumes, for
example, to divide a part into simple, mappable regions for hex meshing.
Model Files
This exercise uses the solid_geom.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
2. Verify that the Auto select solid surfaces check box is selected.
3. Select one surface on the part. HyperMesh automatically selects all of the surfaces.
4. Click create. HyperMesh creates the solid, and the status bar displays message
that says one solid has been created.
2. Click bottom center and then select one of the temporary nodes as illustrated in
the following image. The cursor advances to the normal vector selector.
Step 4: Subtract the cylinder’s volume from the rest of the part.
1. To open the Boolean subpanel, click Geometry > Edit > Solids > Boolean from
the menu bar.
4. Verify that the A: solids selector is active, and then select the original solid.
5. Activate the B: solids selector, and then select the solid cylinder created in step 3.
6. Click calculate.
7. Click return.
8. To confirm the material has been removed, click on the Visualization toolbar
and rotate the model to inspect the part.
4. Under the with bounding lines selector, activate the lines selector.
5. To define the end points of a line that roughly divides the tetrahedral solid in half,
select the two locations indicated in the following image.
7. Select the half of the original tetrahedral solid indicated in the following image.
8. To split the solid indicated in the following image, repeat steps 6.4 through 6.6.
11. To split the solid indicated in the following image, repeat steps 6.4 through 6.6.
2. From the Model browser, View folder, right-click on View3 and select Show from
the context menu.
6. With N1 active, press and hold your left mouse button, and move the mouse cursor
over one of the edges indicated in the following image. HyperMesh highlights the
edge.
8. In the same manner, highlight the other line shown in the previous image.
9. Release the mouse button, and select two nodes along its length.
5. Press and hold your left mouse button, and move the mouse cursor over the edge
indicated in the following image. HyperMesh highlights the edge.
6. Release the mouse button, and left-click anywhere along the edge. A purple temp
node appears at the location to indicate the selection for the base node.
2. Clear the Auto create (free edges only) and keep tangency check boxes.
6. To go to the Trim with Plane/Surface subpanel, click Geometry > Edit > Solids
> Trim with Plane/Surfaces from the menu bar.
20. Select the solid you created a surface for in step 11.16.
Tip: To view a more efficient graphical representation of the solids, set the
surface display mode to .
The Quick Edit panel provides easy access to a number of geometry editing mesh
editing tools. More than a dozen functions are presented in this single panel. Many of the
functions can be found in other HyperMesh panels. These tools may be used before
creating the surface mesh to simplify geometry, correct geometry errors, or add
additional geometric features to control the mesh generation. Additionally, if a mesh
already exists on the geometry, you have the option of automatically remeshing the
geometry as you modify it.
Model Files
This exercise uses the base_bracket.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file.
Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
7. Click surfs >> displayed. HyperMesh selects all of the displayed surfaces.
8. Click mesh.
For the base component, your focus will be to improve the mesh quality around the large
holes in the side surface and the mounting holes on the flanges. You will remove the
oblong holes, and improve the mesh quality around the five small holes on the top
surface by trimming in a "washer" surface around the holes.
3. Select the six oblong holes under the large circular holes. HyperMesh removes them
and re-generates the mesh.
3. With the split surf-line: line selector now active, select the line indicated in the
following image. HyperMesh trims the surface.
4. Repeat steps 4.2 through 4.3 to create four more trim lines in the locations indicated
in the following image. At the end, each of the four small holes is isolated in its own
rectangular surface patch.
Surface trim lines isolating small holes onto individual surfaces. Note that element display has been
turned off for clarity.
Step 5: Trim a washer layer into the surface around each of the
four holes.
1. In the offset value field, enter 0.05.
3. Select the free surface edges (red edges) around the four small holes. HyperMesh
creates a washer around each hole.
5. Left-click, twice, on one of the hole's inner surface edges indicated in the following
image. HyperMesh adjusts the element density from 2 to 4.
Tip: Left-click a surface edge to increase the element density by one, or right-
click to decrease the element' density by one.
7. Left-click on the inner surface edge that you just adjusted. HyperMesh sets the
target density.
8. Right-click on the hole's other inner surface edge, indicated in the following image,
to apply the target density. HyperMesh adjusts the element density from 2 to 4.
11. Left-click on one of the hole's outer surface edges indicated in the following image.
HyperMesh adjusts the element density from 3 to 4.
14. Right-click on the hole's other outer surface edge, indicated in the following image,
to apply the target density. HyperMesh adjusts the element density from 3 to 4.
15. Repeat steps 5.10 through 5.14 to set a target density and apply it to the remaining
outer surface edge's of the other three holes. All of the hole's should have a total
outer element density of 8, with each outer surface edge having an element density
of 4.
Note: You may not have to adjust the density for every hole's outer surface edge,
as some may already have an element density of 4.
17. Left-click on one of the hole's surface trim lines as indicated in the following image.
HyperMesh adjusts the trim line's element density from 3 to 4.
19. Left-click on the surface trim line that you just adjusted. HyperMesh sets the target
density.
20. Right-click on the surface trim line, indicated in the following image, to apply the
target density. HyperMesh adjusts the trim line's element density from 3 to 4.
Note: You do not have to adjust the element density for the other trim lines that
surround the hole, as they already have an element density of 4.
Step 6: Adjust the mesh around the large holes on the side
surfaces.
In this step, you should still be in the Quick Edit panel.
1. Adjust your view to zoom into the three large holes on one side of the model.
2. Use the split-line function, that you learned in step 4, to trim 12 surfaces patches
around the large holes as indicated in the following image.
Note that element display has been turned off for clarity.
3. Select the 12 surface patches around the three holes that you just created.
9. Adjust the density on the six edges across the center of the holes from 1 to 2.
11. Set the mesh method to map as pentagon, and then click set all.
13. To accept the mesh and go back to the Automesh panel, click return.
The benefit of using solidThinking is that you can apply quick geometry fixes without
going back to the CAD software.
Model Files
This exercise uses the rail_extrusion.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file.
Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
3. In the File field, navigate to your working directory and save the file as
rail_extrusion.step.
4. Click Export.
5. Close HyperMesh.
3. In the Open File dialog, navigate to your working directory and open the
rail_extrusion.step file.
2. To reduce the length of the model, click on one end of the rail and push.
3. To increase the height of the model, click on the bottom of the rail and pull it.
4. Your modified geometry might look something like the example below. It is now
ready to be transferred into HyperMesh Desktop.
3. From the File name field, navigate to your working directing and save the file.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Import > Geometry.
4. In the Select Auto Detect file dialog, navigate to your working directory and open
the rail_extrusion.stp file.
2. In the Save Model As dialog, navigate to your working directory and save the file
as a HyperMesh binary file.
Model Files
This exercise uses the 2_holes.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
Select point1 as indicated in the following image, then click proceed in the
panel.
Tip: If there are no visible fixed points on your model, verify that is
selected on the Display toolbar.
Select point2 as indicated in the following image, then click proceed in the
panel.
Click Create.
Click Close.
3. Repeat step 2 to create a second dimension feature for the hole. Select the points
indicated in the following image.
2. Click the dimension value (0.375) of the dimension manipulator, and enter 0.25 in
the editable field.
4. In the Entity Editor, Double value field, change the value from 0.25 to 0.5.
5. Click create.
HyperMesh creates two nodes that will be used to show the starting position of the
thickness during future modifications.
8. In the Entity Editor, Double value field, change the value from 0.5 to 1.0.
The part's thickness increases equally about the midpoint between the original
locations.
10. Select the handle at the bottom of the dimension manipulator as indicated in the
following image.
The bottom arrow changes to a line, which indicates that the bottom end will remain
fixed.
13. The dimension manipulator can also be locked from the Entity Editor.
The top arrow of he dimension manipulator changes to a line, which indicates that
the top end will remain fixed. The bottom end changes to an arrow, as only one end
can remain fixed.
2. Click the dimension manipulator and change the dimension value from 0.875 to .25.
This expression indicates that Dimension3 is two times the value of Dimension2.
The hole's diameter is updated to 1.0, which is twice the size of the first hole's
diameter. The dimension manipulator displays the full expression as
&Dimension3=2*Dimension2.
4. In the Entity Editor, Double value field, change the dimension to 0.25.
The first hole's diameter decreases from 0.5 to 0.25, and the second hole's diameter
becomes 0.25*2=0.5.
2. In the Entity Editor, right-click on the Value field and select Unparameterize
from the context menu.
The hole updates with the Dimension3 parameter and displays the full expression in
the dimension manipulator.
The feature Dimension3 and the parameter Dimension3 are deleted from the model.
6. In the Entity Editor, Double value field, change the value from 0.5 to 1.0.
8. In the Entity Editor, Double value field, change the value from 0.25 to 0.5.
2-D Elements
HM-3100: AutoMeshing
HM-3110: Meshing without Surfaces
HM-3120: 2-D Mesh in Curved Surfaces
HM-3130: QI Mesh Creation
HM-3140: Batch Meshing
HM-3150: Meshing a Model Using Shrink Wrap
3-D Elements
HM-3200: Tetrameshing
HM-3210: Creating a Hex-Penta Mesh using Surfaces
HM-3220: Creating a Hexahedral Mesh using the Solid Map Function
HM-3270: Using the TetraMesh Process Manager
Model Files
This exercise uses the 1d_elements.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
3. In the ax, ay, and az fields, enter 0. These are the values for the bar offset.
5. In the pins a and pins b fields, enter 0. These are the values for the degrees of
freedom.
7. In the x comp, y comp, and z comp fields, enter 1. These values define the local
y-axis.
8. Activate the node A selector, and select the lower node indicated in the following
image.
9. With the node B selector now active, select the upper node indicated in the previous
image. HyperMesh creates the two-noded bar element.
2. Turn off the display of all of the elements in the model except for the elements in
the feature_elements component.
3. Open the Features panel by clicking Mesh > Check > Components > Features
from the menu bar.
6. Click select.
10. Click features. HyperMesh creates the plot elements as green edge lines.
Learn how to mesh all of the surfaces at once, specifying different element sizes
and element types
Practice changing the element density along surface edges
Practice checking element quality and changing the mesh pattern by changing the
mesh algorithm
Learn how to preview the mesh on all the unmeshed surfaces
Practice changing the element type and node spacing (biasing) along surface
edges
Learn how to remesh surfaces
The optimal starting point for creating a shell mesh for a part is to have geometry
surfaces defining the part. The most efficient method for creating a mesh representing
the part includes using the Automesh panel and creating a mesh directly on the part’s
surfaces.
Model Files
This exercise uses the channel.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
4. Observe the model using the different visual options available in HyperMesh
(rotation, zooming, etc.).
Step 2: Mesh all the part’s surfaces at once using an element size
of 5 and the mixed element type (quads and trias).
1. To open the AutoMesh panel, click Mesh > Create > 2D AutoMesh from the
menu bar, or press F12.
9. Click mesh. HyperMesh opens the density subpanel in the meshing module. The
model displays node node seeding and a number on each surface edge.
Note: The number displayed in the graphics area is the number of elements that
were created along the edge.
At this point, you could be done using the Mesh panel to mesh the part. The mesh
quality is very good. However, you will remain in the meshing module to perform the
next steps, which demonstrate how to use various subpanels to interactively control the
creation of the mesh.
Step 4: Mesh the surface having three fixed points interior to its
surface.
In this step, you should be in the AutoMesh panel, size and bias subpanel.
2. Select the surface that has three fixed points interior to its surface indicated in the
following image.
Step 5: Fit only the surface being meshed to the graphics area.
1. To fit the surface to the graphics area, click f or click local view >> fill in the
density subpanel.
2. To change the element density number of the edge indicated in the following image
from 24 to 48:
or
Click and hold the mouse pointer on the edge’s element density number and
drag your mouse up to increase the number or down to decrease the number.
4. Click mesh. HyperMesh updates the preview mesh based on the change.
5. Click set all to. HyperMesh changes all of the edge's densities to 10.
6. Click mesh. HyperMesh updates the preview mesh based on the change.
4. Select the element density number of the edge indicated in the following image to
calculate it based on an element size of 7. HyperMesh calculates the new number to
create elements as close as possible to 7.
5. Click mesh. HyperMesh updates the preview mesh based on the change.
7. Click mesh. HyperMesh updates the preview mesh based on the change.
3. Click mesh. HyperMesh updates the preview mesh based on the change.
4. To accept the mesh and go back to the size and bias subpanel, click return.
1. With the entity selector active and set to surfs, select the rib surface in the middle
of the part as indicated in the following image.
3. Click mesh. HyperMesh opens the meshing module and generates the preview
mesh.
4. To fit the rib's surface to the graphics area, click local view >> rear.
2. To identify all of the elements that have an aspect ratio greater than 5, click aspect.
None of the elements fail the check, and the status bar reads, "Maximum aspect
ratio found is equal to 1.75".
4. To identify all of the elements that have a jacobian less than 0.8, click jacobian.
HyperMesh identifies several elements that fail the check and outlines them in red.
The status bar reads, "Minimum jacobian found is equal to 0.75."
7. Click min angle. The minimum interior angle found among all of the quad elements
is 46.46.
9. Click max angle. The maximum interior angle found among all of the quad
elements is 136.58.
Step 12: Change the rib’s mesh pattern by changing the mesh
method used for its surface.
1. Go to the mesh style subpanel. The edge's element density numbers have
disappeared, and there is now a small icon interior to the rib's surface. This icon
indicates that HyperMesh is currently using the free (unmapped) mesh method to
mesh the surface.
4. Click mesh. HyperMesh updates the preview mesh based on the change.
Step 13: Check the quality of the rib’s preview mesh again.
1. Go the checks subpanel.
Lowest value reported is _____. In this case, the free (unmapped) mesh has a
better jacobian than the map as rectangle mesh.
4. Check for quad elements having a min angle less than 45.
5. Check for quad elements having a max angle greater than 135.
Step 14: Change the rib’s mesh method back to free (unmapped).
1. Go to the mesh style subpanel.
4. Click mesh. HyperMesh updates the preview mesh based on the change.
5. To accept the mesh as final and go back to the Mesh panel, click return.
3. Click failed. The status bar reads "There are no surfaces with meshing errors".
Note: This is correct; all of the surfaces you selected to mesh so far have a mesh
on them.
4. To identify and select all of the displayed, unmeshed surfaces, click unmeshed.
5. Click mesh. HyperMesh opens the meshing module and generates the preview
mesh.
Step 16: Change the element type for some surfaces to trias.
1. Go to the mesh style subpanel.
2. Under elem type, click toggle surf. HyperMesh displays interior to each
surface, which indicates that the mixed element type (quads and trias) is currently
being used to mesh the surface.
3. Under elem type, use the switch to change the mesh type to trias.
5. On the two surfaces indicated in the following image, left-click on , to set their
element type to trias ( ).
Note: This style corresponds to the positive slope of a straight line over the
interval [0,1] of the real line. For a positive bias intensity, smaller elements
are at the start of the edge.
4. To change the biasing intensity number of the edge indicated in the following image
from 0.0 to 3.0:
or
5. Click mesh. HyperMesh updates the preview mesh based on the change.
9. Click mesh. HyperMesh updates the preview mesh based on the change.
10. Set the bias style to bellcurve. This bias style distributes nodes along the edge in
a pattern that is symmetric across the midpoint of the edge.
Note: For a positive biasing intensity, the smaller elements are at the start and
end of the edge.
12. On the same edge, click to change it from the linear bias style to the bellcurve
( ) bias style.
13. Click mesh. HyperMesh updates the preview mesh based on the change.
14. To accept the final mesh and go back to the Mesh panel, click return.
Note: This mode is not interactive, therefore it does not take you to the meshing
module. Rather, it meshes surfaces using only the basic parameters of the
AutoMesh panel. Use Interactive mode to remesh the surfaces if you
require the different options to control the created mesh.
5. Click mesh. HyperMesh deletes the existing mesh on the selected surfaces and
creates a new mesh.
Note: Connectivity was maintained with the surrounding, smaller mesh. This is
because the break connectivity option was not used.
1. From the menu bar, click File > Save > Model.
Surfaceless meshing is defined as the creation of mesh using points, lines, and nodes
rather than surfaces. Some parts may have missing surfaces and some parts may not
have any surfaces at all and are instead defined by line data. Either way, a mesh still
must be created. HyperMesh has a number of panels that you can use to create a mesh
based on geometry rather than surfaces.
Model Files
This exercise uses the bracket.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory. The model consists of only line data;
no surfaces are present.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
4. Observe the model using the different visual options available in HyperMesh
(rotation, zooming, etc.).
1. To open the Scale panel, click Geometry > Scale > Lines from the menu bar, or
select Scale from the Tool page.
6. Press and hold your left mouse button, move it over the circle representing the hole
as indicated in the following image, and then release it when the cursor changes to a
square with a dot in the center . HyperMesh highlights the circle.
8. Left-click twice more at different locations on the circle to create nodes N2 and N3.
15. Select the temporary node you created in the circle’s center.
16. Click scale +. HyperMesh creates a new circle, which is concentric with the original.
Note: This option creates surfaces based on the selected entities, uses the
surfaces to create a mesh, and then deletes the surfaces.
6. Click create. The meshing module opens, and element edge density numbers
appear on the selected lines.
Note: The numbers on a pair of concentric circular lines must be identical in order
to achieve a radial mesh.
8. Click set all to. HyperMesh changes all of the circular line's element edge densities
to 8.
9. Click mesh. HyperMesh updates the preview mesh based on the change.
10. To accept the mesh and go back to the Spline panel, click return.
3. To accept the mesh and go back to the main menu, click return twice.
Step 5: Mesh the back face of the bracket using the line drag
panel.
1. To open the Line Drag panel, click Mesh > Create > 2D Elements > Line Drag
from the menu bar, or click Line Drag from the 2D page.
4. Select the line that is on the perimeter of the existing mesh and adjacent to the
bracket’s back face as indicated in the following image.
6. Select one of the two lines defining the back face that are perpendicular to the
selected line to drag as indicated in the following image.
10. To accept the mesh and return to the main menu, click return twice.
3. Click node list >> by path. The entity selector changes to node path.
4. Select the end nodes located on the back face edge that borders the bottom face, as
indicated in the following image. HyperMesh selects all of the nodes between the two
selected nodes.
5. Click node path >> show node order. HyperMesh highlights and numbers the
nodes to show the order in which they have been selected.
7. Select the line defining the opposite edge of the bottom face as indicated in the
following image.
Note: When elements are generated, the edges used to create them can be
ordered in different directions. The order of the edges is determined by the
order in which the nodes are selected or the direction of the selected
line(s). If the direction is different for each selection, then a mesh that
crosses itself, similar to a bow tie, will be created. To prevent this, the auto
reverse option ensures elements are generated with a similar order on
each side of the mesh.
11. To accept the mesh and return to the main menu, click return twice.
2. With the line list selector active, select any two of the three lines defining the rib.
3. Switch the creation method from mesh, keep surf to mesh, dele surf.
6. To accept the mesh and return to the main menu, click return twice.
Mesh of rib
Model Files
This exercise uses the chordal_dev.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
4. Observe the model using the different visual options available in HyperMesh
(rotation, zooming, etc.).
1. To open the Mesh panel, click Mesh > Create > 2D AutoMesh from the menu bar,
or select automesh from the 2D page.
7. Click select.
Tip: To cycle through the parameter settings, press TAB after typing in a value.
8. Click select.
Step 4: Set the chordal deviation parameters and create the mesh.
In this step, you will use the same chordal deviation settings from the previous step, but
reduce the maximum angle parameter to compare the effects.
3. Click select.
3. Click select.
HyperMesh has a set of features designed to help you achieve good element quality
more efficiently. These features use settings from the qualityindex panel to generate or
modify a mesh. This allows HyperMesh to give results that account for your preferences
for which element quality checks are more or less important than others. The quality
index (Q.I.) optimization features are found in the Automesh, Smooth, and
Qualityindex panels. You can use these functions separately or in unison.
Model Files
This exercise uses the planar.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
4. Observe the model using the different visual options available in HyperMesh
(rotation, zooming, and so on).
1. Open the qualityindex panel by clicking Mesh > Check > Elements > Quality
Index from the menu bar, or selecting qualityindex from the 2D page.
2. On the right-hand side of the panel, note the value for comp. Q.I.=. It should read
85.09.
Tip: Keep this number in mind so that you can judge how much progress you
make in improving the element quality.
3. Click cleanup tools. The QI criteria is replaced by a series of yellow buttons, each
representing a tool for element cleanup.
Use these options on the hole in the mesh to reposition nodes on the hole's
edges, change the radius of the holes, and link holes with their washers so that
the washers rotate or resize along with changes made to the holes.
To alter the radius of the hole, click and drag a node in the
graphics area. The element orientation remains constant, but
the hole may become larger or smaller based on the input.
There are additional controls to enable or disable automatic
remeshing when altering the hole dimensions.
radius: (and edit This field displays the current radius of the hole that the
check box) selected node belongs to. By default it is a display-only field.
angular Use this option to move the nodes around the edges of the
hole without changing the hole diameter or the spacing
between nodes.
radial & angular Use this option to simultaneously change the hole's radius
and the orientation of nodes around its edge. Like the
angular option, the node spacing remains proportionally
consistent, though actual spacing will be scaled in accordance
with changes in the hole radius.
radial and These fields display the current angle and radius of the hole
angular: (and that the selected node belongs to. By default they are both a
edit check display-only field.
boxes)
If you do not want to click and drag a node in the graphics
area, you can select both edit check boxes and specify a
desired angle and radius. Once you click a node in the
desired hole, the angle and radius will simultaneously change
to the specified values.
circumferential This field displays the current arc length of the hole that the
(and edit check selected node belongs to. By default it is a display-only field.
box)
If you do not want to click and drag a node in the graphics
area, you can select the edit check box and specify a desired
arc length. Once you click a node in the desired hole, the arc
length will change to the specified value.
The affected elements will change color as you reposition the node to indicate
their quality grade at the node's current position. Observe how the comp. Q.I.
changes.
along Use this toggle to determine which direction the node will move.
surface / To move the node along the plane or curvature of the surface,
normal to select along surface. To move the node directly away from the
surface surface in a normal direction, select normal to surface.
Movement along surface; note that the node cannot normally exceed the edge of
the mesh.
move To move the midnodes associated with the node you are moving,
midnodes select this check box. This option is useful when you are working
with second order elements.
Use the Swap Edge tool to consider the elements to which the edge belongs, and
find alternative orientations for it.
Each time you click an edge in the graphics area, it switches to the next valid
configuration. If an edge swap will not improve element quality, a message to
that effect displays in the status bar. To force the swap anyways, click the edge
a second time. Additional clicks will cycle through the possible edge positions.
The number of possible edge positions depends on the types of elements
involved.
For a pair of trias, there are two possible positions for their shared edge. For a
pair of quads, there are three possible positions. For a quad and a tria, there
are six possible positions.
Use the Node Optimize tool to automatically move a selected node to optimize
the overall quality of its surrounding elements. The options along surface,
normal to surface, and along and normal to surface work exactly as
described for the place node tool. The only difference is that node optimize
To move the midnodes attached to the node you are optimizing, select the with
attached midnodes check box. This option is useful when you are working
with second order elements.
Try selecting some of the nodes on the mesh. In particular, select nodes of
elements that are highlighted red, since these have the worst quality. You
should see each node move as it is selected, improving the surrounding mesh
quality. Notice what happens to the value of the comp. Q.I., it should improve
as you select more nodes.
Use the Element Optimize tool to automatically optimize the shape of the
selected element and the elements surrounding it. It is similar to Node
Optimize, except that its effects are wider-spread.
To move the midnodes attached to the element you are optimizing, select the
with attached midnodes check box. This option is useful when you are
working with second order elements.
Try selecting some of the elements on the mesh. In particular, select elements
that are highlighted red, since these have the worst quality. You should usually
see the shape of the element change as it is selected, improving the
surrounding mesh quality. Notice what happens to the value of the comp. Q.I. ,
it should improve as you select more elements.
1. To open the Automesh panel, click Mesh > Create > 2D AutoMesh from the
menu bar, or select Automesh from the 2D page.
1. To open the Smooth panel, click Mesh > Cleanup Elements > Smooth from the
menu bar, or select smooth from the 2D page.
5. There are several optional controls that are enabled when you select QI
optimization, that you should understand, but are not needed for this tutorial:
Controls Function
target quality The target value you would like the quality index to be
index= after the smoothing operation. This value is not
guaranteed from smoothing. The smooth operation will
attempt to hit this target.
time limit If you are working with large models, select this check
box to ensure the smoothing routine does not take more
time than you want to allow.
feature angle The Smooth panel evaluates the angle between the
normals of two adjacent elements. If this angle is equal
to or greater than the value specified in this field,
HyperMesh will not allow the nodes shared by the
elements to move.
use current criteria If use current criteria file is selected, HyperMesh will
/ criteria file use the current criteria file for your Q.I. settings.
7. Compare this value to 85.10, which is the quality index value you had after creating
the original mesh. In this case you should see that it is significantly lower, which
indicates that the element quality is much better.
8. The QI optimize subpanel has several controls that you should understand, but are
not needed for this tutorial
Controls Function
use current criteria If use current criteria file is selected, HyperMesh will
in QI panel use the current criteria file for your Q.I. settings.
Smooth across Select this check box if you would like the nodes
common edges generated on a surface edge to be moved off the surface
edge when the algorithm smoothes the mesh.
11. Use the qualityindex panel to check the quality index of this mesh, and compare it
to the previous mesh.
12. Look at the value for the comp. Q.I.= field. It should be 0.12, which is much lower
that the 85.10 value of the mesh you originally generated.
Batch Mesher also performs specified surface editing/defeaturing operations such as:
removal of pinholes (less than specified size), removal of edge fillets, and addition of a
layer of washer elements around holes.
All user-defined criteria determines the quality index (QI) of a model. The QI value is
used to assess the potential of each geometry cleanup and meshing tool, and apply them
accordingly. QI optimized meshing and node placement optimization are performed to
obtain the best quality meshing. Final results are stored in a HyperMesh database file.
Tools
Click on the Start menu > All Programs > Altair HyperWorks >
BatchMesher.
Or
Model Files
This exercise uses the following files found in the hm.zip file. Copy the file(s) from this
directory to your working directory.
part1.hm
part2.hm
bm_housing.hm
bm_housing.criteria
bm_housing.param
bm_housing.tcl
2. In the Input model directory field, click and navigate to your working
directory.
Note: In this exercise, you will use files located in the hm.zip file.
4. Optional: Move all of the .hm output files to the corresponding directory of the input
model by selecting the Relocate .hm files to input model directory checkbox.
5. On the right-hand side of BatchMesher, click . The Select Model Files dialog
appears.
6. From the Type of Geometry list, select the appropriate CAD data type. For this
tutorial, use the geometry already loaded in HyperMesh, therefore select
HyperMesh.
Note: A filter will help select applicable HyperMesh models for batch meshing.
8. Click Select.
3. Double-click the Mesh Type field, and then enter a name for the mesh type.
9. Click the Mesh Type field. The new mesh type you created is now available for
selection.
5. Click the TCL Procedure field, and then select tet_all from the list of procedures.
6. Double-click the Name field, and then enter a name for the procedure. For example,
tetmesh.
8. Click the Post-Mesh field. The new post-batch meshing script you created in now
available for selection.
2. For the Geometry file bm_housing.hm, click the Post-Mesh field and select the
procedure you created in Step 3.
Note: This will run the tetramesher on all available shell elements after batch
meshing.
3. Click Submit to initiate the run, or click Submit At to submit the job at a specified
time. BatchMesher switches to the Run Status tab. As the three jobs run, the
Status changes from Working to Pending to Done.
4. Obtain more details on a single job when its status is Working by selecting the job
and then clicking Show Details. A detailed summary appears with a table
containing information about the model during each step of the batch meshing
process, such as the number of failed elements and the quality index.
6. Obtain an overall run status of all the jobs by clicking Run Details once all of the
jobs have been meshed.
7. While the jobs are running, you can pause or cancel them. If you pause a job, it can
be resumed immediately or you can have it resume at a specific time.
8. Once the BatchMesher session has been setup with file directories and mesh types,
you can save it as a config file and load it at a future time.
9. It is also possible to load an entire set of models that have already been batch
meshed in order to take advantage of the Load Mesh option in the Run Status tab.
10. If you make modifications to your criteria or parameter files, you can submit a run
again. BatchMesher will place the new files in a separate sub-directory.
2. Right-click on the Criteria File or Parameter File field that you wish to edit and
select Edit File from the context menu. The Criteria and Parameters Files Editor
dialog appears.
From the Criteria tab, you can set the target element size, element criteria,
and the method that is used to calculate the values. You can also select the
Advanced Criteria Table check box to enabled additional options that give you
more control over the intermediate QI values, however, it is usually not
necessary to edit these options in order to obtain a good quality mesh. The Use
min length from timestep calculator check box is also available for explicit
solver models. If you select this check box, the overall minimum element size
will be set by this option and the top element checks will be disabled.
From the Parameters tab, you can set all of the meshing controls over various
geometric features. Parameters are grouped into sections; you can click the
You can use the Shrink Wrap tool to generate an enclosed volume or solid mesh. This
tools is typically used to approximate and simplify an existing model.
Model Files
This exercise uses the shrinkwrap.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
In HyperMesh, you can shrink wrap elements, components, surfaces, or solids. The
shrink wrap allows for wrapping of multiple components if they are selected. The
selection provides the option to wrap all nodes, elements, components, surfaces, points,
or solids, or only a certain portion of the model if desired. The input to the shrink wrap
(that is, the model parts that you wish to wrap) can consist of 2D or 3D elements along
with surfaces or solids.
The shrink wrap is able to stitch over very bad geometry to generate an enclosed volume
mesh for tetra-meshing. The shrink wrap tool can work from elements (whether 2D or
3D) or geometry. Thus, in the case of an "unclean" geometry model with many released
(free) edges, you can either generate any arbitrary mesh on the unclean geometry using
the automesh functionality beforehand and then create shrink wrap or you can simply
select the surface or solid without meshing the geometry first; either of these steps will
yield good output mesh. The key in such cases is to ensure that the element size used
for the shrink wrap is large enough to stitch over the unclean surface edge splits so that
an enclosed volume can be created.
The element size affects the ability of the shrink wrap to follow the geometry of the
model. The larger the element size, the more simplified the model will appear. With a
smaller element size, the shrink wrap will more closely follow the model. The jacobian
value for the solid mesh follows the same type of pattern. As the jacobian value gets
smaller, the shrink wrap more closely follows the profile of the model. The smaller the
jacobian value, the longer it takes to generate the mesh.
Shrink wrap mesh can be generated as a surface mesh, or as a full-volume hex mesh, by
use of the Shrink Wrap panel. The distinction between surface or volume mesh is a
check box labeled generate solid mesh.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
3. Open the Shrink Wrap panel by clicking Mesh > Create > Shrink Wrap Mesh
from the menu bar.
6. From the graphics area, select the component. HyperMesh highlights the entire
component.
9. In the Model browser, Component folder, right-click on surfaces and select Hide
from the context menu.
2. Right-click on the block component and select Show from the context menu.
3. From the graphics area, review the model to see the features.
4. Right-click on the block component and select Hide from the context menu.
3. Click select.
2. Right-click on the tight_shell component and select Make Current from the
context menu.
5. Click select.
Note: The tight mesh conforms much more closely to the model's geometry than
the loose mesh did, even at the same element size.
2. Right-click on the tight_solid component and select Make Current from the
context menu.
5. Click select.
Note: The resulting mesh is very blocky, due to the high jacobian value.
Note: This mesh is smoother than it was when the minimum jacobian was set at
1.0.
13. Select a group of elements by pressing SHIFT while left-clicking to draw a box.
15. Rotate the model to verify that the mesh generation was a solid mesh, with 3D
elements throughout the model.
7. Click select.
Note: This mesh is smoother than it was when the minimum jacobian had higher
values.
HyperMesh provides two methods for generating a tetrahedral element mesh. The
volume tetra mesher works directly with surface or solid geometry to automatically
generate a tetrahedral mesh without further interaction with you. Even with complex
geometry, this method can often generate a high quality tetra mesh quickly and easily.
The standard tetra mesher requires a surface mesh of tria or quad elements as input,
and then provides you with a number of options to control the resulting tetrahedral
mesh. This offers a great deal of control over the tetrahedral mesh, and provides the
means to generate a tetrahedral mesh for even the most complex models.
You can use the Tetramesh panel to fill an enclosed volume with first or second order
tetrahedral elements. A region is considered enclosed if it is entirely bounded by a shell
mesh (tria or quad elements), where each element has material on one side and open
space on the other.
Model Files
This exercise uses the housing.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
4. Observe the model using the different visual options available in HyperMesh
(rotation, zooming, and so on). Only the geometry in the component cover is
currently displayed. The file contains two parts defined by a volume of surfaces. The
geometry has been cleaned such that surface connectivity is proper and surface
edges that would cause sliver elements are suppressed.
5. Verify that the 2D type is set to trias and the 3D type is set to tetras.
These options control the type of elements that HyperMesh creates for the surface
mesh and solid mesh of the part.
This option allows HyperMesh to place the newly created elements in the current
component collector.
7. Verify that the Use curvature and Use proximity checkboxes are clear.
10. If the model's mesh lines and elements are not shaded, click on the Visualization
toolbar.
11. Inspect the mesh pattern that the volume tetra mesher created.
Tetra mesh created in the volume tetra subpanel using equilateral triangles (2D: trias)
Step 3: Use the volume tetra mesher and right triangles to create
a tetra mesh for the cover.
In this step, you should still be in the Volume tetra subpanel.
4. Inspect the mesh pattern that the volume tetra mesher created and compare it to
the first mesh that you created.
Note: The 2D type: R-trias setting tends to create tetra elements with triangular
faces that are right triangles (90-45-45 angles), while the 2D type: trias
setting tends to create equilateral triangles (60-60-60 angles).
Tetra mesh from the volume tetra subpanel and right triangles (2D type: R-trias)
Step 4: Use the volume tetra mesher to create a tetra mesh with
more elements along curved surfaces.
In this step, you should still be in the Volume tetra subpanel.
The option causes more elements to be created along areas of high surface
curvature. Thus, curved areas such as fillets will have more and smaller elements,
which capture those features with higher resolution.
6. Inspect the mesh pattern that the volume tetra mesher created and compare it to
the previous meshes you created. You can see that more small elements are created
around the fillets.
Step 5: Use the volume tetra mesher to create a tetra mesh with
more elements around small features.
In this step, you should still be in the Volume tetra subpanel.
This option causes the mesh to be refined in areas where surfaces are smaller,
which results in a nice transition from small elements on small surfaces to larger
elements on larger, adjacent surfaces.
4. Inspect the mesh pattern that the volume tetra mesher created and compare it to
the previous meshes you created. You can see that more elements are created
around the surfaces with small angles.
Tetra mesh from the volume tetra subpanel with the Use curvature and Use proximity check boxes
selected.
2. Turn off the display of every component's elements except for hub and tetras.
Note: There are tria shell elements in the hub component, and no elements in the
tetras component.
1. Open the Edges panel by clicking Mesh > Check > Components > Edges from
the menu bar.
3. Select a tria element on the hub component. HyperMesh highlights the entire
component.
4. Click find edges. The status bar displays a message that reads, "No edges were
found. Selected elements may enclose a volume."
6. Open the Check Elements panel by clicking Mesh > Check > Elements > Check
Elements from the menu bar.
Aspect ratio is the ratio of the longest edge of an element to its shortest edge. This
check helps you to identify sliver elements. All of the hub’s shell elements pass the
check; all of the elements have an aspect ratio less than 5.
9. Identify the tria elements that have an angle less than 20.
This check helps identify sliver elements. All of the hub’s shell elements pass the
check; all the elements have angles greater than 20. The surface mesh is suitable
for creating a tetra mesh.
Step 8: Create a tetra mesh for the hub using the standard tetra
mesher.
1. In the Model browser, Component folder, right-click on tetras and select Make
Current from the context menu.
4. Verify that the Float trias/quads to tetra mesh entity selector is set to comps.
Note: By using this entity selector, HyperMesh will swap the diagonal for any pair
of surface trias, which will result in a better tetra mesh quality. If you would
rather keep the diagonal, see step 8.6.
5. Select a shell element on the hub component. HyperMesh highlights the entire
component.
4. Identify the smallest element length among the displayed elements. If the
minimum length is acceptable for a target element size of 5.0, then no further action
is necessary.
5. Identify the smallest angle (tria faces: min angle) among the displayed elements.
If the minimum tria face angle is no less than 10°, then the mesh quality should be
acceptable.
6. Identify elements that have a tet collapse smaller than 0.3. The status bar
indicates that three elements have a tetra collapse smaller than 0.3.
Note: The tet collapse criteria is a normalized volume check for tetrahedral
elements. A value of 1 indicates a perfectly formed element with maximum
possible volume. A value of 0 indicates a completely collapsed element with
no volume.
1. With 0.3 still specified in the tet collapse< field, click tet collapse.
2. Click save failed. HyperMesh saves the elements that failed the tetra collapse check
in the user mark.
Note: You can retrieve the saved elements that failed the check from any panel by
selecting retrieve in the extended selection menu.
6. Click elems >> retrieve. HyperMesh retrieves the elements that were saved in the
Check Elements panel.
8. Click mask. HyperMesh masks the elements and displays the three tetra element
that failed the tetra collapse check.
10. On the Display toolbar, click . HyperMesh identifies and displays the layer of
elements that are attached to the three displayed element.
11. Click two more times. HyperMesh identifies and displays the layers of elements
that are attached to the displayed elements.
Note: You can duplicate the functionality of unmask adjacent using the Find
panel, find attached subpanel in the Tool page.
12. In the Model browser, turn off the display of the hub elements that were
unmasked.
7. Find out if the tetra collapse has improved for the displayed elements by clicking tet
collapse. The status bar indicates that the minimum tetra collapse is larger than the
value reported before the tetra elements were remeshed.
1. From the menu bar, click File > Save > Model.
Summary
You have created a tetra mesh for both parts in the model using different tetra meshing
procedures. Either method can be used to mesh parts, depending on the needs of the
analysis. The tetra remesh function was used in this tutorial to show how to quickly fix
the quality of tetra elements.
Model Files
This exercise uses the arm_bracket.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
2. Right-click on base again and select Isolate from the from the context menu.
HyperMesh hides all of the components except for base.
3. Open the AutoMesh panel by clicking Mesh > Create > 2D AutoMesh from the
menu bar.
5. Shade the model's geometry and surface edges by clicking on the Visualization
toolbar.
7. Select the surfaces on the top of the base, including the L-shaped surface at the
intersection of the base and the arm.
3. Click elems to offset: elems >> displayed. HyperMesh selects the elements on
the base.
5. Click select entities. HyperMesh selects all of the elements with a configuration of
hex8 in the model.
4. While pressing the left mouse button, move it over the curved line as indicated in
the following image, and then release it when the cursor changes to . HyperMesh
highlights the line.
5. Click three locations along the selected line. The active selector advances from N1
to N2 to N3, and HyperMesh create the temporary nodes on the selected curved
line of the arm.
Note: You will use this node in the next step when you mesh the arm.
2. Open the Spin panel by clicking Mesh > Create > 3D Elements > Spin from the
menu bar.
5. Select the plate elements within the L-shaped cross section of the arm as indicated
in the following image.
9. Select the center node you created in step 5 for the base node (B).
Note: This option determines how many layers of hex elements HyperMesh
creates when the plate elements are spun.
4. Click select.
5. Click find faces. HyperMesh creates 2D shell elements on the free faces of every 3D
solid element in the component, and places them in a new component named
^faces.
Note: The ^faces component is created with its visualization set to wireframe,
therefore you will not be able to see the new elements right away if the
arm_curve component is displayed and in shaded mode.
6. Shade the model's elements and mesh lines by clicking on the Visualization
toolbar. The graphics area now displays the elements in the ^faces component.
Step 8: Prepare the display for meshing the second arm segment.
1. From the Model browser, turn on the display of the arm_straight and ^faces
components.
3. Select the three surfaces lying on the intersection between the arm_straight and
boss components as indicated in the following image.
7. Adjust the density of each edge to obtain a mesh that matches the following image.
Note: This mesh pattern matches the mesh pattern at the intersection of the two
arm segments. This is necessary for the next step.
9. Create the elements and go back to the main menu by clicking return twice.
Step 10: Use linear solid to build the mesh between the two sets
of shell elements.
1. Open the Linear Solid panel by clicking Mesh > Create > 3D Elements > Linear
3D from the menu bar.
3. Select the ^faces elements lying on the intersection between the first and second
arm segments as indicated in the following image.
Tip: Quickly select all of the necessary elements by selecting one of the
elements and then clicking from: elems >> by face.
5. Select the shell elements, between the arm and boss, that you created using the
Automesh panel in step 9.
7. Select three nodes on one of the "from elements" that you selected in step 10.3 as
indicated in the following image.
9. Select three nodes on the "to element" that corresponds to the "from element" with
the three "from nodes" as indicated in the following image.
3. Select the five surfaces on the bottom face of the boss as indicated in the following
image.
5. Adjust the density of each edge to obtain a mesh that matches the following image.
3. Select the node on the rightmost top vertex as indicated in the following image.
6. Select the line on the boss’ top face as indicated in the following image.
Step 14: Generate hexas for the boss using the Solid Map panel.
1. Open the Solid Map panel by clicking Mesh > Create > Solid Map Mesh from the
menu bar.
5. Select the top surface of the boss as indicated in the following image.
10. Select the 13 nodes as indicated in the following image, to define the exact location
of the solid element layers.
Note: A total of 13 nodes should be selected, starting at the boss mesh, and then
using all of the nodes along the edge of the arm_straight component,
ending with the node projected to the top of the boss.
13. Click mesh. HyperMesh creates the elements and completes the mesh on this part.
3. Select every component from the list, or select comps >> all.
4. Click select.
6. From the Model browser, turn off the geometry display of all components.
11. Click show plot. HyperMesh displays the faces with a plane cutting the model in
half.
Note: You should see that there are face elements interior to the model, between
the boss and arm. You need to perform some corrections on the
connectivity.
7. Specify a slightly larger value in the tolerance = field, and then click preview
equiv. Hypermesh identifies more more coincident nodes on the intersection.
8. Repeat step 16.7 until all 60 coincident nodes have been found.
9. Click equivalence. HyperMesh replaces the nodes to the location of the lowest node
ID.
1. From the menu bar, click File > Save > Model.
Solids are geometric entities that define a three-dimensional volume. The use of solid
geometry is helpful when dividing a part into multiple volumes. For example, divide a
part into simple, mappable regions to hex mesh the part. Use the Solid Map panel to
create a mesh of solid elements in a solid geometric volume.
Model Files
This exercise uses the solid_map.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
2. Open the Solid Map Mesh panel by clicking Mesh > Create > Solid Map Mesh
from the menu bar.
7. Click mesh.
8. Shade the model's elements and mesh lines by clicking on the Visualization
toolbar.
10. Click set all to. HyperMesh sets all the edge densities to 4.
Step 4: Mesh the solid volume on which the surface mesh was
created in Step 3.
1. Open the Solid Map Mesh panel.
6. Click mesh.
7. Rotate the part and note how the mesh pattern created with the Automesh panel
has been used for the solid elements.
Note: Make sure to select a solid adjacent to one that has already been meshed
so that connectivity is maintained.
5. Click mesh.
1. From the menu bar, click File > Save > Model.
The capability to automate the solid map meshing process is now available. Using the
“Mappable” visualization mode in conjunction with the multi-solids feature will inform
you that the solid(s) are ready for solid meshing. Using the multi-solids feature will allow
for all solids within the model to be meshed in one step, provided that they are
mappable.
In this section of the tutorial, you will delete all of the elements from the previous
section. You will then use the Mappable visualization mode with multi-solids to solid
mesh the part.
Note: The goal is to ensure that each solid is either 1-directional or 3-directional
mappable.
5. Optional: Under By mappable display mode (solids), click the color swatches to
adjust the display color of the following:
3dir. map: Visualization for solids that can be mapped, for 3D meshing, in
three directions.
not mappable: Visualization for solids that have been edited, but still require
further partitioning to create mappable solids.
Once in the mappable visualization mode, it is clear that there is one 3-directional
mappable solid and the rest are 1-directional mappable.
3. Click solids >> all. HyperMesh selects all of the solids in the model.
7. Accept the shell elements and create solid elements by clicking mesh.
8. Inspect the model and note that the mesh within all of the solids is correctly
equivalenced.
9. Accept the solid element mesh and return to the Solid Map Mesh panel by clicking
return.
1. From the menu bar, click File > Save > Model.
The Process Manager contains a step-by-step checklist of procedures that allow you to
quickly organize and tetramesh a geometric model. Each step is formatted in a
hierarchical list that provides the order in which the process must be performed.
Specialized tools are also provided at each step to simplify the process. You can perform
these steps manually, but it is generally faster to perform them in the Tetramesh
Process Manager.
Model Files
This exercise uses the tetmesh_pm.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
2. In the Create New Session dialog, enter a name for the session in the New
Session Name field.
Note: Creating a session name and saving the session allows you to stop the
process before completion and then load it again at a later time, picking up
the process at the point it was left off.
3. In the Working Folder field, navigate to the location of your working directory.
Note: A green checkmark appears next to the Geometry Import step in the
Process Manager tab, which indicates that the step is complete.
3. Click Isolate. HyperMesh isolates the surfaces with free edges on them.
Tip: If this did not correct all of the free edges, increase the Tolerance value
until all of the free edges are equivalenced.
7. Click Isolate. A dialog appears with a message that reads, "No edges found..."
Note: This confirms that all of the edges have been fixed.
9. Click ACCEPT.
1. In the Hole Parameters Table, D< column, enter 5 in the first row and 10 in the
second row.
Note: This will organize the holes into two collectors that will include holes ranging
from 0 - 5 units and 5 - 10 units collectively.
2. Click Auto Organize. HyperMesh organizes all of the holes in the model less than
10 units into two component collectors, each with a different color.
Note: Two new component collectors, with the name solidholes followed by the
numerical average of the diameter range of the holes, are created.
Note: The Num Circumference Elems field governs the number of elements
that will be meshed around the hole.
Note: The Longitudinal Elem Size field dictates the unit size of the elements
through the length of the hole.
7. Click ACCEPT.
2. Click Mesh All. HyperMesh creates a perfectly straight tria mesh down the length of
the holes with no twisting.
3. Click ACCEPT.
3. Click OK.
4. Select all five of the flat faces around the circumference of the part as indicated in
the following image.
6. Click move.
7. Click return.
8. Click .
11. Rotate the model so you are looking at it from underneath into the center.
12. Select the five surfaces that are shaded gray, as indicated the following image.
Note: You only need to select one of the two surfaces that make up a cylinder;
when you click proceed HyperMesh automatically selects the other
surfaces.
Note: Your model should look similar to the following image, with the faces in one
collector and the top hole in another. Your colors may vary slightly.
1. Click Components.
2. Select the part in an area that has not been organized into a new component so that
the large purple part is selected.
3. Click proceed.
6. Click Cleanup.
Note: Many of the fillets now have an edge running down the center and the
original edges are suppressed.
7. Click ACCEPT.
1. In the Feature Parameters Table, set the Mesh Type for Faces to trias.
Note: Notice the distinctive Union Jack mesh pattern ( ) in the top hole area
and the connectivity of the mesh to the previously meshed holes.
1. Click ACCEPT.
3. Click Mesh.
4. Click ACCEPT.
2. Click comps.
4. Click select.
5. Click proceed.
6. Leave all of the values at their default (Min Size = 0.25, Max FeatureAngle =
60.0, and Normals Angle = 150.0).
7. Click AutoCleanup. A dialog appears with a message that reads, "Cleanup process
performed on 32 failed elements. No failed elements remain."
Note: This confirms that all failed edges have been fixed and there are no further
errors in the model.
8. Optional: Use the Manual tab to manually check the model for free edges and t-
junctions, and fix any that are found. There is also an option to display normals. Use
these options to find and fix any errors.
9. Click ACCEPT.
Note: The Tetramesh Process Manager automatically places any elements that fail
the AutoCleanup procedure in the user mark. This allows for easy retrieval
1. Under Float trias/quads to tetra mesh, click elems. HyperMesh selects the
surface elements under the general mesh selection option.
Note: This option defines the selected elements as “floatable”, meaning that the
diagonals of the underlying tetra elements can be flipped from the
generated shell elements if HyperMesh determines a better element quality
will result.
2. Under Fixed trias/quads to tetra mesh, click elems. HyperMesh selects the
elements that represent the interior of holes and bores.
Note: The option defines the selected elements as “fixed”, meaning HyperMesh
will always adhere to the shell mesh pattern when generating the tetra
elements.
3. Click mesh.
5. Right-click on tetmesh, and select Isolate Only from the context menu.
Hypermesh displays the tetra mesh.
7. Press Shift + left-click, and then drag a box to include roughly half of the model.
8. Click mask.
Note: Your tetra mesh should look similar to the following image.
1. From the menu bar, click File > Save > Model.
Model Files
This exercise uses the cover.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
2. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
From the menu bar, click Mesh > Check > Components > Edges.
From the main menu, go to the Tool page and click edges.
3. In the graphics area, select any element. HyperMesh selects the component
containing the element you selected.
4. Click find edges. HyperMesh creates a red 1D element along each shell element
edge that is free (one or more of the nodes on the element's edges are not shared
by the adjacent elements), and organizes them into a new component named
^edges.
Note: If the first character of a component's name is ^, the component and its
contents will not be written to the input file when the model is exported.
5. Observe the red, 1D elements (free edges), and try to identify gaps in the continuity
of the mesh.
6. In the Model browser, Component folder, click next to shells to turn off its
element display.
7. Continue to identify which red, free edges do not belong in the model.
2. In the graphics area, select any element. HyperMesh selects the component
containing the element you selected.
3. Click preview equiv. HyperMesh creates a sphere ( ) on the nodes that have a
distance between each other that is equal to or less than the specified tolerance.
Note: The Status bar reads, "81 nodes were found." A sphere was not created on
every node along all of the red, free edges. To identify the rest of the
nodes, you must specify a larger tolerance.
4. In the tolerance = field, increase the value until you have identified all 96 nodes.
Note: Do not increase the tolerance too much. Although you will identify the 96
nodes, an excessively large tolerance value may collapse elements when
the identified nodes are equivalenced.
Tip: Find the maximum tolerance value that you can safely use without
collapsing the elements by pressing F10 to go to the Check Elems panel,
2d subpanel, and clicking length. The Status bar reads "… The min length
is 1.49." This message indicates that you can safely use a tolerance value <
1.49, without causing any elements to collapse when identified nodes are
equivalenced. Return to the Edges panel by clicking return.
6. Rotate and observe the model to see that the mesh still looks as it should, and that
none of the elements are collapsed.
7. Click delete edges. HyperMesh deletes the red, free edges and their component,
^edges.
Step 4: Review the model’s free edges again to confirm that all of
the shell element connectivity problems have been corrected.
In this step, you should still be in the Edges panel.
1. Click find edges. HyperMesh creates a red, 1D element along each shell element
edge that is free.
2. Observe the red, 1D elements (free edges). Are there any red, free edges that
should not belong if the mesh was continuous, or if all of the elements were
connected?
Note: Red, free edges should only exist on the perimeter of the part and on the
periphery of the internal holes.
3. In the Model browser, turn off the element display of the shells component.
4. Verify that all of the free, red edges belong in the model.
7. Click return.
From the menu bar, click Mesh > Check > Elements > Normals.
From the main menu, go to the Tool page, then click normals.
5. In the graphics area, select any element. HyperMesh selects the component
containing the element you selected.
6. Click display. HyperMesh draws vectors from the element centroids, which indicate
the direction of the element normals.
Note: The arrows do not all point from the same side of the part. For some
analyses, the element normals should point from the same side.
7. In the size = field, enter the size which the normal should be in model units.
Note: When size = is set to 0, the vector will be 10% of the screen.
8. Click display.
Note: The red side of the elements is the positive normal direction, while the blue
side is the negative normal direction.
12. In the graphics area, select an element as indicated in the following image.
13. Click adjust. All of the elements on both sides of the part are the same color, red or
blue.
Note: The Status bar reads: "[X] elements have been adjusted."
Step 6: Review the quality of the elements using the check elems
panel.
1. To open the Check Elems panel, do one of the following:
From the menu bar, click Mesh > Check > Elements > Check Elements.
From the main menu, go to the Tool page, then click check elems.
Press F10.
4. Click jacobian. HyperMesh highlights the elements that have a jacobian of less than
0.7, and the Status bar displays a message indicating how many elements failed
this check.
Note: There are several elements on the triangular rib and around the smaller of
the two holes that have a jacobian of less than 0.7.
7. On the right side of the panel, switch from standard to assign plot.
8. Click jacobian. A legend for jacobian values appears and each element is colored
accordingly.
Note: The red elements have a jacobian less than the threshold, 0.7.
9. Under quads, verify that the min angle < is set to 45.
10. Click min angle to determine if any quad elements have an angle of less than 45.
11. Under quads, verify that the max angle > field is set to 135.
Note: Several elements on the rib have an angle greater than 135.
From the menu bar, click Mesh > Create > 2D AutoMesh.
Press F12.
6. In the graphics area, select one rib element as indicated in the following image.
11. Left-click on the rib’s shortest edge density number to increase it to 5 as indicated
in the following image.
12. Keep all of the other element edge densities the same.
14. Under mesh method, set the last option to free (unmapped).
18. Check the jacobian, quads: min angle, and quads: max angle.
Note: None of the elements failed the minimum and maximum angle checks, and
only a couple of the elements have a jacobian of less than 0.7. The smallest
jacobian is 0.68, which can still be considered good quality.
19. Accept the mesh and return to the main menu by clicking return.
8. Click smooth.
9. Click return.
5. Click the four screen points as indicated in the following image. HyperMesh draws
temporary line segments to connect the points.
Tip: Right-click to undo the last line segment drawn, or click delete line to start
over and reselect points.
Note: The resulting mesh should look like the mesh in the following image, with
two pairs of adjacent tria elements.
9. Select the two adjacent tria elements as indicated in the following image.
11. Repeat 11.9 and 11.10 to combine the other two tria elements into one quad
element.
5. Select a node on the washer as indicated in the following image. The radius field
displays a value of 5.98.
9. Select the remesh number of layers checkbox, and then enter 3 in the editable
field.
10. Select a node on the washer as indicated in the previous image. HyperMesh changes
the washer's radius to 7.
Note: Because you selected the link washers checkbox, the hole's radius will
change accordingly (approx. 4.68). Due to the change in the hole's and
washer's dimensions, elements around the washer will be distorted and will
fail in quality. You can correct all of the failed elements in the model using
the node optimize and element optimize cleanup tools.
12. Select a few nodes on the elements that you modified in step 9. When you select a
node, HyperMesh repositions it so that the elements attached to the node will have
the best possible quality based on the criteria specified in the Quality Index panel.
Note: If you select a red element, it may turn yellow or it may no longer have a
color assigned. If you select a yellow element, it may no longer have a color
assigned.
Note: Use the drag tria element tool to drag a tria element toward a different
location in the model, or out of the model completely.
16. Left-click on a tria element and drag it toward the bottom edge of the model until it
is out of the model completely. HyperMesh highlights the selected tria element in
pink.
Step 11: Add a ring of radial elements around the smaller of the
two holes.
1. Open the Utility tab by clicking View > Browsers > HyperMesh > Utility from
the menu bar.
2. Click Geom/Mesh.
5. Select one of the nodes on the edge of the smaller hole as indicated in the following
image.
2. Go to the 2D page.
6. Verify that the destination selector is set to comps, and then select the shells
component.
Note: This option takes existing elements/components that can be imprinted into
destination elements/components, and changes their direction and
destination.
9. Click create.
Violet source elements are imprinted in destination (yellow), element organized into yellow component.
15. Repeat steps 12.5 and 12.6 to select the IMPRINT1 component as the source and
the shells component as the destination.
Yellow destination elements are imprinted to Violet elements, and elements are organized into the yellow
component.
2. Right-click on the EXTEND component and select Show from the context menu.
6. On the EXTEND component, select the source nodes indicated in the following
image.
7. Verify that the destination selector is set to comps, and then select the shells
component.
10. Select N1 and N2, as indicated in the following image, to define the direction.
12. Click create. HyperMesh connects the two parts with one element along the
projection, because the remesh extension checkbox was clear.
14. Repeat step 13.5 and 13.11, but select the remesh extension checkbox.
15. Click create. HyperMesh connects the two parts with remeshed elements along the
projection, because the remesh extension option was selected.
1. From the menu bar, click File > Save > Model.
Tools
From the menu bar, click Mesh > Check > Components > Penetration.
From the Tool page, select penetration.
Use the Penetration panel to check the integrity of your model, visualize problem
areas, and fix problem areas. You can check elements, components and groups.
Typically you would use the group check to check contact definitions (for example,
Abaqus/LS-DYNA).
You can also use this panel to check components for element penetration and
intersection. Penetration and intersection can be used individually or collectively.
Penetration is defined as the overlap of the material thickness of shell elements, while
intersection is defined as elements passing completely through one another.
When the penetration check is invoked, a new penetration tab opens in the browser
area.
Access additional options and tools within the penetration and intersection check by
right-clicking in the Penetration tab. A context menu will appear and provide additional
options to fix either penetrations or intersections, depending on whether the penetration
parent/child folder or intersection folder has been highlighted.
The fixing of penetrations and intersections falls into two categories: automatic and
manual. These capabilities will be discussed in more detail in the tutorial.
Model Files
This exercise uses the penetration_check.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip
file. Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
3. Click OK.
4. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
5. In the Open Model dialog, open the penetration_check.hm file. A model appears
in the graphics area.
6. On the Visualization toolbar, click to shade the model's elements and mesh
lines.
2. Click comps.
4. Click select.
5. Click check. Once the check is complete, the Penetration tab populates with two
intersections and 11 penetrations.
Note: Based on which mode is chosen, certain components are displayed on the
screen.
Mod Description
e
3. Under Intersections, in the Rocker Fwd Top Panel RH folder, select the Rocker
Inner Panel RH component. HyperMesh automatically fits the screen to the failed
intersecting elements.
1. Under Intersections, in the Rocker Inner Panel RH folder, select the Rocker
Fwd Top Panel RH component.
6. Click twice. HyperMesh moves the selected elements in the chosen direction.
Note: After the elements have been moved by a value of 4, they no longer
intersect.
8. In the dialog that appears, which reads "Current intersection/penetration results will
be lost by rechecking the model. Would you like to continue?", click Yes.
3. Click comps.
5. Click select.
6. Click check. Once the check is complete, the Penetration tab populates with two
intersections and 11 penetrations.
8. In the dialog that appears asking if you would like to continue, click Yes.
Note: Automatic Recursive Intersection Fix automatically runs through all of the
passes, whereas the Automatic Intersection Fix runs through one pass at a
time. Most fixes require multiple passes.
2. Select the component, C-Pillar Bot Inner Panel RH. The penetration results will
look as follows:
contour
Remember that the columns can be sorted. For example, if you were only interested
in the worst offending penetrations then sorting by the depth column will reorganize
the tree structure, while still retaining the parent/child relationship.
In this particular example, for component C-Pillar Bot Inner Panel RH, there are
18 elements that have failed (parent and child), the maximum penetration depth is
0.159, and there is only one component penetrating.
In some circumstances, there may be the need to lock or freeze a component that
cannot be adjusted or moved by the fixing tool. To achieve this, right-click on the
component and select Lock Component from the context menu. Once a component is
locked, a symbol will appear by the folder indicating that the component is locked.
To fix the penetrations in the model you will use the Iterative Fix:
Note: After the process has finished, a majority of the penetrations have been
fixed. Three penetrations remain which require manual editing to fix.
Weld the two front trusses to each other by creating connectors at pre-defined
weld points
Weld the two front trusses to the reinforcement plate by creating connectors
between shell elements
Weld the right rails to each other and to the front trusses by creating connectors
from a master connectors file
Update weld type of NASTRAN/OPTISTRUCT ACM (area contact method) welds,
which already connect the rear trusses to each other, by first creating connectors
from these welds and then realizing the connectors into two-noded weld
elements.
Model Files
This exercise uses the frame_assembly.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file.
Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
Weld the two front trusses by creating connectors between geometry surfaces at pre-
defined weld points.
3. Click OK.
4. Open a model file by clicking File > Open > Model from the menu bar, or click
on the Standard toolbar.
5. In the Open Model dialog, open the frame_assembly.hm file. A model appears in
the graphics area.
6. On the Visualization toolbar, click to shade your model's geometry and surface
edges.
Note: This options turns on/off both elements and geometry when you perform
right-click operations in the Model browser.
4. Right-click on assem_1 and select Isolate from the context menu. HyperMesh only
displays the components that are in the assem_1 assembly.
2. Review the layout of the Connector browser. Currently there are no components or
connectors listed because there are no connectors in the model.
Note: Use the Connector browser to view and manage connectors. The top
portion of the browser is referred to as the Link Entity browser, and it
displays information about linked entities. The middle portion is referred to
as the Connector Entity browser, and it contains a list of the connectors in
your model. The bottom portion of the browser is referred to as the
Connector Entity Editor, and it displays attributes assigned to the
connector(s) selected in the Connector Entity browser. HyperMesh groups
the connectors based on their connection type.
Use the Spot, Bolt, Seam, and Area panels to create connectors automatically within
the Connector browser, and use the create and realize subpanels to create connectors
manually.
1. Open the Spot panel by right-clicking in the Connector Entity browser and
selecting Create > Spot from the context menu.
5. Select the six pre-defined weld points by clicking points >> by collector.
7. Click select.
9. Click comps.
Note: The connector will connect any selected entities within this distance of itself.
14. Under connect what, switch the toggle from elems to geom.
Note: Green connectors indicate that the creation of the weld entity was
successful. There are four states of connectors: realized (green ),
unrealized (yellow ), failed (red ), and modified ( ). If connectors were
created manually, the color of the connectors changes from yellow to green,
which indicates that they are realized into weld elements. As mentioned
above, if you create connectors automatically they will be green
immediately as there is no interim unrealized (yellow) state.
HyperMesh also adds fixed points to the surfaces at the ends of the weld elements
to guarantee connectivity between the weld elements and the shell mesh that will be
created on the surfaces.
Note: The RBAR folder contains the six connectors that you just created.
HyperMesh grouped all of them under RBAR because that is the type of
connector created. Notice the IDs of the connectors in the Entities column,
the Links of the connectors, and the State of the connectors. You may
need to increase the size of the tab area to see the State column.
2. In the Link Entity browser, right-click on Front_Truss_1 and select Find from the
context menu. HyperMesh isolates the component in the graphics area and
highlights the six connectors in the Connector Entity browser to indicate that these
connectors have Front_Truss_1 as a link.
Note: Front_Truss_1 and Front_Truss_2 are now both highlighted in the Link
Entity browser, which indicates that they are displayed in the graphics
area.
8. Set the elems to surf comp/elems to current comp toggle to elems to surf
comp.
10. Zoom into the area with a connector and note how the fixed point created from the
weld has ensured that the mesh seeding passes through the weld.
1. In the Model browser, set the entity selection to (Elements and Geometry).
7. Click select.
9. Click comps.
12. Under connect what, switch the toggle from geom to elems.
15. Click create. HyperMesh creates eight spot connectors with comp links (Status bar
reads "8 spot connectors created with comps links.") at the selected weld points,
and organizes them into the current component collector, Con_Truss_Plate.
Note: In the Connector Entity browser, these eight connectors are currently
grouped as undefined.
Note: The connectors in this folder are colored yellow, which indicates that they
are unrealized.
Hint: These connectors are displayed along the top of the Reinf_Plate component.
Note: When this option is active, the nodes will be equivalenced if the realized
finite element of the connector is coincident to a node of the shell mesh
it is being connected to. If there are no suitable nodes present, the
closest node of the element the projection is landing is connected.
3. In the Connector Entity browser, right-click on the selected connectors and select
Rerealize from the context menu. The selected connectors realize into the weld
elements.
Note: The mesh has not been remeshed to connect the two components.
4. In the Connector Entity browser, select the four remaining unrealized connectors
(9, 10, 13, 14).
Hint: These connectors are displayed along the bottom of the Reinf_Plate
component.
Step 10: Display only the assembly assem_3 for elements and
geometry.
1. In the Model browser, set the entity selection to (Elements and Geometry).
2. On the Visualization toolbar, click to shade your model's elements and mesh
lines.
Weld the two right rails to each other and to the two front trusses by creating connectors from a master
connectors file.
4. Click Import. HyperMesh imports connectors and organizes them into a new
component, CE_Locations.
Note: It will take a few seconds for HyperMesh to import the connectors.
2. In the Connector Entity browser, click the undefined folder. The Entity Editor
opens and displays the undefined connector’s corresponding data.
Right rails welded to each other and to the front trusses with weld elements at the connectors
Step 13: Display only the assembly assem_4 for elements and
geometry.
1. In the Model browser, set the entity selection to (Elements and Geometry).
Weld to the two front trusses by duplicating and reflecting selected connectors created from the master
connectors file
2. Open the Reflect panel by clicking Connectors > Reflect > Connectors from the
menu bar.
5. Select CE_Locations.
6. Click select.
7. Click connectors >> duplicate >> current comp. HyperMesh duplicates the
displays the connectors, and organizes them into the current component,
CE_Locations_Dup.
10. Click x=. HyperMesh activates the x=, y=, and z= fields.
Note: Their values are all 0.000 by default, which is the base point you want to
reflect about.
Note: The connectors are yellow, which indicates that they are unrealized.
2. Sort the connectors by their state by clicking State. HyperMesh organizes all of the
realized connectors at the top of the list.
Tip: You may need to increase the size of the tab area to see the State column.
3. Click State again. HyperMesh organizes all of the unrealized connectors at the top of
the list.
4. In the Link1 and Link2 columns, review the the unrealized connectors.
Note: Some of the connectors are linked to the components, Right_Rail_1 and
Right_Rail_2. This data is from the rails_frt_truss.mwf file that you
imported. These links need to be updated to reflect the components,
Left_Rail_1 and Left_Rail_2.
6. In the Entities column, right-click on the selected connectors and select Update
Link from the context menu.
7. In the Update window, Search column, set the Link Type to comps.
11. Click proceed. HyperMesh inserts Right_Rail_1 into the Link Select field.
16. Click proceed. HyperMesh inserts Left_Rail_1 into the Link Select field.
18. Repeat 16.7 through 16.17, except search for the Right_Rail_2 component and
replace it with the Left_Rail_2 component.
19. Scroll through the list of unrealized connectors to make sure that none of the
connectors are linked to the right rail components.
Step 18: Verify that all connectors are realized and identify the
pairs of adjacent connectors.
1. In the Connector Entity browser, expand the RBAR folder.
2. From the State column, verify that all of the connectors are realized.
6. Under Color by, select Layer. HyperMesh changes the connectors color to purple
because under Layers, 2t is defined by the color purple.
Note: This option indicates that each of these connectors link two components.
Because each pair of connectors creates a series of two weld elements, you
can combine each pair into a single connector, which links the three
components together.
3. Right-click and select Find Between from the context menu. HyperMesh finds and
displays 12 connectors between the four components you selected.
Note: The Status bar reads "12connectors added by 'displayed'. Total selected
12."
3. Click unrealize. HyperMesh unrealizes the connectors, and deletes the weld
elements associated to them.
4. Click return.
Note: The status bar reads, "12 connector(s) found that need to be combined."
6. Click combine. HyperMesh combines the connectors, and displays them in a dark
blue color to indicate that they have three layers.
7. Optional: If the connectors are not visible, right-click in the Link Entity browser and
select Find Between.
8. Click return.
2. In the Connector Entity browser, select the 6 unrealized connectors. The Entity
Editor opens and displays the selected connector’s common attributes.
4. In the Connector Entity browser, right-click on the selected connectors and select
Rerealize from the context menu. HyperMesh realizes the connectors.
5. Verify that there are now three links for the six connectors you just updated.
Step 23: Display only the assembly assem_5 for elements and
geometry.
1. In the Model browser, set the entity selection to (Elements and Geometry).
5. Double-click Elements.
8. Click select.
9. Click proceed.
11. Click Absorb. HyperMesh absorbs the elements into realized, 2t connectors at the
locations of the ACM welds, and organizes them into the Con_Rear_Truss
component, the same component to which the ACMs belong.
Model Files
This exercise uses the frame_assembly_1.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file.
Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
Area connectors must be meshed in order to work properly. When the connector’s
location is existing FE mesh elems, the connector automatically gets meshed to match
the elements chosen. However, after creating an area connector on surfs, lines, or along
nodes, you must use the automesh options (which display when you select one of these
locations types) to create a mesh on the connector area.
3. Click OK.
4. Open a model file by clicking File > Open > Model from the menu bar, or clicking
on the Standard toolbar.
5. In the Open Model dialog, open the frame_assembly_1.hm file. A model appears in
the graphics area.
2. Review the layout of the Connector browser. Currently there are no components or
connectors listed because there are no connectors in the model.
Note: You can use the Connector browser to view and manage the connectors in
your model. The top portion of the browser is referred to as the Link Entity
browser, and it displays information about the linked entities in your model.
The middle portion is referred to as the Connector Entity browser, and it
contains a list of the connectors in your model. The bottom portion of the
browser is referred to as the Connector Entity Editor, and it displays
attributes assigned to the connector(s) selected in the Connector Entity
browser. HyperMesh groups the connectors based on their connection type.
2. Zoom into an area displaying the two flanges and inspect the elements to be joined.
3. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Component from the
context menu. HyperMesh creates and opens a component in the Entity Editor.
5. Open the Area panel by right-clicking in the Connector Entity browser and
selecting Create > Area from the context menu.
7. Select one element on the top flange of the Left_Rail_1 component as indicated in
the following image.
Note: The connector will connect any selected entities within this distance of itself.
Note: This option projects directly to the shell component and takes no account of
the thickness of the shell components.
19. In the Connector Entity browser, right-click on the adhesive connector and select
Unrealize from the context menu. The connector becomes unrealized, and the
Entity Editor opens and displays the selected connectors corresponding attributes.
Note: (T1+T2)/2 takes into account the thickness of each shell part.
Note: This option increases the number of hexas through thickness from 1 to
3.
21. In the Connector Entity browser, right-click on the unrealized adhesive connector
and select Rerealize from the context menu.
4. Select the row of nodes on the outer flange of the Left_Rail_1 component by first
selecting the left most node on the bottom flange of Left_Rail_1 and then selecting
the right-most node on the bottom flange as indicated in the following image.
9. Click select.
Note: The default mesh size for these mesh independent area connectors (when
choosing by nodes/lines/surfs) is 10. However, you can specify a different
elem size if needed.
13. Use the location: connectors selector to select the area connector you just created
in step 4.10.
Model Files
This exercise uses the frame_assembly_2.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file.
Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
The Bolt panel creates connectors based on holes within the connected components,
using spiders or washers at each end of an RBE connector. When the Bolt panel is
active, only bolt-type connectors display in the graphics area; graphics for other
connector types are suppressed until you exit the panel. The Bolt panel contains three
subpanels:
3. Click OK.
4. Open a model file by clicking File > Open > Model from the menu bar, or clicking
on the Standard toolbar.
5. In the Open Model dialog, open the frame_assembly_2.hm file. A model appears in
the graphics area.
Note: This options turns on/off both elements and geometry when you perform
right-click operations in the Model browser.
4. Right-click on assem_5 and select Isolate from the context menu. HyperMesh only
displays the components that are in the assem_5 assembly.
5. Right-click on the Con_Rear_Truss component and select Make Current from the
context menu.
2. Review the layout of the Connector browser. Currently there are no components or
connectors listed because there are no connectors in the model.
Note: You can use the Connector browser to view and manage the connectors in
your model. The top portion of the browser is referred to as the Link Entity
browser, and it displays information about the linked entities in your model.
The middle portion is referred to as the Connector Entity browser, and it
contains a list of the connectors in your model. The bottom portion of the
browser is referred to as the Connector Entity Editor, and it displays
attributes assigned to the connector(s) selected in the Connector Entity
browser. HyperMesh groups the connectors based on their connection type.
3. Select a node on the edge of the hole in the Rear_Truss_1 component as indicated
in the following image.
7. Click select.
Note: The connector will connect any selected entities within this distance of itself.
Note: Re-realizing the connector will allow you to see the different bolt types.
11. In the max dimension = field, enter 60 to ensure that the diameter of the picked
hole will be captured.
Bolted connection
Replace the rear truss component, Rear_Truss_1, with a new, similar part and
then update the affected connectors.
Export the connector information
Export the FE deck and view the connector information in the deck
After the modeling of the assembly is complete, a design change might be made to any
one of the parts. When this occurs, you must replace the current part(s) in the model
with the new, similar one(s) and update the affected connections (welds).
Model Files
This exercise uses the frame_assembly_3.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file.
Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
A new part is needed in the assembly. In this tutorial you will learn how to delete the
original component, import a new part, and update the connections. You will also export
the connector information to a single file, and then export the entire FE input deck and
observe how the connector information is preserved.
3. Click OK.
4. Open a model file by clicking File > Open > Model from the menu bar, or clicking
on the Standard toolbar.
5. In the Open Model dialog, open the frame_assembly_3.hm file. A model appears in
the graphics area.
Note: You can use the Connector browser to view and manage the connectors in
your model. The top portion of the browser is referred to as the Link Entity
browser, and it displays information about the linked entities in your model.
The middle portion is referred to as the Connector Entity browser, and it
contains a list of the connectors in your model. The bottom portion of the
browser is referred to as the Connector Entity Editor, and it displays
attributes assigned to the connector(s) selected in the Connector Entity
browser. HyperMesh groups the connectors based on their connection type.
3. In the Update window, click the Link Select field in the Search column.
6. Click proceed. HyperMesh inserts Rear_Truss_1 into the Link Select field.
9. Select Rear_Truss_1.1.
10. Click proceed. HyperMesh inserts Rear_Truss_1.1 in the Link Select field.
2. Open the Spot panel by right-clicking in the Connector Entity browser and
selecting Create > Spot from the context menu.
2. In the Export to file dialog, navigate to the location where you would like to save
the XML file and click Save.
4. Inspect the file and observe how the connector information has been saved.
Note: In the future, you can use the XML file to import connectors.
5. In the Save OptiStruct file dialog, select a name and location for the file to be
saved to.
8. Click Export.
10. Scroll to the very bottom. This is where all of the connector information has been
saved. The information has been saved as comment cards so that when you run the
analysis, the connector information is not read. When you import the input deck
back into HyperMesh, the connector information is read.
Load and create a Common representation and NVH representation for modal
analysis
Import connector parts, add connector representations, and realize connectors
Edit part attributes using the Entity Editor to reflect design changes
Activate configurations
Import and Export an assembly as a Solver Deck
Renumber entities using the ID-Manager
Check for errors using the Model Checker
Model Files
This exercise uses the files located in the HM-3440 folder, which can be found in the
hm.zip file. Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
3. Click OK.
3. Click Import. Part assemblies and parts are imported into the session.
1. Open the Part browser by clicking View > Browsers > HyperMesh > Part from
the menu bar.
2. In the Part browser, right-click and select Column Visibility from the context
menu.
3. In the Column Visibility dialog, select the following columns: PDM PID, PDM MID,
PDM Material, PDM Thickness, and PDM MeshFlag. These columns show the PDM
metadata that is parsed upon importation of the PLMXML file. This information is
also shown in the Entity Editor, PDM Data pane.
5. In the Change Representations dialog, Load tab, select the CAD representation.
6. Click OK. All available CAD representations are imported into the session.
9. Click OK. Available CAD representations are sent to the BatchMesher for processing.
Note: In the case of sheet metal parts, the BatchMesher extracts the midsurface
from the solid CAD representation.
11. Repeat steps 3.7 - 3.10 to create NVH10 and NVH15 representations.
3. Select PID 103 and 104. The Entity Editor opens and displays the two properties
common corresponding attributes.
5. In the Part browser, notice the attribute modification you made is updated in the
Thickness columns. Save these changes to ensure that they are available if the
current representation is unloaded.
3. Group common and unique parts by dragging-and-dropping parts from the Part view
onto the part set.
Var 1:
Center_Rail_Connectors_var1_000484
CenterInner_A_000428_Safety
CenterOuter_A_000429_Safety
Var2:
Center_Rail_Connectors_var2_000485
CenterInner_var2_A_000431_Safety
CenterOuter_var2_A_000432_Safety
3. In the Part Set view, right-click and select Create > Configuration from the
context menu.
5. Group part sets that are unique by dragging-and-dropping part sets from the Part
Set view onto the configuration.
All of the parts, part assemblies, components, and part sets not associated with Var
2 become inactive.
Set Export to Custom to ensure that inactive parts are not written to the
solver deck.
4. Click Export.
2. Open the Import – Solver Deck tab by clicking File > Import > Solver Deck
from the menu bar.
4. Click Import.
5. In the Part browser, verify that the BOM was imported correctly.
Note: All part assembly and part metadata in the original model should be
present, with the exception of the Representation name.
4. Click Import. Connector parts are imported and organized in the Part browser.
3. Open the Connector browser by clicking View > Browsers > HyperMesh >
Connectors from the menu bar.
4. In the Connector Entity browser, select the acm (shell gap) connector folder.
Note: Connector links are defined via Parts to ensure that connectors realize even
if you, accidentally, renumber all of the entities in the model.
7. Right-click on the selected connectors and select Rerealize from the context menu.
8. In the Part browser, right-click on the Spotwelds part and select Isolate Only from
the context menu. Verify that the realized FE resides in the Spotwelds component.
4. Correct ID overflow by right-clicking on the Master Model and selecting Correct >
Overflow from the context menu.
2. In the Export – Solver Deck tab, File field, enter the file name
frame_var2_assembled.fem.
4. Click Export.
HM-3695: Working with a Parameterized File Model for Shape Variables in HyperStudy
This exercise uses the propeller.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
In this tutorial, you will increase the length of a propeller blade by 100 units, using
freehand morphing.
2. Open a model file by clicking File > Open > Model from the menu bar, or clicking
on the Standard toolbar.
3. In the Open Model dialog, open the propeller.hm file. A model appears in the
graphics area.
1. Open the move nodes subpanel by clicking Morphing > Free Hand from the
menu bar.
4. In the Model browser, View folder, right-click on View1 and select Show from the
context menu.
5. Use the moving nodes and fixed nodes selectors to select the nodes indicated in
the following image.
6. Use the affected elements selector to select the elements between the fixed
nodes and moving nodes.
7. In the mv bias and fx bias fields, keep the default values (1.00).
Note: The length of the propeller blade increased by 100. The fixed nodes did
not move. HyperMesh stretched the affected elements evenly to maintain
element quality. The stretching of the elements took place between the
moving nodes and the fixed nodes.
10. In the move nodes subpanel, set the morphing method to manipulator.
11. Leave the other parameters and options set to their default values.
12. In the Model browser, View folder, right-click on View1 and select Show from the
context menu.
13. Use the moving nodes and fixed nodes selectors to select the nodes indicated in
the following image.
14. Use the affected elements selector to select the elements between the fixed
nodes and moving nodes. A manipulator appears.
15. Optional: Move the manipulator to a different location by activating the origin:
nodes selector and selecting another node as the origin.
17. Translate the nodes by clicking and dragging one of the three yellow arrows of the
manipulator.
18. Rotate the nodes about the center of the manipulator by clicking and dragging one
of the three yellow arcs of the manipulator.
20. Move the nodes in a plane by clicking and dragging one of the three yellow right
angles of the manipulator.
22. Create a new manipulator by clicking new manip and selecting one or more moving
nodes.
Note: The different manipulators may have different selected entities and different
parameters, and can be moved independently of one another.
23. Move a manipulator by clicking a manipulator or simply moving your mouse over a
manipulator. HyperMesh updates the panel to the parameters associated to that
manipulator. You can change the parameters or the entities associated with them if
you desire.
Summary
Method 1: The length of the propeller blade increased by 100. The fixed nodes did not
move. The affected elements were stretched evenly to maintain element quality. The
stretching of the elements took place between the moving nodes and the fixed nodes.
Method 2: The length of the propeller blade increased depending on how you dragged
the handles along the three arrows, arcs, or right angles of the manipulator to
respectively translate, rotate, or move the nodes. The fixed nodes did not move. The
affected elements were stretched evenly to maintain element quality. The stretching of
the elements took place between the moving nodes and the fixed nodes.
This exercise uses the dummy_position_solid.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip
file. Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
The objective of this exercise is to take a dummy pelvis profile and imprint it onto a seat.
4. For the sculpting tool, select all of the elements in the dummy collector (Figure
2).
5. For affected elements, select all of the elements in the seat collector (Figure 2).
6. For the base point as well as the tool path: node list, choose a node on the
dummy (Figure 2).
Summary
Using just a few steps you have been able to take a fairly complicated profile and impose
it on to another mesh.
This exercise uses the bumper_morphing.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file.
Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
In this exercise, you will use the line difference approach to morph a bumper to
conform to a new section line.
3. Select the from line (Line A) and the to line (Line B) as shown in figure 2.
4. Toggle the morphing entity (2nd column) from map domains to map nodes.
7. Use map by line axis morphing with a 1.0 mvbias and fxbias (column 3).
8. Click map.
Summary
The profile of the bumper is changed to follow the new section line.
This exercise uses the car_section.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
In this tutorial, you will use map to sections to change the profile of the car roof.
9. Click first line list button and select Line A and Line B on the model.
10. Under to: click the second line list button and select Line A’ and Line B’ on the
model.
11. Under map to elements click the elems button and select elements by collector.
12. Pick collector Roof. (This may be located on the second page of collectors)
14. Click the XZ Right Plane View ( ) icon to set the view
15. For fixed nodes use Shift + Left Mouse Button to select all the nodes as shown in
figure 2.
Summary
The roof of the car has been morphed while the mesh quality has been maintained.
This exercise uses the body_side.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
This exercise shows how to smoothly change the shape of a B-pillar via morph volumes.
2. To open a model file, click File > Open > Model from the menu bar, or click on
the Standard toolbar.
3. In the Open Model dialog, open the body_side.hm file. A model appears in the
graphics area.
6. Click the four red circles indicated in the image below to draw a window. HyperMesh
creates a morph volume, which encloses the area.
3. Select an edge of the morph volume close to location 1 as indicated in the following
image. A green colored cross moves to the location of the black dot.
5. Repeat steps 3.3 and 3.4, except select an edge of the morph volume close to
location 2 as indicated in the previous image.
1. To open the Morph panel, click Morphing > Morph from the menu bar.
7. Press and hold SHIFT, then drag your mouse around the the eight handles indicated
in the image below.
8. Click morph.
11. In the move nodes subpanel, set the morphing method to interactive and
manipulators.
12. Leave the other parameters and options set to their default values.
14. Press and hold SHIFT, then drag your mouse around the the eight handles indicated
in the image below. A manipulator appears.
15. Optional: You can select another node as the origin to set the manipulator in a
different position.
17. To translate the nodes, click and drag, graphically, one of the three yellow arrows of
the manipulator.
21. To move the nodes in a plane, click and drag, graphically, one of the three yellow
right angles of the manipulator.
23. To create more than one manipulator at a time, set the single
manipulator/multiple toggle to multiple.
24. To create a new manipulator, click new manip and then graphically select one or
more moving nodes.
Note: The different manipulators may have different selected entities and different
parameters, and can be moved independently of one another.
Summary
In both methods, you morphed the b-pillar in a smooth fashion with minimum distortion
to the elements.
This exercise uses the morphing_1.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
In this exercise you will create domains and handles, and morph the model.
3. Click generate.
Based on the model’s geometric features, all of the model’s elements are organized
into various domains and local handles are created and associated with the domains.
Local handles are created for the new domain. You should now have two local
domains. Elements can only belong to one domain at a time. Thus, the elements you
selected were moved into the new domain. This functionality makes it very easy to
group elements into different domains.
Step 4: Split the edge domain of the radius to have more control
when morphing.
1. Click the edit edges subpanel in the Morphing > Domains panel.
3. With the domain selector active, select the edge domain of the part’s radius as
indicated in the Figure 2.
The node selector automatically becomes active once the edge domain is selected.
Click the domain selector to make it active and see that you selected the desired
edge domain.
5. Select the node on the positive Y-axis end of the radius, as indicated in the image
Figure 3.
7. Repeat the above process to further split the edge domain of the radius, this time at
the node indicated in the Figure 4.
Figure 4: Node selection to further split the edge domain of the radius
Step 5: Add local handles to the 2-D domain on the part’s left
side.
1. Click the Morphing menu, and pick Create > Handles.
4. Select the 2-D domain on the part’s left side by selecting its red icon, as indicated in
the following image.
7. Click create to create the handles and add them to the 2-D domain.
4. With the handles selector active, select the two handles on the right-hand end of
the part, as indicated in figure 6.
If you select one or more handle, those handles follow the handle you drag (in Step
6.10, following).
7. For N1, N2, and N3, select any three nodes on the model to define a plane.
8. Click morph.
The message, “pick handles and move to new location” appears in the status bar.
9. Click on and drag one of the selected handles to morph the part.
As you drag the handle, the mesh’s size and shape is adjusted. Notice that the
following occurs as the selected local handle is moved:
The handles selected in step 6.2 above follow the handle you are dragging.
All of the elements belonging to the selected local handle’s 2-D domain are
affected by moving that local handle.
The 2-D domain’s non-selected local handles act like anchors (they do not
move).
The nodes on the edge domains and between any two non-selected local
domains do not move.
The HyperMorph module allows for multiple levels of undo and redo for all
morphing operations. This functionality is available for any particular HyperMesh
session and its current model as long as the session and its model remain open.
13. With the handles selector active, select one or more global handles.
15. Click on and drag any global handle to morph the part.
Summary
The handles selected in Step 6.2 above follow the handle you are dragging.
The non-selected global handles act like anchors (they do not move).
All of the elements, local handles and edge domains are affected.
This exercise uses the spring.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
5. Click create.
10. For domains (under edge and 2D) select the 2D domain and the two edge
domains as shown in Figure 2.
When the circular edge domain is selected, the radius box populates with the current
radius value.
Summary
The gauge thickness of the spring wire is changed from 7.5 to 12.0.
This exercise uses the spring.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
In this exercise, you will increase the radius of the spring coil.
5. Click create.
Figure 2: Domains and base node to select for altering the coil radius
10. For domains (under edge and 2D) select the 2-D domain and the two edge
domains.
11. For the base node for the z-axis select the node as shown in Figure 2.
Summary
Use morphing to change the thickness of the middle layers of a four-layered solid, while
maintaining the thickness of the outer layers.
Model Files
This exercise uses the Morph_Adhesive_Layers.hm file, which can be found in the
hm.zip file. Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Tools
Domains will be created using 3D domains > by component. Thickness will be altered
using alter dimensions.
4. Activate the divide by comps and partition 2D domains options. The panel
should appear as in the following image:
2. Mask all ^morphface elements except those on the outer layer and the layer
between the Outer comp and the Adhesive_Outer to leave all the elements shown
in the following image.
HINT: Select a couple of elements on the face you want to keep. Select elements
>> by face, and then select elements >> reverse. This will reverse the
selection to the elements you do not want and will allow you to mask those
elements with the mask button.
5. Click the + in the Show column for Local Domains/Handles to display the
domains and handles for only the displayed elements.
5. For domains, select the curved edge domains as well as the 2-D domains
representing the curved surfaces as seen in the following image.
8. For B select the temp node that represents the center of the cylinder.
15. Click undo all to revert back to the original model configuration.
21. Change the animation scale from model units to scale factor.
24. Once you are done viewing your animation and verifying that it is as intended, you
can return to the main panel area.
With this step you have successfully completed morphing one of the middle layers of the
four-layer model.
Optional: Using the process shown above, increase the thickness of Adhesive_Inner
component by 5 units.
Model Files
This exercise uses the tube.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Tools
Domains, morph
6. Click create.
3. Using the Mask panel ( ), display only the outer elements of the component
^morphfaces.
HINT: Select a couple of elements on the face you want to keep. Select elements
>> by face, and then select elements >> reverse. This will reverse the
selection to the elements you do not want and will allow you to mask those
elements with the mask button.
5. To reduce the number of domains and handles shown on the screen, click the Mask
tab.
7. Click the + in the Show column for the Local Domains/Handles to display the
domains and handles for only the displayed elements.
6. Select the two edge domains and the 2D domain as shown in the following figure.
2. Use the Mask panel to display only the tube inner elements of the component
^morphfaces.
HINT: Select a couple of elements on the face you want to keep. Select elements
by face followed by elements reverse. This will reverse the selection to the
elements you do not want and will allow you to mask out those elements.
4. To reduce the number of domains and handles shown on the screen, click the Mask
tab.
6. Click the + in the Show column for the Local Domains/Handles to display the
domains and handles for only the displayed elements.
9. Select domains >> displayed. This selects the two inner edge domains as well as
the 2D domain for the tube inner.
12. For base point, select the temp node at the center of the tube arc.
Summary
Using morphing operations, dimension changes have been successfully performed on a
tubular mesh.
This exercise uses the bottle.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
In this exercise you will create a dome shape at the bottom of the bottle using morph
volumes.
3. Set:
y density = 8
z density = 5
buffer % = 5
6. For syst, select the system located at the top of the bottle.
Note: Morph volumes are created, encompassing the bottle, with red colored
handles created at the corners of each morph volume.
Symmetries can either be linked to domains or to morph volumes. Here you are
associating the symmetries to the morph volumes.
5. Set # of cycles to 8.
6. For syst select the cylindrical coordinate system located at the top of the bottle.
7. Click create.
3. Change the view to the bottom view by selecting the XY Bottom Plane View .
4. Verify that the options by edges and free are selected (see image below).
Notice that after selecting the tangency, the two arrows are replaced with a single
arrow.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 on the three other tangencies shown in the image below:
9. From the menu bar select Morphing > Morph and then select the move handles
subpanel:
10. Select the handles at the bottom of the bottle, as shown in Figure 5.
Since you have symmetries defined, translating a single handle on the inner ring at
the bottom, ensures that a similar behavior is imparted on all the handles
symmetrically associated to it.
15. To reduce the number of domains and handles shown on the screen, click the Mask
tab. If this isn’t displayed, select View > Browsers > HyperMesh > Mask.
16. Click the - in the Hide column to turn off the display of all morphing entities.
Summary
Using morph volumes with appropriate tangencies, and by creating symmetries you are
able to create a dome-shaped feature at the bottom of the bottle.
Remarks
There are four different methods to define the continuity between the morph volumes.
This exercise uses the bottle.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
In this exercise you will first create a bead using the default continuous edge
connectivity. You will then update the edges to free and see how it affects the bead
creation.
3. Set:
x density = 3
y density = 8
z density = 5
buffer % = 5
6. For syst, select the system located at the top of the bottle.
Note: Morph volumes are created encompassing the bottle, with red colored
handles created at the corners of each morph volume.
Symmetries can either be linked to domains or to morph volumes. In this case, you
are associating the symmetries to the morph volumes.
5. Set # of cycles to 8.
6. For syst select the cylindrical coordinate system located at the top of the bottle.
7. Click create.
2. From the menu bar, select Morphing > Create > Morph Volumes, then select the
split/combine subpanel.
6. Click split.
9. Click split.
5. For system =, select the cylindrical coordinate system located at the top of the
bottle.
7. Click morph.
As the bead is created, the upper and lower portions of the bottle deform too (figure
4). This is not the intention, as you want to create a bead without affecting the other
parts of the bottle.
1. From the menu bar select Morphing > Create > Morph Volumes, and then select
the update edges subpanel.
4. Update the edges, working your way around the bottle (see figures 5 and 6 below).
5. For system =, select the cylindrical coordinate system located at the top of the
bottle.
7. Click morph.
Summary
Using morph volumes with appropriate tangencies and symmetries you were able to
create a bead on the given bottle.
Model Files
This exercise uses the fe_only.hm and new_design.igs files, which can be found in the
hm.zip file. Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Tools
2. From the menu bar, select File > Import > Geometry and load the file
new_design.igs.
5. Click syst.
8. Click create.
9. Click return.
4. With from: handle active, select the node depicted in the following image.
5. With to: point active, select the point on the geometry you want to move the
handle to, as depicted in the following image:
As the handles are moved, you will see that the mesh starts conforming to the new
geometry.
Summary
Notice how each cog on the gear is updated. Taking advantage of the symmetry in this
part, you are able to morph it much quicker.
This exercise uses the yoke.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
In this exercise you will increase the diameter of one of the prongs of a yoke using
morph volumes. You will reflect the shape on to the other prong and finally position the
combined shapes from one yoke to the other.
2. In the Model Browser, right-click component yoke_2, then select Hide; make
sure component yoke_1 is in Show mode.
3. Select hexas. Make sure that register all inner nodes is checked.
4. Click select.
5. Click convert.
Note: All the seven hexa elements are converted into morph volumes.
2. From the menu bar, select Morphing > Morph, then select the move handles
subpanel.
4. Click options and make sure morphing>mvols: is set to active (toggle if it is set
to inactive).
5. Click return.
6. For handle, click Handle 1, and for node, click tag 1’.
6. Click undo all to bring the model to its original position before morphing.
1. In the Model Browser, right-click and select Hide for Shape and Morphing
Volume. Right click on yoke_1 and select Show.
2. From the menu bar, select Geometry > Create > Systems > Axis Direction to
open the Systems panel, create by axis direction subpanel.
6. Click create.
7. Click return.
3. Under domains, click the check-box for morph volumes. (make sure it is active).
6. Click create.
7. Click return.
6. Click shapes and select the newly created shape from the previous section.
7. Under reflect using: click symmetries and select the newly created symmetry.
8. Click reflect.
Note: A reflected shape has been created and applied on the other prong.
The name of the shape, created by reflecting, has the same name as the original
shape with a suffix “1.”
3. In the apply shapes subpanel, under shapes, change reflect shapes to position
shapes.
5. Click shapes and select the two shapes present in the model.
6. Under from: select the three nodes named from_N1, from_N2 and from_N3 for
N1, N2 and N3.
7. Under to: select the three nodes named to_N1, to_N2 and to_N3 for N1, N2 and
N3.
8. Click position.
9. Click return.
Note: The two or more shapes have been created and applied to the other yoke.
The name of the first new shape (on the other yoke) will have a suffix “2”
because it is the second copy of the first shape and the second shape will
have a suffix of “11” as it is the first copy of the reflected shape.
This exercise uses the s_bend_tube.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Shapes are one of the most versatile types of the morphing entities. Loads can be
converted into shapes and vice versa. When you position shapes, they act on a volume
equivalent to the initial volume, but at the new location. In this regard, shapes can be
used to interpolate loads on a mesh given the loading at the boundaries of a volume.
In this exercise you are given a temperature distribution at points defined by a cube
(hexa element). You will use shapes to interpolate the temperatures to the tube lying
inside the cube.
Figure 1: Model
4. Click select.
5. Click convert.
Note: The temperature loads have been converted into shape vectors.
The shape vectors are proportional to the temperature loads on the corners of the
cube and the distances from those corners.
The name of the converted shape is the same as the temperature load collector.
6. Click select.
9. Click translate.
The shape has been transferred to the tube. You selected the same base and to
node, effectively selecting a translate distance of 0.
4. Click select.
Make sure you expand the Contour Loads utility appropriately to visualize all the
buttons.
6. Click Accept.
9. Click contour.
This exercise uses the floor.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
The Record panel gives you the flexibility of making changes to the mesh using panels
outside the HyperMorph module and saving them as shapes.
In this exercise you will change a bead using the Node Edit > align node subpanel and
record the shape function. You will then reflect the shape to the other side of the mesh
to complete the mesh update.
2. Click start.
3. Click return.
2. Select the nodes shown below for the 1st end and 2nd end.
3. Select the nodes between the selected nodes to align the nodes to the 1st end: and
2nd end: nodes.
4. Repeat the same process to align the next row of nodes (figure 3).
5. Select the nodes between the selected nodes to align the nodes to the 1st end and
2nd end nodes.
6. Repeat the same process to align the next row of nodes (figure 4).
2. Click finish.
4. Click save.
5. Click undo all to bring the model to its original position before morphing.
6. Click create.
6. Click reflect.
Summary
The shape (Morph1) is reflected to the other side. Also, the reflected shape has the
same name with the suffix 1. The changes that you made on one side are thus
transferred to the other side.
This exercise uses the windshield.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
In this exercise will change the shape of the windshield while keeping its area constant.
3. Key in
x = 0;
Y = -5 (negative 5);
Z=0
5. Click select.
6. Under fixed nodes: click nodes >> by sets and select fix_node.
7. Click select.
9. Click morph.
14. Click undo all to bring the model to its original position before morphing.
This initial shape defines the direction in which the nodes have the freedom to move, as
the shape of the windshield is changing, thus enabling us to keep the area at a constant.
This is the actual surface area of the windshield which will be maintained.
8. Click create.
Note: The constraint is created. The symbol for the constraint is a matching-
mesh.
6. Click create.
4. Click save.
2. Go to View > Toolbars, make active Checks toolbar , select the Mass/Area Calc
( ) icon.
4. Click select.
5. Click calculate.
The final area of the windshield is 1.085e+06, which is the same as the initial area.
So, even though the profile of the windshield has changed, its area has not. As the
height of the windshield reduced, it expanded in the direction provided by Shape1.
Summary
Using morph constraints, you able to change the shape of the windshield, while keeping
its area constant.
This exercise uses the dummy.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
In this exercise, you will learn to position the H-point of the dummy on a seat cushion.
This helps to reduce design and remeshing of the seat based on the pre-stress analysis.
To do this exercise you will be using a limiting constraint and freehand morphing.
5. Set project along: to N1,N2 along negative z (choose from side of cushion).
This will ensure that there is a distance of 2 units between the dummy and the seat
after the morphing is complete.
8. Click select.
2. From the menu bar, select Morphing > Free Hand and select the move nodes
subpanel.
4. For moving nodes, use nodes >> by collector and select cushion.
5. Click select.
6. For fixed nodes, use nodes >> by collector and select dummy.
7. Click select.
9. Click select.
x=0
y=0
z = 80
The top surface of the cushion has conformed to the shape of the dummy.
Summary
Using limiting constraints, you are able to move a mesh such that it moves an adjoining
mesh along with it, thus preventing penetration between the two of them.
This exercise uses the truck.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
When circular features are stretched, they become elliptical in shape. In some cases as
in the wheels of a truck, this effect is not desirable. In such cases, using cluster
constraints will allow you to translate the features, along with the morph, while
maintaining its circular shape.
In the exercise you will be changing the length of the cab while preserving the shape of
the wheel. To facilitate the morphing process you will be employing constraint and
symmetry.
6. Set buffer % = 5.
The original morph volume is now split into two morph volumes.
Symmetry can be linked to either domains or morph volumes. In this exercise since
you are dealing with morph volumes you will use the check to link the symmetry to
the morph volume.
X val = 500
Y val = 0
Z val = 0
The front end is stretched 500 units. Since the front wheels are also the part of the
morph volumes they became elliptical after morphing. This is not desirable. You will
undo this morphing, constrain the wheels and re-do it.
1. From the menu bar select Morphing > Create > Morph Constraints.
The cluster constraints are created on the nodes of the selected components.
Figure 4
10. In the Model Browser, right-click MorphingConstraint and click Hide to turn off
the constraints.
The front end is stretched 500 mm. The front wheels are moved in the morphing
process while maintaining their circular shape.
Summary
Using cluster constraints and morph volumes you are able to stretch the cab of the
pickup without distorting the wheels.
This exercise uses the arm2D.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Depending on the morphing being performed, there is a possibility that the mesh can get
distorted. For such cases, HyperMorph provides a remeshing capability. The advantage
of this remeshing is that the newly created elements are automatically a part of the
original domain. This provides continuity to the morphing process along with proper
element quality.
Figure 1: Model
5. Click select.
8. Click select.
The elements outside the washer get compressed as the washer moves. Also, as the
elements fail (jacobian < 0.7) they are highlighted (figure 3).
Summary
Using this technique, you can update the mesh in regions that might have undergone
excessive elemental deformation during morphing. Since the domains and handles are
maintained, it allows you to conduct further morphing if need be.
The purpose of using a finite element (FE) pre-processor is to create a model, which can
be run by a solver. A finite element solver can solve for responses of parts to loading
conditions on them. The loads can be in the form of boundary constraints, forces,
pressures, temperatures, and so on.
In this tutorial, you will gain an understanding of the basic concepts for creating a solver
input file by using a template. More specifically, you will learn how to define loading
conditions on a model, specify solver specific controls, and submit an input file to a
solver from HyperMesh.
Model Files
This exercise uses the channel_brkt_assem_loading.hm file, which can be found in the
hm.zip file. Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
The model contains the bracket and channel assembly in the following image.
3. Click OK.
Click the Color icon, and select a color for the load collector.
Note: By selecting this view, HyperMesh sets the component's and load collector's
displays back to what they were when the view was saved. The load
collectors that you created in step 3 are now turned off because they did
not exist when the view was saved. You will need to turn these back on to
see the display of the BCs when you create them in the next steps.
3. In the Component folder, click next to channel to turn on the display of its
geometry.
4. Open the Constraints panel by clicking BCs > Create > Constraints from the
menu bar.
7. Select the six lines on the perimeter of the channel’s bottom surface as indicated in
the following image.
12. Select the label constraints checkbox. HyperMesh displays a label for each
constraint.
Note: The labels identify what dofs are assigned to the constraints.
2. Click loadcols.
4. Click select.
5. Click map loads. HyperMesh creates a constraint at each node associated to the
geometry lines.
6. Click return.
7. In the Model browser, Component folder, turn off the display of geometry for all
component collectors.
Note: The pressing_load load collector is now the current load collector, and any
loads created will be placed in this collector.
9. In the magnitude % = field, enter 200.0. HyperMesh increases the display size of
the forces.
10. Select the label loads checkbox. Each force displays the label FORCE = 5.00e+00.
Step 8: Define the load step for the pressing load case.
1. Create a Load Step by right-clicking in the Model browser and selecting Create >
Load Step from the context menu. HyperMesh creates and opens a load step in the
Entity Editor.
In the Select Loadcol dialog, select constraints and then click OK.
In the Select Loadcol dialog, select pressing_load and then click OK.
Step 9: Display and mask the load step (the load collectors
defined in the load step).
1. In the Model browser, Load Step folder, right-click on pressing_step and select
Hide from the context menu. HyperMesh hides the pressing_load and constraints
load collector
2. Right-click on pressing_step again and select Show from the context menu.
The purpose of using a finite element (FE) pre-processor is to create a model that can be
run by a solver. HyperMesh interfaces with many FE solvers and all of them have unique
input file formats. HyperMesh has a unique template(s) for each solver it supports. A
template contains solver specific formatting instructions, which HyperMesh uses to
create an input file for that solver.
Model Files
This exercise uses the channel_brkt_assem_analysis.hm file, which can be found in the
hm.zip file. Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
The model contains the bracket and channel assembly in the following image.
3. Click OK.
4. Click edit. The Card Image opens, and indicates that the selected element is an
OptiStruct CQUAD4 or CTRIA3, depending on whether you selected a quad or tria
element.
Note: EID is the element’s ID, PID is the ID of the element’s property, and G(X) is
the grid (node) ID that makes up the element. Options specific to the
CQUAD4 or CTRIA3 appear in the menu panel area.
Step 4: Review and edit the existing steel material’s card image
by accessing the card editor from the Model browser.
This material is defined for the channel.
1. In the Model browser, Material folder, click steel. The Entity Editor opens and
displays the material's corresponding data.
Note: The card image indicates the material is of OptiStruct type MAT1.
1. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Material from the context
menu. HyperMesh creates and opens a material in the Entity Editor.
5. In the Select Material dialog, select steel and then click OK. HyperMesh assigns
the material.
3. In the Select Property dialog, select channel and then click OK. HyperMesh
assigns the property channel to the component channel.
4. In the Select Material dialog, select aluminum and then click OK. HyperMesh
assigns the material aluminum to the property bracket.
Note: The solid, green circle represents the cross section. Under the local
coordinate system you should see the number, 10.0000, which is the
circle’s radius.
7. In the Model browser, right-click on circle_section.1 and select Rename from the
context menu.
9. Close the HyperBeam module and return to your HyperMesh session by clicking File
> Exit from the menu bar.
Step 10: Create a property collector named bars_prop for the bar
elements (OptiStruct).
1. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Property from the context
menu. HyperMesh creates and opens a property in the Entity Editor.
5. In the Select Material dialog, select steel and then click OK. HyperMesh assigns
the material steel to the property bars_prop.
3. In the Select Property dialog, select bars_prop and then click OK. HyperMesh
assigns the property bars_prop to the component bolts.
Note: In the card image, the FORMAT line is set to H3D. This specifies OptiStruct
to output results to a Hyper3D (H3D) file, which can be viewed in the
HyperView Player. A HTML report file will be output and the H3D file will be
embedded in it.
4. In the second FORMAT line, click H3D and then select HM.
Note: This option specifies OptiStruct to output the results to a HyperMesh binary
results file, allowing the results to be post-processed within HyperMesh.
Note: The FORMAT button is now green, which indicates that the card will be
exported to the OptiStruct input file.
3. In the Select OptiStruct file dialog, navigate to your working directory and save
the file as channel_brkt_assem_loading.fem.
4. Click Export. HyperMesh exports the model as an OptiStruct .fem input file for the
solver specified by the current user profile.
The load step (OptiStruct SUBCASE) named pressing_step which you defined
in HyperMesh
Under the load step, the load collector ids (OptiStruct load and constraint set
identification numbers)
4. Note the load set identification number for each force (OptiStruct FORCE). It is
either 1 or 2 as shown below. These numbers correspond to the numbers under the
load steps in the file.
6. Note the constraint set identification number for each constraint (OptiStruct SPC). It
is 2 as shown below, which lists a few of the constraints. This number corresponds
to the number under the load steps in the file.
8. Note the load collectors, pressing_load and constraints. Also, note their collector
ID and color ID. When the model is imported into HyperMesh, the loads are
organized into these load collectors and have these IDs and colors.
Obtain beam section properties for various types of beam cross-sections using
HyperBeam, a module within HyperMesh
Populate the fields of property collectors with beam properties
Assign a property collector to a beam element you create
In FEA, beams are typically modeled as 1D elements. In this tutorial you will become
familiar with the modeling of beam sections for 1D elements (beam, bar, and rod) in
HyperMesh. The focus is on obtaining and assigning beam-section properties, not on
creating beam elements themselves.
Model Files
This exercise uses the hyperbeam.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Model geometry
The model geometry represents different types of cross-sections used in this tutorial:
standard, shell, and solid. The model consists of a solid cylinder attached to a hollow
trapezoidal structure, which is further joined to an irregularly shaped solid component
(see previous image).
3. Click OK.
2. In the Open Model dialog, open the hyperbeam.hm file. A model appears in the
graphics area.
This model is organized into four collectors: one contains all of the surfaces,
two contain the lines for the shell-section and the solid-section,
respectively, and the last component stores beam elements.
1. Use the nodes panel to create three nodes on the circle defining the base of the
solid cylinder.
From the menu bar, click Geometry > Create > Nodes > Extract on Line.
Using the lines selector, select the circular line defining the base of the cylinder.
Click create. HyperMesh generates three nodes on the line, two of which are
located at the same location (since the circular line is a line that closes upon
itself).
Click return.
Note: With the two independent locations left, you can measure the diameter.
2. Use the Distance panel to measure the distance between the two nodes
diametrically opposed.
From the menu bar, click Geometry > Check > Nodes > Distance.
Use the N1 and N2 selectors to select the two nodes, which are diametrically
opposed, on the circular line that defines the base of the cylinder. The
distance= field reads 110 units, which indicates the distance between the two
nodes and the diameter of the circle.
Click return.
Click create. The HyperBeam module opens with a solid circle cross-section
displayed in the center panel. The left pane (HyperBeam view) lists the cross-
sections defined in the model, and the right pane (Results window) displays
the results for the various beam properties computed for the dimensions
displayed.
Under Parameter Definition, click the Value field next to Radius (r).
In the editable field, enter 55 and then press ENTER. The value of the diameter
updates, along with the quantities computed for the cross-section in the
Results window. These properties are calculated based on the dimensions that
were input. For example, HyperBeam calculates the area of this cross-section,
its moments of inertia, and its torsional constant.
Note: Alternatively, drag the graphical handles, which represent the diameter of
the cross-section, until the diameter changes to the desired value.
5. Assign the name “Solid Circle” to this cross-section in the HyperBeam view.
In the HyperBeam view, right-click on the name of the cross-section under the
auto1 folder and select Rename from the context menu.
6. Return to HyperMesh by clicking File > Exit from the menu bar.
Note: Since geometry information was available, this cross-section could have
been defined as a solid section using the solid section subpanel. A
standard section was used instead because it did not require selection,
although it required a diameter measurement.
In this step, a beam cross-section for standard sections was created using
HyperBeam. You also learned how to specify the dimensions for the standard
section, and how to save this section for subsequent use.
Use the lines in the pre-defined component shell_section to define the section. These
lines are located at the mid-plane of the trapezoidal geometry. In addition to these lines,
HyperBeam also requires the thickness of the feature as input to calculate the shell
section properties.
Use the various panels, such as the Distance panel, to find the thickness of this feature.
The thickness of the feature is equal to 2 units.
Click select.
Set section based node to plane base. HyperMesh activates the base node
selector.
While left-clicking, move the mouse on top of one of the mid-plane lines as
shown in the image above. Click anywhere on the highlighted line to define the
base node.
When using the fit to entities option, you can select a reference node for
the plane if you want properties about a point other than the section
centroid. This is done using the section base node option. This node
defines the origin of the coordinate system that serves as the reference
when computing the various beam cross-section properties. All the
properties are calculated both about the centroid and about the node you
select.
Shell section
The coordinates of the centroid are calculated with respect to the user-defined
coordinate system appearing at the node location specified earlier. The coordinates
of the shear center are calculated both from the centroid and from the origin of the
section. Local Ys and Zs are the coordinates of the shear center with respect to the
origin of the section, while principal Vs and Ws are the coordinates of the shear
center from the centroid of the section.
In the Model browser, right-click on shell_section.1 and select Edit from the
context menu. The Edit Shell Section dialog opens.
Click Update.
4. Exit the HyperBeam module by clicking File > Exit from the menu bar.
In this step, a beam cross-section representing a shell section was created using
HyperBeam, and the thickness for the shell section was assigned. The shell section
is defined with only one thickness as it is defined as one part. For shell sections
comprised of multiple parts, each part is assigned an independent thickness.
The input for a solid section can be 2D elements, surfaces, or a set of lines that form a
closed area. Use the surfaces in the solid_section collector to define the solid section.
This option tells HyperBeam to use first order (linear) elements to calculate the
properties of the section.
Click create. The HyperBeam module opens, meshes the area enclosed by the
selected curves with quadrilateral elements, and calculates the properties using
these elements.
Solid section
When creating an actual beam element, assign the property collector to the element
itself.
1. Create a property collector with a PBEAM card and assign the Solid Circle beamsect
collector to it.
The properties calculated using HyperBeam are automatically assigned to the PBEAM
card. Observe that the values of the parameters (A, I1a, I2a, I12a, J, etc.) are
extracted from the properties of the selected section.
2. Use the Bars panel to create a beam element with the standard_section property
assigned, and a direction vector set to the global x-axis.
Click the lower-left switch and select vectors as the option to define the
orientation of the beam.
Activate node A.
While left-clicking, hover over the line that runs though the cylinder until it is
highlighted. Select two nodes at the ends of the line for node A and node B.
The beam element is created and placed into the beam component.
Note: When creating beam elements, the z-axis is defined by the two nodes
selected as node A and node B. The direction of the cross-section (x- or y-
axis) is defined either by using components, vectors, or a direction node.
Due to the nature of this solid circle, how you define the x- or y-axis is
unimportant.
Summary
In this tutorial, you experimented with the tools and techniques for modeling beam
cross-section and obtaining their properties using HyperBeam. You learned how to edit
cross-sections and assign their properties to property collectors, which can then be
assigned to 1-D elements.
For more details on how to create 1-D elements, review the tutorial, Creating 1-D
Elements. Additional techniques for creating 1-D elements from connector entities are
discussed in the tutorial, Creating Connectors.
System ID
Vector
Angle
Model Files
This exercise uses the composites.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
3. Click OK.
2. In the Open Model dialog, open the composites.hm file. A model appears in the
graphics area.
2. Click elems >> all. HyperMesh selects all of the element types (1D, 2D, and 3D).
3. Click update.
7. Select the rectangular system on top of ball as indicated in the following image.
8. Click color and select a display color for the review vectors or lines.
Note: This value specifies, in model units, how large the review vectors are when
displayed.
Note: This function assigns the ID of the coordinate system to the selected
elements. This can be verified by reviewing the MCID field of the CQUAD4
card populated with System ID 1 for the currently loaded OptiStruct user
profile. How each analysis code interprets this information varies. For
OptiStruct, refer to the CQUAD4 and PCOMP(G) bulk data cards in the Bulk
Data Section of the OptiStruct Reference Manual. For visualization
purposes HyperMesh also projects the x-axis of the selected coordinate
system onto the face of the shell elements to define the x-axis of the
material coordinate system. If you later modify the system, the element
material coordinate directions change implicitly.
17. Exit the Card Edit panel and return to the Composites panel by clicking return.
5. Select the rectangular system on top of ball as indicated in the following image.
Note: This value specifies, in model units, how large the review vectors are when
displayed.
8. Click color and select a display color for the review vectors or lines.
9. Click project.
Note: This function assigns a material angle to the selected elements, which for
OptiStruct is defined as the angle between the vector direction connecting
node1 and node2 of the shell element (that is, the element coordinate
system x-axis) and the projection of the selected local axis onto the surface
of the shell element. This can be verified by reviewing the THETA field of
the CQUAD4 card populated with an angle (in degrees) for the currently
loaded OptiStruct user profile. Each element in this case will have a unique
THETA value as defined by the projection. How each analysis code
interprets this information varies. For OptiStruct, refer to the CQUAD4 and
PCOMP(G) bulk data cards in the Bulk Data Section of the OptiStruct
Reference Manual. For visualization purposes HyperMesh also projects the
local axis of the selected coordinate system onto the face of the shell
elements to define the x-axis of the material coordinate system.
16. Exit the Card Edit panel and return to the Composites panel.
6. Select the radial r vector from the spherical coordinate system on the bottom of the
ball.
Note: The r-axis will flash once when you click on it.
7. Click B.
Note: This value specifies, in model units, how large the review vectors are when
displayed.
10. Click color and select a display color for the review vectors or lines.
Note: This function assigns a material angle to the selected elements, which for
OptiStruct is defined as the angle between the vector direction connecting
node1 and node2 of the shell element (that is, the element coordinate
system x-axis) and the projection of the selected vector onto the surface of
the shell element. This can be verified by reviewing the THETA field of the
CQUAD4 card populated with an angle (in degrees) for the currently loaded
OptiStruct user profile. Each element in this case will have a unique THETA
value as defined by the projection. How each analysis code interprets this
information varies. For OptiStruct, refer to the CQUAD4 and PCOMP(G)
bulk data cards in the Bulk Data Section of the OptiStruct Reference
Manual. For visualization purposes HyperMesh also projects the selected
vector onto the face of the shell elements to define the x-axis of the
material coordinate system.
18. Exit the Card Edit panel and return to the Composites panel.
Note: This value specifies, in model units, how large the review vectors are when
displayed.
6. Click color and select a display color for the review vectors or lines.
7. Click set.
14. Exit the Card Edit panel and return to the Composites panel.
Note: The yellow_sample collector has a PCOMP card image assigned to it with
the following laminate definitions (45/60/90). The PCOMP definition
assigned to the yellow_sample collector can be reviewed in the card
editor.
6. Click select.
Note: The first ply defined on the PCOMP card is the most negative z-axis ply as
determined from the element normal. All ply angles on the PCOMP card are
relative to the material coordinate direction set in the above exercises using
right hand rule. In order to use right hand rule, the normal direction of the
element must also be known and can be determined from the Tools page,
Normals panel. For OptiStruct, refer to the PCOMP(G) bulk data cards in
the Bulk Data Section of the OptiStruct Reference Manual.
16. Exit the Card Edit panel and return to the Composites panel.
Note: This value specifies, in model units, how large the review vectors are when
displayed.
18. Click color and select a display color for the review vectors or lines.
20. Review additional ply angles, reselect elements, and enter a ply ID by clicking
review.
Note: Elements that do not have ply angles assigned will not be displayed. Ply
directions are set through card images in the solver template; an example
is PCOMP card for OptiStruct.
Modify the mesh and remap the loads to the new mesh
Model Files
This exercise uses the c-channel0.hm file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy
the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
3. Click OK.
4. Open a model file by clicking File > Open > Model from the menu bar, or clicking
on the Standard toolbar.
Note: The model's geometry is of a C-channel with two reinforcement ribs. The
various surfaces are organized into several component collectors.
1. In the Model browser, right-click and select Create > Load Collector from the
context menu. HyperMesh creates and opens a load collector in the Entity Editor.
Click the Color icon, and select a new color for the load collector.
3. Repeat steps 2.1 and 2.2 to create two more load collectors named pressure and
forces.
In the following steps you will apply constraints, pressures, and forces to geometric
entities in the model. You will first constrain the bottom portion of the c-channel using
line data, then you will create pressure loads on the top surfaces. Lastly, you will apply
forces to the eight corners of the surfaces defining the top of the c-channel.
2. Open the Constraints panel by clicking BCs > Create > Constraints from the
menu bar.
5. Select the eight lines defining the bottom portion of the c-channel as indicated in the
following image.
Lines to constrain
Note: This is the size of the icons that will be used to represent the constraints in
the graphics area.
8. Select the dof1, dof2, dof3, dof4, dof5, and dof6 checkboxes.
Note: The selected Dofs will be constrained. Dofs 1, 2, and 3 are x, y, and z
translation degrees of freedom. Dofs 4, 5, and 6 are x, y, and z rotational
degrees of freedom.
10. Click create. HyperMesh applies constraints to the selected lines. Constraints are
represented by triangular icons in the graphics area.
11. Optional: Display the degrees of freedom labels by selecting the label constraints
checkbox.
2. Open the Pressures panel by clicking BCs > Create > Pressures from the menu
bar.
6. Select the three surfaces defining the top of the c-channel as indicated in the
following image.
Note: Specifying a negative magnitude ensures that the pressure load pushes
down on the surfaces. By default, pressure load are created normal to the
surfaces.
Note: Pressure loads are represented by arrows in the graphics area. You can
input the size of the arrow as a value or as a percentage of the actual
pressure load applied. In this exercise, you will specify its length as a
certain number.
Note: This is the display size of the pressure arrows in the graphics area.
Note: In this exercise, you will not display the actual value of the pressure load in
the graphics area.
12. Click create. HyperMesh applies pressure loads to the selected surfaces. Pressure
loads are represented with an arrow and a label in the graphics area.
Note: Labels can be template based (PLOAD here) or follow the HyperMesh
terminology (P) as specified in the modeling subpanel of the Options
panel.
2. Open the Forces panel by clicking BCs > Create > Forces from the menu bar.
5. Select the eight fixed points defining the corners of the c-channel’s top surfaces as
indicated in the following image.
13. Click create. HyperMesh creates a point force for each fixed point you selected, with
the given magnitude in the z-direction.
Loads on geometry
Tip: If you organized some loads in the wrong load collector, use the Organize panel
to move the loads into the right collector.
In the previous steps you created various types of loads on various geometric entities:
lines, surfaces, and fixed points. The ultimate goal is to apply these loading conditions to
finite elements. In the following steps you will create the elements to apply the loading
conditions to.
Note: This option ensures that the elements created will be organized into the
surface’s component collector.
Meshed c-channel
In this step, you created a shell mesh on the surfaces. In the following step you will map
the loads that were applied to geometric entities to these finite elements.
In this step, use the Load on Geom panel to map the loads from the geometric entities
(to which the geometric loads are applied) to the mesh associated with these geometric
entities for the constraints and pressure load collectors.
1. Open the Loads on Geometry panel by clicking BCs > Loads on Geometry from
the menu bar.
2. Click loadcols.
4. Click select.
5. Click map loads. HyperMesh maps the constraints previously applied to the lines to
the nodes of the mesh associated to these lines.
6. Repeat steps 7.1 through 7.5 to map the pressure loadcol to the mesh. HyperMesh
maps the pressure loads previously applied to the surfaces to the nodes of the mesh
associated to these surfaces
Note: These pressure loads are placed in the same load collector as the ones
applied to the geometry.
Use the Custom template to determine which loads are exported. If all is selected, then
all of the loads on the geometry that have not been mapped (if any) are mapped to the
loads on the mesh, and all of the loads on the mesh are exported. If displayed is
selected, then all of the displayed loads on the mesh (if any) are exported. All of the
loads on the mesh associated with the displayed loads on the geometry (if any) are
exported as well. If any of the loads on geometry are displayed and have not been
mapped, they will automatically be mapped to the loads on the mesh and exported as
well.
In this step, use the Model browser to ensure that only the already mapped loading
conditions are exported. One load collector stores both the loads on the geometry and
the loads on the mesh. The mesh (or multiple meshes) is associated with the geometric
entities to which the loads on the geometry have been applied. Each load type is stored
in a dedicated section of the same load collector.
Use the Display panel to separate or simultaneously visualize the loads on the mesh
and the loads on the geometry. Turn off the display of the loads applied to the geometric
entities to only display the loads applied to the mesh.
2. From the menu bar, click File > Export > Solver Deck.
4. In the Select OptiStruct file dialog, navigate to your working directory and save
the file.
7. Click Export. HyperMesh exports the model as an OptiStruct .fem input file.
Note: Because you turned off the geometry display of the load collectors in your
model, HyperMesh only exports the loads mapped previously. You may
open the exported deck in any text editor to verify that no OptiStruct
FORCE card has been exported in the deck.
In this section you experimented with exporting loads applied to geometric entities and
elements in the Export tab. You learned that with different combinations of the
all/displayed options and loads displayed in the Model browser, you can control what
information gets exported.
Step 9: Modify the mesh and remap the loads to the new mesh.
When loads are applied to geometry, you can re-applying them to different meshes as
many times as you want. This functionality is particularly useful when you want to
remesh a model without having to delete complicated loads or boundary conditions.
After remeshing, you can easily remap loads or boundary conditions that have been
applied to geometric entities to the new mesh, while loads applied to elements are
automatically deleted when the elements themselves are deleted.
Note: If you delete geometric entities to which loads are applied to, the loads will be
deleted. The deletion of geometric entities will not affect any loads applied to the
mesh.
5. Click mesh. The automesher deletes the existing elements, and creates a
completely new set based on the new element size.
Note: HyperMesh removes the loads that were applied to the initial mesh since
the elements are no longer there.
6. Click return.
New mesh
Step 10: Map all the loads on geometry to the new mesh using the
Load on Geom panel.
In this step you will remap the loads applied to the geometry to the new mesh.
1. Open the Loads on Geometry panel by clicking BCs > Loads on Geometry from
the menu bar.
2. Click loadcols.
4. Click select.
5. Click map loads. HyperMesh applies the loading conditions initially defined for the
geometric entities to the new mesh, and places the various loading conditions into
the same load collector as the corresponding ones applied to the geometry.
Note: You did not have to display these loads to map them.
In this step, you experimented with the remapping of loads applied to geometric entities
to a new mesh. Loads applied to geometric entities can be mapped several times to the
different finite element entities attached to these geometric entities. For example, this
functionality is useful in a situation where a mesh had to be changed, and it saved you
from having to recreate loads on the elements.
Summary
In this tutorial, you used several boundary condition creation panels to generate
constraints and various loading conditions on geometric entities. You then experimented
with the mapping of these loads on the geometry to finite elements. You also familiarized
yourself with the rules that govern the export of loads on geometric entities.
No consideration to the creation of specific card images that need to accompany the
various loading conditions was given. For more information on how to generate the
various loading conditions for different solvers, refer to the Modeling / Solver Specific
section of the HyperMesh tutorials.
Export options
While HyperMesh supports include formulations for several other solvers, you will use
LS-DYNA 970 input decks for the purpose of this tutorial.
Many FEA solvers allow you to organize your input deck into separate files, and provide a
mechanism to read all files linked to a single input deck. This capability is commonly
known as "includes." HyperMesh provides several options for importing such models, one
of which preserves the include structure upon import. The Include view in the Model
browser is available to manipulate these includes. The Include view lets you create,
review, edit, organize, and update the contents of any HyperMesh model into various
include files. Every entity in HyperMesh then belongs to either the master model or one
of its include files.
Model Files
This exercise uses the master.k file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Step 1: Load the LS-DYNA user profile and import the model.
In this step you will load the LS-DYNA user profile, import the LS-DYNA decks (master
file and include files) defining the model, and preserve the organization of the data into
the various include files.
Note: Selecting a solver user profile sets the FE input reader to this solver and
loads the solver’s FE output template. It also loads a macro menu with
numerous tools specific to this interface. The graphical user interface is also
tailored to this solver with panel names and options renamed or removed to
match its terminology as much as possible.
3. Click OK.
4. From the menu bar, click File > Import > Solver Deck.
Merge: merges all of the data in the individual includes into a master model,
and then imports the master model into HyperMesh as a single model.
HyperMesh has no knowledge regarding individual include files with this option.
Skip: reads INCLUDE statements as control cards and ignores the data within
the include files. None of the contents of the include files are processed.
8. Click Import. HyperMesh imports the master.k deck, and the wheels.key,
frame.key and engine.key include files, which are also present in the same
directory. The truck model defined with a master deck and several include files were
imported into HyperMesh while preserving the organization of the data between the
various files.
Truck model
You can access the Include view ( ) in the Model browser. In this view you can
create, review, edit, organize, and update the contents of a model into various include
files. From the right-click context menu you can access additional Include view functions.
For a complete description of the options available, refer to Model Browser's include
view.
In this section, you will launch the Include view, review the structure of the model and
its organization into the various includes, and experiment with some of the display and
configuration options available.
Note: The Master Model is at the top level of the include browser. Data, which
does not have any references to an include file, is stored in the master
model. Each include file is represented by along with its file name. Each
include can be expanded to reveal its contents. The contents of each include
is grouped into folders containing each type, next to which appears the total
number of entities of that type. Each of the folders can be expanded to
review the individual entities in that folder. The browser can be configured
to show only specific entities of interest.
5. Review the contents of the other includes as well as the contents of the folders
belonging to the Master Model. The wheels.key include contains, for example,
components, control volumes, groups, materials, properties, and sets.
Note: While most entities are presented in this tree, elements and nodes are not
listed, as this would not be practical for larger models.
6. In the Model browser, right-click and select Collapse All from the context menu.
All of the folders collapse.
7. Right-click on Master Model and experiment with the Show and Hide display
options in the context menu.
8. Visually review the components that each include contains by isolating the include
you wish to review using the Isolate only option in the context menu.
In this section, you launched the Include view and reviewed the structure of the model
and its organization into the various includes. You also customized the Include view and
used some of the display options to modify the display of the model in the graphics area.
1. In the Model browser, right-click and select Collapse All from the context menu.
Note: There are columns for Export, Include Path, and Include Type.
Note: The Export, Include Path and Include Type columns are only relevant
for the include files and not for the individual entities within the file.
Note: From the Columns tab you can can define which columns are displayed in
the Model browser when you are in the Include View.
6. Click OK. The Include Type column is no longer visible in the browser.
To determine which include a specific entity belongs to, you can use the Organize
panel’s locate function.
In this section, create a new include for the doors and organize the corresponding
collectors into it using the Organize panel. Finally, determine which include a certain
material belongs to using the locate function.
1. In the Model browser, Include View, right-click on Master Model and select
Create > Include File from the context menu. HyperMesh adds a new include
under the master model with an editable name, and displays it in bold, which
signifies that it is the current include.
Note: You can add includes under the master model or under includes themselves.
Note: You can rename or make current a new include using the right-click context
menu.
3. Open the Organize panel by clicking organize from the Tool page.
6. Click dest = and select doors.key as the destination for the components.
7. Click comps.
9. Click select.
10. Click move. HyperMesh moves the selected components into the doors.key
include.
11. Expand the doors.key include, Component folder to review the components that
you moved.
12. Hide all of the includes except doors.key. HyperMesh displays the elements
organized in this include in the graphics area.
14. In the Organize panel, includes subpanel, set the entity selector to mats.
15. Click locate. HyperMesh displays a list of all the materials available in this model.
16. Select the material, MATL1_38. HyperMesh updates the dest= field to show which
include (or master) file this particular material belongs to. In this case, it belongs to
the wheels.key include.
In this section, you created a new include in the Include view, and moved some
components from the master model, as well as their corresponding elements, into it.
Finally, you used the locate function to quickly identify which include a material belonged
to.
Step 5: Import new data into an include and export the model.
By default, the Master Model is always the current file (displayed in bold in the Include
view) and any new entities you create or import into HyperMesh will be automatically
placed in it. You can use the Make Current option from the Include view context
menu to make any include the current include. When you create a new include, this
include will automatically become the current include.
You can use the Include File Options function in the Include view context menu to
define export options for individual include files. Using this option, you can define
whether the include file should get exported, when the export function is used, and
where the file should be exported.
The Export - Solver Deck tab contains the following advanced options for exporting
models that contain include files:
Merge: merges all of the data in individual include files into a single master
model during export. The exported file does not contain references to any include
files.
Preserve: exports all the data in individual include files separately to their
corresponding files. The references to these includes in the master model file are
also maintained.
In this section, you will create a new include in the master model labeled barrier.dyn,
and then import a barrier model into it. You will then review the include file options for
each one of the includes in the model and modify them as needed. Lastly, you will export
the model, while also preserving the includes.
1. In the Include view, right-click on Master Model and select Create > Include
File from the context menu.
Note: The new include is displayed in bold, which indicates that it is now the
current include and any new data created or imported into HyperMesh will be placed
in it.
3. From the menu bar, click File > Import > Solver Deck. The Import tab opens.
7. Right-click on engine.key and select Include File Options from the context menu.
The Include File Options dialog opens, and displays the following:
File path- type in or browse for the directory in which the include is to be
exported.
Do not export - When this check box is selected, HyperMesh will not export
include when you export the model. When this check box is clear, HyperMesh
exports the include when you export the model. This check box is automatically
selected when you read includes into HyperMesh that have their permission set
to read only, as well as includes that are referenced by the master include using
absolute paths.
The frame.key, wheels.key and engine.key includes are all referenced by the
master.k include, that you imported initially using relative paths (edit the
master.k file to verify this), but their permissions were set to read only. In
order to export these includes, clear the Do not export check box.
9. Right-click on an include and select Export All Includes from the context menu.
The Export all includes dialog opens.
10. In the File name field, enter the location and name of the master model and click
OK. HyperMesh exports all of the include files as individual files.
Note: This option is equivalent to exporting the master model from the Export -
Solver Deck tab ( ) with the preserve includes check box selected. When
you want to export a single file, use the export subpanel and set export
option to merge includes.
11. Go to the directory you selected in the previous step and verify that all of the
includes have been exported with the names set in the Include view.
In this tutorial you used the include browser to manage the use of includes in your truck
model. Several options for import, display, organization, and export were used.
View results
Model Files
This exercise uses the cclip.fem file, which can be found in the hm.zip file. Copy the
file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
Exercise
3. Right-click the Optimization Problems folder and click Create > Optimization
Problem. HyperMesh creates an optimization problem and opens it in the Entity
Editor.
5. Drag and drop all the entities from the repository into the newly created problem.
Note: You can drag and drop entities from the repository into problems or
problems into problems. Any combination of selected entities can be
dragged and dropped.
Tip: Give the free size design variable a meaningful name so you can easily
drag and drop.
3. You can create new response/constraint pairs, or anything else you want to change
from problem to problem. For this tutorial, we will just compare Topology to Free
Size.
3. Drag and drop all the entities defined in the repository to the newly created
problem.
Note: Two design variables will be defined for the Free Size problem.
4. In the Free Size folder, right-click on the shell design variable and select Remove
from Problem from the context menu.
Note: This will not delete the problem from the repository.
Note: Once problems are defined, only one can be exported at a time. The
problem set to export is in bold, and furthermore, the Entity State browser
shows these rules.
Note: The Optimization View allows one .hm for all optimization problems, and it is
up to the user to wisely name each input file.
Tools
The User page is available on the Utility menu. To access the User page:
1. From the menu bar, click View > Browsers > HyperMesh > Utility.
Command files and Tcl/Tk scripts can be added to the userpage.mac file. When
HyperMesh starts, it first looks for the userpage.mac file in the directory from which it
launches, and then in the installation directory. UNIX users also have the option of
putting the userpage.mac file in their home directory.
The userpage.mac file controls the display and available operations on the User page of
the HyperMesh Utility menu. In order to invoke a command file or Tcl/Tk script from
the User page, a button must be defined inside the userpage.mac file. The
*createbutton command is used to define the button and its characteristics. The syntax
for this command is:
*createbutton(page, name, row, column, width, COLOR, helpString, macroName
[ , arg1 … ])
where:
page
The page number on which the button is to appear. For the User
page, this value is 5.
name
The text to display on the button, enclosed in quotes: " ".
row
The row in which to place the button. The number of visible rows
depends on your monitor’s graphics resolution. A positive value
indicates an absolute row number. A 0 indicates the next highest
available row. A negative value indicates the number of rows to
skip. Rows begin at the bottom of the menu.
column
The column where the button starts (0-10). Columns begin to the
right of the menu.
width
The width of the button (max = 10).
COLOR
The color of the button. The available button colors are: RED,
BLUE, GREEN, CYAN, MAGENTA, YELLOW, GRAY, and BUTTON
(background). The color name must appear in capital letters.
macroName
The command to run when the button is pressed, enclosed in
quotes: " ".
arg1…
A list of optional arguments passed to the script.
Exercise
In this exercise, you will create a button on the User page that will launch the
lighting.tcl dialog from the HyperMesh installation.
When HyperMesh starts, it first looks for the userpage.mac file in the directory from
which it launches and then in the installation directory. On Windows, the default launch
directory is in the My Documents folder. UNIX users also have the option of putting the
userpage.mac file in their home directory. It is not recommended to modify the
userpage.mac file in the installation directory.
Notice that the full path is not used to reference the lighting.tcl script. A full
path can be specified if the file is not located in one of the predefined paths that
HyperMesh searches to find scripts. Users can add additional search paths using the
TCL_INCLUDE environment variable. Relative paths can also be used from these
search paths.
To reload the current macro menu .mac file while HyperMesh is open, from the menu
bar select Preferences > Menu Config and click on retrieve next to macro file.
Make sure to load the proper .mac file from the hm/scripts/<profile name>
directory based on the current user profile, or load the default hm.mac in the
hm/bin/<platform> directory if no user profile is loaded.
Tools
In order to execute command file commands or Tcl scripts from a button on any of the
HyperMesh Utility Menu pages, a Utility Menu macro must first be defined. A Utility
Menu macro contains valid command file or templex commands that execute the
appropriate operations, and is defined using the *beginmacro and *endmacro
commands. Macros may accept data passed to them using the arguments $1, $2, etc.
Each argument specifies where the values should be substituted. These macros are
defined within the .mac files, including the userpage.mac file.
The following skeleton code shows the format of a Utility Menu macro:
*beginmacro(macroname)
command statements go here
*endmacro()
Exercise
Create a Utility Menu macro from a command file that saves the model and add a
button on the User page that will launch the macro:
2. Delete the existing command.cmf file. This file is located in either the start-in
directory or the current working directory.
7. Add macro button using *createbutton that calls the new macro defined in Step 6.
8. Reload the current .mac file into HyperMesh to load the modified userpage.mac.
From the menu bar, select File > Save as > Model….
Use the file browser to locate a directory and enter the name for the filename.
Click Save.
1. From the menu bar, select File > Save as > Model….
2. Using the file browser, locate a directory to save the temporary file with the name
temp.hm.
Remember this is just a temporary file and will be overwritten each time the macro
is executed.
3. Click Save.
2. Locate the *writefile command at or near the end of the command.cmf file.
2. Paste the *writefile command copied from the command.cmf file inside the
userpage.mac file.
2. Enclose the commands from Step 5 between the wrapper commands *beginmacro
and *endmacro. In the *beginmacro command, name the macro macroSave.
*beginmacro(macroSave)
*writefile("temp.hm",0)
*endmacro()
The macro name macroSave will be used to connect the button with the macro via
the macroName field in the *createbutton command.
This creates a button on page 5 (User page), names it, places it in the 20th row,
starts it at column 0, sets the width at 10 columns, applies to it the color green,
provides a help string and references the macro macroSave defined in Step 6.
Step 8: Reload the current .mac file into HyperMesh to load the
modified userpage.mac.
To reload the current macro menu .mac file while HyperMesh is open, select
Preferences > Menu Config from the menu bar and click on retrieve next to macro
file. Make sure to load the proper .mac file from the hm\scripts\<profile name>
directory based on the current user profile, or load the default hm.mac in the
hm\bin\<platform> directory if no user profile is loaded.
The new button labeled Save File should be on the User page.
Tools
In order to execute command file commands or Tcl scripts from a button on any of the
HyperMesh Utility Menu pages, a Utility Menu macro must first be defined. A Utility
Menu macro contains valid command file or templex commands that execute the
appropriate operations, and is defined using the *beginmacro and *endmacro
commands. Macros may accept data passed to them using the arguments $1, $2, etc.
Each argument specifies where the values should be substituted. These macros are
defined within the .mac files, including the userpage.mac file.
The following skeleton code shows the format of a Utility Menu macro:
*beginmacro(macroname)
command statements go here
*endmacro()
Load collectors can be created and edited using the Model Browser. Simply right-click
in the Model Browser and select Create > Load Collector to create one. To edit the
name, color, or card image of a load collector, right click on the load collector name in
the Model Browser and select Edit
The Constraints panel can be accessed from the menu bar by selecting BCs > Create
> Constraints
Exercise
In this exercise you will create a Utility Menu macro from a command file that creates
constraints on a plane and add a button on the User page that will launch the macro:
1. Define the task.
2. Delete the existing command.cmf file. This file is located in either the start-in
directory or the current working directory.
7. Add macro button using *createbutton that calls the new macro defined in Step 6.
8. Reload the current .mac file into HyperMesh to load the modified userpage.mac.
1. From the menu bar, select File > Open > Model and load the file, c_channel-
tcl.hm.
2. Right click in the Model Browser and select Create > Load Collector.
4. Click create.
The plane that will be selected is the YZ plane. This is accomplished by selecting the
x-axis vector, which is normal to the YZ plane. The base node option is then
8. Click create.
Observe the *createmark command and the list of entity ID numbers. A mark is a
storage buffer in HyperMesh. For some actions performed on entities, the entity ID
is first entered into the designated mark.
There are two marks available to the user (1 and 2) for each entity type (elements,
nodes, lines, surfaces, points, etc…). At the execution of the command using the
mark, the changes apply to all entities identified in the mark.
2. Paste the commands copied from the command.cmf file inside the userpage.mac file.
*beginmacro(macroEdge_Const)
*collectorcreate(loadcols,"constraints","",11)
*createmark(nodes,1) 3358-3360 3296 3297 3142 etc …
*loadcreateonentity_curve(nodes,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0)
*endmacro()
The macro name macroEdge_Const will be used to connect the button with the
macro via the macroName field in the *createbutton command.
"on plane" is one of many selection methods available. This method allows the
selection of only entities that lie within a tolerance (in this case, 0.5) of the plane
defined at the point (0,0,0) with normal vector (1,0,0). In this exercise, this is the
YZ plane. See the Entity Selector online help topic for further details.
*beginmacro(macroEdge_Const)
*collectorcreate(loadcols,"constraints","",11)
*createmark(nodes,1) "on plane" 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.5 1 0
*loadcreateonentity(nodes,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0)
*endmacro()
This creates a button on page 5 (User page), names it, places it in the 20th row,
starts it at column 0, makes it 10 columns wide, gives it the color green, provides a
help string and references the macro macroSave defined in Step 6.
Step 8: Reload the current .mac file into HyperMesh to load the
modified userpage.mac.
To reload the current macro menu .mac file while HyperMesh is open, select
Preferences > Menu Config from the menu bar and click on retrieve next to macro
file. Make sure to load the proper .mac file from the hm\scripts\<profile name>
directory based on the current user profile, or load the default hm.mac in
hm\bin\<platform> if no user profile is loaded.
The new button labeled Edge Const should be on the User page.
2. Click this button to run the macro that automatically creates constraints on the outer
row of nodes.
Some commands used in this exercise are very model-specific. For example,
creating a load collector named “constraints” may cause an error if the collector
already exists. Also, selecting nodes using the by plane option and specifying the
YZ plane may not be applicable to a lot of situations.
Additionally, this Utility Menu macro could be converted to a Tcl script that allows
for additional logic and error checking controls. This way, the user could also be
prompted to enter a name for the load collector using hm_getstring. An error
check could then be performed to determine if that load collector already exists, and
appropriate action would then be taken.
Tools
In order to execute command file commands or Tcl scripts from a button on any of the
HyperMesh Utility Menu pages, a Utility Menu macro must first be defined. A Utility
Menu macro contains valid command file or templex commands that execute the
appropriate operations, and is defined using the *beginmacro and *endmacro
commands. Macros may accept data passed to them using the arguments $1, $2, etc.
Each argument specifies where the values should be substituted. These macros are
defined within the .mac files, including the userpage.mac file.
The following skeleton code shows the format of a Utility Menu macro:
*beginmacro(macroname)
command statements go here
*endmacro()
Exercise
In this exercise you will create a Tcl script from the command file commands, create a
Utility Menu macro that runs the Tcl script and add a button on the User page that will
launch the macro:
2. Delete the existing command.cmf file. This file is located in either the start-in
directory or the current working directory.
5. Create a Tcl script by converting the commands to Tcl format and modifying as
necessary.
7. Add macro button using *createbutton that calls the macro created in Step 6 with
the appropriate Tcl script filename.
8. Reload the current .mac file into HyperMesh to load the modified userpage.mac.
From the menu bar, select File > Save as > Model.
Use the file browser to locate a directory and enter the name for the filename.
Click Save.
1. From the menu bar, select Files > Save as > Model.
2. Using the file browser, locate a directory to save the temporary file with the name
temp.hm.
Remember this is just a temporary file and will be overwritten each time the macro
is executed.
3. Click Save.
2. Locate the *writefile command at or near the end of the command.cmf file.
2. Paste the *writefile command copied from the command.cmf file inside the
savefile.tcl file.
*beginmacro("EvalTcl")
*evaltclscript($1,0)
*endmacro()
The macro name EvalTcl will be used to connect the button with the macro via the
macroName field in the *createbutton command.
This creates a button on page 5 (User page), names it, places it in the 20th row,
starts it at column 0, sets its width at 10 columns, applies to it the color green,
provides a help string and references the macro EvalTcl defined in Step 6.
Notice that the full path is not used to reference the savefile.tcl script. A full
path can be specified if the file is not located in one of the predefined paths that
HyperMesh searches to find scripts. Users can add additional search paths using the
TCL_INCLUDE environment variable. Relative paths can also be used from these
search paths.
The new button labeled Save File TCL should be on the User page.
The file is saved to the directory specified in the *writefile command. In this case
no directory is specified so HyperMesh saves the file to the start-up or current
working directory. It will always save with the name specified in the macro, in this
case temp.hm.
Tools
In order to execute command file commands or Tcl scripts from a button on any of the
HyperMesh Utility Menu pages, a Utility Menu macro must first be defined. A Utility
Menu macro contains valid command file or templex commands that execute the
appropriate operations, and is defined using the *beginmacro and *endmacro
commands. Macros may accept data passed to them using the arguments $1, $2, etc.
Each argument specifies where the values should be substituted. These macros are
defined within the .mac files, including the userpage.mac file.
The following skeleton code shows the format of a Utility menu macro:
*beginmacro(macroname)
command statements go here
*endmacro()
Load collectors can be created and edited using the Model Browser. Simply right click
in the Model Browser and select Create > Load Collector to create one. To edit the
name, color, or card image of a load collector, right click on the load collector name in
the Model Browser and select Edit
The Forces panel can be accessed from the menu bar by selecting BCs > Create >
Forces.
Exercise
In this exercise you will create a Tcl script from the command file commands, create a
Utility Menu macro that runs the Tcl script and add a button on the User page that will
launch the macro:
2. Delete the existing command.cmf file. This file is located in either the start-in
directory or the current working directory.
5. Create a Tcl script by converting the commands to Tcl format and modifying as
necessary.
7. Add macro button using *createbutton that calls the macro created in Step 6 with
the appropriate Tcl script filename.
8. Reload the current .mac file into HyperMesh to load the modified userpage.mac.
1. From the menu bar, select File > Open > Model and then load the file, c_channel-
tcl.hm.
2. Right click in the Model Browser and select Create > Load Collector.
4. Click Create.
Toggle from magnitude % option to uniform size option for load size and set
the value to 15.
9. Click create.
1. Open the command.cmf file using any text editor or use the Open Command File
option in the Scripting Toolbar.
Observe the *createmark command and the list of entity id numbers. A mark is a
storage buffer in HyperMesh. For some actions performed on entities, the entity ID
is first entered into the designated mark.
There are two marks available to the user (1 and 2) for each entity type (elements,
nodes, lines, surfaces, points, etc.). At the execution of the command using the
mark, the changes apply to all entities identified in the mark.
2. Paste the copied commands from the command.cmf file inside the
create_force.tcl file.
3. Remove all () and , and replace them with spaces. The commands should look
something like:
*loadsize 1 15 0 1
*createmark nodes 1 3237
*loadcreateonentity_curve nodes 1 1 1 0 0 23 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0
Simply running the above commands will work without a problem, but note that the
*createmark command is hard coded to the single node picked when generating the
command file. Also notice that the magnitude is hard coded as well. This is not
very useful for a generic utility.
The command *createmarkpanel presents the user with a selection panel for the
entity specified. The commands should now look like this:
*loadsize 1 15 0 1
*createmarkpanel nodes 1 "Select nodes for load creation"
*loadcreateonentity_curve nodes 1 1 1 0 0 23 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0
*beginmacro("EvalTcl")
*evaltclscript($1,0)
*endmacro()
The macro name EvalTcl will be used to connect the button with the macro via the
macroName field in the *createbutton command.
This creates a button on page 5 (User page), names it, places it in the 16th row,
places its start at column 0, gives it a width of 10 columns, applies to it the color
green, provides a help string and references the macro create_force.tcl defined
in Step 6.
Notice that the full path is not used to reference the create_force.tcl script. A full
path can be specified if the file is not located in one of the predefined paths that
HyperMesh searches to find scripts. Users can add additional search paths using the
TCL_INCLUDE environment variable. Relative paths can also be used from these
search paths.
The new button labeled Create Force should be on the User page.
2. Click this button to run the Tcl script that automatically creates forces in the z-
direction of the selected nodes.
The new forces are created on the specified nodes with the given magnitude and
placed in the current load collector If no load collector exists, the forces are placed
in a load collector called auto1.
It is often necessary to debug Tcl scripts using the Command Window. This allows
you to run the Tcl script and easily review error messages, as well as print out
debug information. Additional details can be found in the Creating Tcl Scripts and
Running Tcl Scripts sections.
Tools
The Tcl commands if, foreach and expr will be used to add logic and mathematical
functions to the script. The command hm_getentityvalue is used to extract information
from HyperMesh entities, based on data names.
Data names are generic references to the information that physically define an entity in
the HyperMesh environment. An example of this is the x, y, and z coordinates that
define a node location in three-dimensional space. The available data names for each
entity can be found in the HyperMesh Reference Guide Data Names topic.
Data names are accessed using the hm_getentityvalue command. This command uses
the data names available for an entity to return the particular value of interest. The
command will return a value that is either a string or a numeric value, depending on the
command syntax and the value stored in that particular data name field. The basic
syntax of the command is:
hm_getentityvalue entity_type id data_name flag
where entity_type is the requested entity type (elements, loads, nodes, etc.), id is the
entity ID, the data_name is the data field name of interest, and flag is either 0 or 1
depending on whether the command should return a numeric value (0) or a string (1).
To retrieve the x-component of a force with ID 12, the following command can be used:
set force_x [hm_getentityvalue loads 12 "comp1" 0]
Note: To assign the value from the command to a variable, the command is placed
within square brackets.
Exercise
Create a Tcl script to compute the resultant sum of a given selection of forces. This
requires that the script read data from the force entities and manipulate the data to
calculate the resultant. To calculate the resultant of the forces, retrieve the x, y, and z
components of the forces and compute a vector sum.
Steps 3-9: Create the Tcl script and add logic as necessary.
Step 7: Use a foreach loop to iterate through each load in the list
loads_list and extract the x, y, and z components using the
hm_getentityvalue command and the appropriate data name.
Using a foreach loop, each load in the list loads_list will be iterated through. Within
the foreach loop, each load is referenced by load_id and then the component value is
added to the previous loads component’s value. For example, let’s look at the x
component. Using the set command, the variable x_comp_sum is defined as the previous
value of x_comp_sum, plus the x component of the current load. The x component of the
current load is retrieved by using the hm_getentityvalue command and the data name
comp1 (all the available data names for loads are shown in the table above). This
process is done for the y and z components as well. Add the following 4 lines to the TCL
file:
foreach load_id $loads_list {
set x_comp_sum [expr $x_comp_sum + [hm_getentityvalue
loads $load_id "comp1" 0]];
2. Click and drag to open the Command Window from the bottom edge of the screen.
It is often necessary to debug Tcl scripts using the Command Window. This allows
you to run the Tcl script and easily review error messages, as well as print out
debug information. Additional details can be found in the Creating Tcl Scripts and
Running Tcl Scripts sections.
There are several important assumptions used when creating this script.
The user will always select force loads, as opposed to moments, pressures, etc.
The forces are applied to nodes, as opposed to comps or sets, and are valid to
sum.
All of the forces are applied in the same coordinate system so that it is valid to
sum the component values directly.
5. The result of the macro is shown in the status bar. Either a message with the
resultant force is shown or else there is a note saying that no loads were selected.
Tools
The Tcl commands if, foreach, and incr will be used to add logic to the script. The
command hm_getentityvalue is used to extract information from HyperMesh entities,
based on data names.
Data names are generic references to the information that physically define an entity in
the HyperMesh environment. An example of this is the x-, y-, and z-coordinates that
define a node location in three-dimensional space. The available data names for each
can be found in the HyperMesh Reference Guide Data Names topic.
Data names are accessed using the hm_getentityvalue command. This command uses
the data names available for an entity to return the particular value of interest. The
command will return a value that is either a string or a numeric value, depending on the
command syntax and the value stored in that particular data name field. The basic
syntax of the command is:
hm_getentityvalue entity_type id data_name flag
where entity_type is the requested entity type (elements, loads, nodes, etc…), id is
the entity ID, the data_name is the data field name of interest, and flag is either 0 or 1
depending on whether the command should return a numeric value (0) or a string (1).
To retrieve the x-component of a force with ID 12, the following command can be used:
set force_x [hm_getentityvalue loads 12 "comp1" 0]
Note that to assign the value from the command to a variable, the command is placed
within square brackets.
Exercise
Create a Tcl script that creates spline surfaces from the nodes of selected tria elements.
This requires that the script read data from the element entities. To create the spline
surfaces, retrieve the 3-node IDs of the tria elements.
2. Determine the data names to use to extract the element type and node IDs.
Prompt the user to select a number of tria elements to create spline surfaces
from.
Make sure the user has selected one or more elements.
If a selected element is not a tria, skip that element.
node1
first node (node pointer)
node2
second node (node pointer)
node3
third node (node pointer)
Steps 3-14: Create the Tcl script and add logic as necessary.
A Tcl script to perform this function might be similar to the following:
Step 4: Allow the user to select the desired elements and then
add those loads to a list
The *createmarkpanel command is used to allow the user to graphically select the
elements from the HyperMesh interface and add them to the mark. The command below
adds the elements to mark 1. Once the elements have been added to mark 1, the
element ids are assigned to a list called elems_list, using the TCL command set. Add
the following 2 lines to the file HM8070.tcl:
if {$elems_list != ""} {
set success_count 0;
4 – surface only
In this example, we only want to create a surface, so mode 4 is used. Add the following
line to the TCL script:
*surfacemode 4;
Step 11: Create a node mark which contains the 3 nodes defined
in Step 9 and then use the *splinesurface command to create a
spline surface using the nodes in the mark.
Using the *createmark, mark 1 for nodes is created and it contains the 3 nodes defined
in the variables node1, node2, and node3.
2. From the menu bar, select View > Command Window display the Command
Window at the bottom of the screen.
3. Click and drag to open the Command Window from the bottom edge of the screen.
It is often necessary to debug Tcl scripts using the Command Window. This allows
you to run the Tcl script and easily review error messages, as well as print out
debug information. Additional details can be found in the Creating Tcl Scripts and
Running Tcl Scripts sections.
5. Select a few of the tria elements and observe the spline surfaces that are created.
Only first order tria elements are considered. It is possible to add if/elseif
logic to support other element configurations.
The data names for the nodes associated with an element are pointers. A pointer
is used to directly access another data name. This means they “point” to the
data names available for nodes. In order to retrieve any data from a pointer, the
data name requested for the particular pointer must also be supplied. The
additional data names are separated by a period or dot (.).
The *entityhighlighting and hm_commandfilestate commands are used to
speed up the execution of the script. The *entityhighlighting command
disables highlighting entities when the *createmark command is used. The
hm_commandfilestate command controls if commands are written out to the
command file. It is always important to “reset” these commands after a script is
complete or before exiting due to an error.
Tools
The Tcl commands if and expr will be used to add logic and mathematical functions to
the script. The command hm_getentityvalue is used to extract information from
HyperMesh entities, based on data names.
Data names are generic references to the information that physically define an entity in
the HyperMesh environment. An example of this is the x, y, and z coordinates that
define a node location in three-dimensional space. The available data names for each
entity can be found in the HyperMesh Reference Guide Data Names topic.
Data names are accessed using the hm_getentityvalue command. This command uses
the data names available for an entity to return the particular value of interest. The
command will return a value that is either a string or a numeric value, depending on the
command syntax and the value stored in that particular data name field. The basic
syntax of the command is:
hm_getentityvalue entity_type id data_name flag
where entity_type is the requested entity type (elements, loads, nodes, etc…), id is
the entity ID, the data_name is the data field name of interest, and flag is either 0 or 1
depending on whether the command should return a numeric value (0) or a string (1).
To retrieve the x-component of a force with ID 12, the following command can be used:
set force_x [hm_getentityvalue loads 12 "comp1" 0]
Note that to assign the value from the command to a variable, the command is placed
within square brackets.
Exercise
Create a Tcl script that determines the radius of a user selected arc. One point on the
line and the center of the arc will need to be calculated.
Steps 3-12: Create the Tcl script and add logic as necessary.
A Tcl script to perform this function might be similar to the following:
Step 4: Allow the user to select the desired line which defines a
circle or an arc and then add that line to a variable
The *createmarkpanel command is used to allow the user to graphically select the line
which defines a circle or an arc from the HyperMesh interface and add it to the mark.
The command below adds the line to mark 1. Once the line has been added to mark 1,
the line id is assigned to a variable called line_list, using the TCL command set. Add
the following 2 lines to the file HM8080.tcl:
if {$line_list == ""} {
hm_errormessage "No lines selected";
} elseif {[llength $line_list] != 1} {
*nodecreateonlines lines 1 3 0 0;
*createcenternode -1 -2 -3;
*createmark nodes 1 -1 -2 -3 -4;
set node_list [hm_getmark nodes 1];
Step 7: Use the lindex command to get the node id of the first
node in the list node_list. Then get the x, y, and z coordinates for
the node.
Set a variable called id which contains the node id for the first node in the list
node_list. The id for the first node is retrieved using the lindex command which takes
the variable node_list and using the index 0, retrieves the first node id in the list.
Then, using the variable id and the hm_getentityvalue command with the node data
names x, y, and z, the x, y, and z coordinates for the node are set to the variables x1,
y1, and z1. Add the following 4 lines to the TCL script:
Step 8: Use the lindex command to get the node id of the last
node in the list node_list. Then get the x, y, and z coordinates for
the node.
Set a variable called id which contains the node id for the last node in the list
node_list. The id for the first node is retrieved using the lindex command which takes
Step 10: Define a variable called radius which uses the variables
dx, dy, and dz to calculate the radius of the line which is a circle or
an arc.
Using the three variables which were defined in the previous step (dx, dy, and dz) the
magnitude of the distance is calculated. This distance corresponds to the radius of the
arc/circle which is defined by the line selected. To calculate the radius, the expr
command is used. Add the following line to the TCL script:
*nodecleartempmark;
hm_markclear lines 1;
hm_markclear nodes 1;
2. From the menu bar, select View>Command Window to display the Command
Window at the bottom of the screen.
3. Click and drag to open the Command Window from the bottom edge of the screen.
It is often necessary to debug Tcl scripts using the command window. This allows
you to run the Tcl script and easily review error messages, as well as print out
debug information. Additional details can be found in the Creating Tcl Scripts and
Running Tcl Scripts sections.
Tools
The Tcl command if will be used to add logic to the script. The commands
*dictionaryload and *attributeupdatedouble are used to assign information to the
property collector.
Solver-specific data created from the HyperMesh template system is stored in card
images. Each piece of data that defines a card image has a text string (data name) and
a numeric attribute ID. An example is the Young’s Modulus for a material.
Templates exist for each solver supported by HyperMesh and are located in sub-folders
under the <altair_home>\templates\feoutput directory. These templates define
every solver-specific attribute including data names, attribute IDs, card image formats,
and the format of the data upon export. The *defineattribute command is used to
define attribute data names and IDs in a template file.
Property collectors can be created and edited using the Model Browser. Simply right
click in the Model Browser and select Create > Property to create one. To change
the name, color, or card image of a property collector, right click on the property name
in the Model Browser and select Edit
Exercise
Create a Tcl script to create a property collector and assign a thickness. This requires
that the script prompt the user for a name and a thickness value.
2. Delete the existing command.cmf file. This file is located in either the start-in
directory or the current working directory.
5. Create a Tcl script by converting the commands to Tcl format and modifying as
necessary.
1. If the OptiStruct user profile is not currently loaded, please load it at this time.
2. Right click in the Model Browser and select Create > Property.
3. Leave Type set to all and in the Name field, enter a name for the property.
6. Click Create.
8. Click return.
2. Paste the copied commands from the command.cmf file inside the Tcl file.
These commands can now be run to duplicate the creation of the PSHELL property.
However, simply running these commands as-is is not very flexible. The property ID,
name and values are all hard coded. The template file location in the *dictionaryload
command is also hard coded. Finally, there are a lot of extra commands that set
unnecessary attributes.
5. The template file path is also hard coded. You can make this flexible using the
hm_info command:
*collectorcreateonly properties "my_prop" "" 11;
*createmark properties 2 "my_prop";
set prop_id [hm_getmark props 2];
*dictionaryload properties 2 "[hm_info -appinfo SPECIFIEDPATH
TEMPLATES_DIR]/feoutput/optistruct/optistruct" "PSHELL";
*attributeupdatedouble properties $prop_id 95 1 1 0 0.25;
The user also needs to be prompted to enter a property name and thickness value.
You can then substitute those variables in the relevant commands:
set prop_name [hm_getstring "Name="];
set prop_thick [hm_getfloat "Thickness="];
*collectorcreateonly properties "$prop_name" "" 11;
*createmark properties 2 "$prop_name";
set prop_id [hm_getmark props 2];
6. Finally, You need to add logic to test in order to make sure that the property name
and thickness values are valid:
set prop_name [hm_getstring "Name="];
if {$prop_name == ""} {
hm_errormessage "No name specified.";
return;
} elseif {[hm_entityinfo exist properties $prop_name –byname] == 1} {
hm_errormessage "Property already exists.";
return;
}
set prop_thick [hm_getfloat "Thickness="];
if {$prop_thick == "" || $prop_thick <= 0.0} {
hm_errormessage "Invalid thickness value specified.";
return;
}
*collectorcreateonly properties "$prop_name" "" 11;
*createmark properties 2 "$prop_name";
set prop_id [hm_getmark props 2];
*dictionaryload properties 2 "[hm_info -appinfo SPECIFIEDPATH
TEMPLATES_DIR]/feoutput/optistruct/optistruct" "PSHELL";
*attributeupdatedouble properties $prop_id 95 1 1 0 $prop_thick;
2. Click and drag to open the Command Window from the top or bottom edge of the
screen.
It is often necessary to debug Tcl scripts using the Command window. This allows you
to run the Tcl script and easily review error messages, as well as print out debug
information. Additional details can be found in the Creating Tcl Scripts and Running Tcl
Scripts sections.
Model Files
This exercise uses the keyhole.hm and keyhole.res files, which can be found in the
hm.zip file. Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
1. From the menu bar, click File > Open > Model.
Note: Select the transient dynamic option if a dynamic finite element analysis
was used to obtain the stress/strain results for the model.
Note: Select the binary option if the fatigue solver allows a binary input file. For
more information on fatigue solvers and acceptable input file formats, see
the Fatigue panel documentation.
Note: This output file is the input file for the fatigue solver.
5. Click data group = and select any of the data groups that you want to write to the
output file.
Data groups are organized based on whether nodal or elemental results are
available in the results file.
This specifies the data in the results file that is written to the output file. In this
case, selecting all writes the stress/strain data for the selected nodes or elements
for all loadcases represented in keyhole.res.
Note: You can write out stress/strain information for all of the time steps, or you
can choose a range from a starting time step to an ending time step, or
you can choose a selection of time steps manually from the available list.
The next sub-step is to select the entities for which the finite element analysis
results file is written.
Note: The type of entity you select is based upon the data group you selected.
Select nodes if the data group you selected refers to nodal results.
Similarly, select elements if the data group you selected refers to
elemental results. Select sets to choose a predefined entity set comprised
of nodes or elements corresponding to a data group with nodal/elemental
results, respectively. If the data group results and the entity type are not
the same, HyperMesh displays the error message, "Results file doesn’t
contain nodal values."
You can read this file into the appropriate fatigue solver to complete the fatigue
analysis.
Understand applications for and be able to extract resultant forces and moments from
HyperMesh free body diagram (FBD) capabilities, including defining cross-sections for
which resultant forces and moments are calculated
Perform free body diagrams within HyperMesh to understand load paths and export free
body loads to detailed models of interest as boundary conditions (BCs) within a
submodeling scheme. This process is graphically shown for reference, following.
Spar2 element set from the global loads model (middle Spar) with free body loads extracted.
Detailed model of Spar2 with free body loads applied as BCs from global loads model.
This tutorial uses the icw_ex1.hm and icw_ex2.hm files, which can be found in the
hm.zip file. Copy the file(s) from this directory to your working directory.
4. Open the Sets browser by clicking Tools > Set Browser from the menu bar.
Since you will be working with Spar2, you will need to display the elements which
represent Spar2 in the graphics area. Element sets, in addition to components and
assemblies, can be used as a model grouping and visualization tool. Elements sets
can be created, deleted, made visible, and hidden using the Set browser.
5. In the Sets browser, Elements folder, right-click on Spar2 and select Isolate from
the context menu. The elements representing Spar2 display in the graphics area.
6. Turn on element shading by clicking (Shaded Elements and Mesh Lines) on the
Visualization toolbar.
8. Using the node list selector, select the nodes on the top and bottom of the left side.
10. Repeat step 1.8 and 1.9 to create a node on the right side of Spar2.
12. From the menu bar, click Geometry > Create > Systems > Axis Direction.
13. Go to the create by axis direction subpanel to create a system with origin at the
left end and x-axis along the length of the spar.
15. Using the x-axis selector, select the right-middle node for x-axis node.
16. Using the xy plane selector, select the left-top node for the xy-plane node.
An element set that contains the nodes that define the cross-section and
determines which "side" the resultant force and moment vectors are to be
calculated. Only elements connected to the nodes that define the cross-section,
on one side or the other, need to be included in the element set. However,
additional elements can be included for visualization purposes with no effect on
the calculations.
A summation node that can be any node in the model or that can be
automatically set to the calculated centroid of the defined cross-section.
Centroidal calculations are performed using nodal coordinates that make up the
cross-section only, hence element thicknesses associated with the elements
attached to the section are not considered. As such, there could be slight
differences in the calculated centroid and the "true" centroid of the section if
thicknesses vary throughout the section or the section is overly idealized.
(Optional) A result system that defines the coordinate system for which the
resultant force and moment vectors are transformed into and output for the
selected cross-section(s).
2. In the FDB Cross-section Manager tab, click the arrow next to Advanced
options to display the Auto create cross-section form.
5. Select Spar2.
7. Click proceed.
9. Select the left-top and left-bottom nodes which define the first cross-section for
Spar2.
Since the cross-section manager utility creates the necessary element and node
sets, you must define a prefix string for both element and node sets. This string will
be appended by an incremental number to give each created set a unique name.
Optional input includes numbering offset which defines an initial number for which
the appended set numbers will begin.
The graphics area will be updated with the element set, node set, sum node, and
result system that define the selected cross-section. Optionally, if you select the
Show model checkbox, the entire model will be visible in the graphics area with the
selected cross-section highlighted in red and the remainder of the model
transparent.
16. Select the first cross-section in the spreadsheet (Spar2_E1; Spar2_N1), hold SHIFT,
and select the last cross-section (Spar2_E8; Spar2_N9) to select the cross-sections
for updating their result system.
17. Update any single or multiple cross-sections by selecting the cross-sections from the
spreadsheet using CTRL/SHIFT and then selecting Summation Node or Result
System to update these definitions for all selected cross-sections.
19. Select the system located at the left-middle end of Spar2 (system 102 created in
Step 1).
Note: You may have to display the Longeron2 system collector from the Model
browser (Model tab) to display system 102.
All cross-sections update to result system 102. Note that system 102 has the x-axis
along the length of the spar, y-axis located at the neutral axis of the beam in the
plane of the web, and z-axis perpendicular to the web of the beam. Also note that
the sum node is set to the default centroid, which automatically calculates the
centroid of each cross-section and at which the resulting resultant force and moment
calculations will be performed. The result system is the system for which all
resultant force and moment result vectors will be transformed into and output.
Step 3: Extract resultant force and moment data for all cross-
sections of Spar2 for all load cases.
1. Open the Resultant Force and Moment tab by clicking Post > Free Body >
Resultant Force and Moment from the menu bar.
3. From the Loadsteps list, select all of the loadsteps using the filter buttons on the
top of the list box or with CTRL/SHIFT.
4. From the Cross-sections list, select all of the Spar2 cross-sections previously
defined using the filter buttons on the top of the list box or with CTRL/SHIFT.
5. Review the following table for a description of the Output options for the resultant
force and moment utility.
Function Description
Coordinate System Defines the coordinate system used for output of node
locations (x,y,z) only. The coordinate system does not
affect the transformation of the resultant force and
moment vector results, which is defined by the result
system on each cross-section definition.
Zero tolerance Defines any number less than this number is set to zero
for numerical issues.
Create .csv file Creates a .csv file with the results of the resultant force
and moment calculations, which can be opened directly
within standard spreadsheet applications.
Create .fbd file Creates an .fbd file with the results of the resultant
force and moment calculations, which can be directly
read into HyperGraph to create shear moment diagrams
and potato plots.
8. Click proceed.
Note: You may have to display the Longeron2 system collector from the Model
browser to display system 102.
10. Select the Create load collectors checkbox and optionally select a default color for
the created load collectors.
12. Select the Create .csv file checkbox, and open an existing .csv file (append data)
or enter a new file name; in this case, enter icw_res_force_moment.csv.
13. Select the Create .fbd file checkbox, and open an existing .fbd file (append data)
or enter a new file name; in this case, enter icw_res_force_moment.fbd.
By default, files are put into the HyperMesh start directory unless you specify
another directory or enter a file name.
14. Click Accept. Resultant force and moment calculations are executed on all of the
selected cross-sections for all selected subcases.
The Resultant Force and Moment Output Summary tab displays the resultant
force and moment calculations (see the following image). For each cross-section,
there is a separate data block grouped by loadstep. The data block contains cross-
section nodal forces, moments, and the sum of those nodal forces and moments
about the defined sum node, in this case the calculated centroid of the cross-
section. Note that the sum of the moment components (Mx, My, Mz) for each node
is not the direct sum, as the (rXF) terms for the force resultant vector about the
sum node must also be added to each moment component appropriately. The sum
of the forces components (Fx, Fy, Fz) for each node is, however, the simple sum.
This file contains the same results as the summary table in the previous image, but
is available for import into standard spreadsheet or text editor programs.
16. Optional. Open the .fbd file, icw_res_force_moment.fbd, in any standard text
editor program.
By default, files are put into the HyperMesh start directory unless you specify
another directory or enter a file name.
This file contains the same results as the summary table in the previous image, but
in a compact format for use with HyperGraph in generating shear moment diagrams
and potato plots of resultant force and moment data for various cross-sections.
Vector review of the Resultant Force and Moment results in the graphics area is
covered in the next step.
4. Click proceed.
5. In the FDB Results Manager window, activate the Show model check box to
display the entire model with the selected element set highlighted in red and all
other elements transparent. This feature will help you easily locate the element set
within the model.
This operation scans the database for available loadsteps with resultant force and
moment results and populates the Loadsteps: list box.
This operation scans the database for available node sets with resultant force and
moment results and populates the Node sets: list box.
This operation will scan the database for available force and moment vector results
and will enable the check boxes for those force and moment vectors which are
available.
9. For Display options, select Fy (shear—the results coordinate system had y-axis in
the plane of the web) and Mz (principal bending moment—the results coordinate
system had z-axis perpendicular to the plane of the web).
10. (Optional) Select Update load collector color and select color to change the color
of the selected load vectors.
The new color setting applies only to the load components selected and is saved in
the database. Therefore, this option can be used to recolor any single or multiple
load vectors for any FBD result.
11. Click Accept to visualize the resultant force and moment vectors in the graphics
area.
12. (Optional) Continue to review resultant force and moment vectors following Steps
4.2-4.14 for additional cross-sections.
13. Click Reset to clear the display and reset the form.
2. On the toolbar, use the pull-down menu to switch to the HyperGraph 2D client.
3. From the menu bar, select Tools > Free Body Diagrams > Potato Plot to open
the Potato Plot dialog.
The available cross-sections and loadstpes within the .fbd file are loaded into the
form.
Potato plots generate a single plot for each selected cross-section which contains
data points for all selected loadsteps Potato plots effectively "take a slice" through
shear moment diagrams at a given cross-section for all selected loadsteps. Since
Spar2_E1_Spar2_N1 is the wing root section for Spar2, it will be the largest loaded
section and hence can be utilized to determine the critical loadsteps for Spar2.
Potato plots can facilitate critical loadstep determination by identifying maximum
and minimum loads on given cross-section. In this case, you are going to be
interested in identifying maximum and minimum shear and moment forces, Fy and
Mz respectively. There are other methods for determining critical loadsteps and
standard practices and methods should be examined and utilized.
6. From the Loadsteps list, select all loadsteps using filter buttons next to the list box
or using CTRL/SHIFT.
Note: You can add additional potato plots by selecting alternative X and Y
components and clicking Add Plot. You can also delete defined plots by
selecting the plots from the spreadsheet area and clicking Delete Plots.
11. On the Plot Options tab, for Reverse sign select cross-section
Spar2_E1_Spar2_N1 in the top drop-down list.
The explanation for the reverse cross-section options is discussed in Step 6.11.
Since one cross-section was selected, one plot will be generated (one for each cross-
section). Potato plots are typically used to determine the loadsteps from which
maximum/minimum behavior occurs. From the resulting potato plot of cross-section
Spar2_E1_Spar2_N1 it can be determined that maximum/minimum loadsteps for
shear and moment are SUBCASES 9, 11, 14, and 16. These critical loadsteps will be
considered in future submodeling procedures as a subset of all the loadsteps used to
design the spar. FBD forces will be extracted from these loadsteps in Exercise #2
and applied to a detailed model of Spar2 so that FBD analysis and design of the spar
can be performed.
2. From the menu bar, select Tools > Free Body Diagrams > Shear Moment Plot
to open the Shear Moment Plot panel.
The available cross-sections and loadsteps within the .fbd file are loaded into the
form.
4. From the Sections list, select all sections related to Spar2 (Spar2_E1_Spar_N1
through Spar2_E8_Spar2_N9) using filter buttons next to the list box or using
CTRL/SHIFT.
5. From the Loadsteps list, select SUBCASE 9, SUBCASE 11, SUBCASE 14, and
SUBCASE 16 the critical loadsteps determined in Step 6.5.
7. On the VMT Plots tab, for Y component select Fy and Mz to plot the shear and
principal bending moment for Spar2.
The option allows for methods to reverse the sign of the results from any single or
multiple cross-sections. The option is useful since, for this particular plot, all cross-
sections were defined coming from the right. However the first section
[Spar2_E1_Spar2_N1], since it has no elements to the left of this cross-section, can
only be defined from the left. Cross-sections, defined by the nodes and elements
within their respective sets, can be defined coming from the left or right depending
on the elements chosen for any given nodal cross-section definition. Therefore any
given cross-section can be defined from the left or from the right. The only
difference in the results defined either way is that the results will be opposite in sign
but equal in magnitude. Either way, for a shear moment diagram, it is important
that all selected cross-sections be defined coming from the same direction so that
the resulting plot is valid.
This option affects the number of resulting plots that will be generated. The options
are: One plot per loadstep, One plot per Y Component, and One curve per
plot. The total number of curves that are generated is always (Curves = number or
loadsteps * number of Y components). In this example, since you selected four
loadsteps and two Y components, there are a total of eight curves that will be
extracted. The number of plots that these eight curves will be displayed on depends
on the layout selection. With the option One Plot per loadstep, there are four
plots since there are four loadsteps; each plot with both selected Y components, or
in this case shear and moment on a single plot for each loadstep. The results of this
layout option are shown in first picture, following. With the option, One Plot per Y
component, there are two plots since there are two Y components, each plot with
all four selected loadsteps, or in this case shear on one plot and moment on another
plot for all four selected loadsteps. The results of this layout option are shown in the
second picture, following. Try both options.
These plots can be used with traditional mechanics of materials calculations such as
S = My/I and T = VQ/IT to calculate stresses for various cross-sections. The plots
provide the M (bending or Mz) and V (shear or Fy) values to these equations which
when coupled with cross-section properties which can be calculated using
HyperBeam (from the main menu, select the1D page, then select HyperBeam),
allows for the calculation of the cross-section stresses.
Step 1: Extract free body diagrams for Spar2 using FBD Forces
utility.
1. If continuing from Exercise 1, proceed; otherwise open HyperMesh and load the
model file, icw_ex2.hm.
2. From the menu bar select Post > Free Body > Force to open the FBD Forces tab.
3. If the icw.op2 file is currently loaded, proceed; otherwise, from the .op2 file:
browser, select icw.op2.
The selected .op2 file loads into the HyperMesh database for use with all FBD
utilities until another .op2 file is selected. It also populates the Subcases list box
with all subcases in the selected .op2 file that contain Grid Point Force (GPFORCE)
data. See the FBD documentation in the HyperMesh User's Guide for more details.
4. In the Loadsteps list, select SUBCASE 9, SUBCASE 11, SUBCASE 14, and
SUBCASE 16, the critical subcases determined in Exercise 1, Step 5.
7. Click proceed.
Elements that represent Spar2 are now displayed in the graphics area. To turn on
element shading, click Shaded Elements and Mesh Lines ( ).
9. Select the system located at the left-middle end of Spar2 (system 102 created in
Exercise 1, Step 1), and click proceed.
Note: You may have to display the Longeron2 system collector from the Model
Browser to display system 102.
10. Click Summation Node twice, select the left-bottom node, and then click proceed.
This summation node is the node for which all free body force and moment vector
results will be summed about to generate a single equivalent resultant force and
moment vector. Note that for a free body (all loads), the summation about any
point must be zero. Therefore, this feature is typically used to verify that the
extraction produced a free body with zero summation. However, if a free body other
than (all loads) is performed, the selection of the summation node can be used to
determine the equivalent resultant force and moment vector for the extracted free
body (applied load only or reaction loads only) which in general will not be zero and
can be of interest.
Review the following table for a description of the Output options for the FBD
Forces utility.
Create load Creates load collectors containing the results of the FBD
collectors force calculations so that the results can be visualized in
the graphics area as force and moment vectors.
Create .csv file Creates a .csv file with the results of the resultant force
and moment calculations, which can be opened directly
within any standard spreadsheet applications.
13. Activate Create load collectors and optionally select a default color for the created
load collectors.
15. Activate Create .csv file, browse to the desired location, and type
icw_fbd_force.csv.
16. Click Accept to execute the FBD forces calculations for all selected subcases.
The FBD Forces Output Summary window displays the FBD forces calculations
(see following image). There is a separate data block grouped by loadstep. The
data block contains free body nodal forces, moments, and the sum of those nodal
forces and moments about the defined sum node. Note that the sum of the moment
components (Mx, My, Mz) for each node is not the direct sum as the (rXF) terms for
the force resultant vector about the sum node must also be added to each moment
component appropriately. The sum of the forces components (Fx, Fy, Fz) for each
node is, however, the simple sum. In addition, the sum for a Free Body – All
Loads result should be, and is, zero about any sum node selected. You can verify
this with the SUM line at the bottom of each data block. For other FBD types,
however, the sum about the sum node may or may not be zero, depending on the
selections.
Vector review of the FBD forces results in the graphics area is covered in the next
step.
4. Click select.
5. Click proceed.
6. (Optional) Activate the Show model check box to display the entire model with the
selected element set highlighted in red and all other elements transparent. This
feature will help you easily locate the element set within the model.
This operation scans the database for available loadsteps with FBD Forces – All
Loads results and populates the Loadsteps list box.
9. For Display options, select Fy (shear—the results coordinate system had y-axis in
the plane of the web).
10. (Optional) Select Update load collector color and select color to change the color
of the selected load vectors.
The new color setting applies only to the load components selected and are saved in
the database. Therefore, this option can be used to recolor any single or multiple
load vectors for any FBD result.
11. Click Accept to make visible the FBD force vectors in the graphics area.
12. (Optional) Continue to review FBD Forces – All Load vector results following
steps 2.6 – 2.13 for additional loadsteps and force/moment components.
13. Click Reset to clear the display and reset the form.
Step 3: Use FBD Export Manager to export FBD Forces to .fem file.
1. From the menu bar, select Post, then Free Body Export Manager to open the
FBD Export Manger tab.
4. Click proceed.
This operation scans the database for available loadsteps with FBD Forces – All
Loads results and populates the Loadsteps list box.
6. For Loadsteps, Select SUBCASE 9, SUBCASE 11, SUBCASE 14, SUBCASE 16.
7. Check the options for Create appropriate loadsteps, and for Output file, browse
to the desired location and enter spar2_fbd_forces.fem.
This operation turns on the display of all load collectors associated with the currently
selected FBD result type for all selected loadsteps. Additional loadsteps can be
selected and accepted, which will append to the current display on each click of
accept. In addition, a new element set or FBD result type can be selected and
appended to the current display on each click of accept. To clear the display click
Reset.
9. Click Export.
This operation will export the currently displayed loads and all other
associated/required cards to the output file selected. This file can subsequently be
imported into another HyperMesh database (typically called the detailed model) and
the loads contained therein can be "attached" to the structure of the detailed model
as boundary conditions with the addition of a rigid body constraint. This process will
be carried out in the next step.
12. (Optional) On the File menu, click Save as…, and save the HyperMesh database as
icw_final.hm.
13. From the menu bar, select File, then Exit to exit HyperMesh.
Step 4: Import FBD forces from .fem file into detailed model and
solve.
1. Load the model file, spar2_ex2.hm.
2. From the menu bar, select File > Import > Solver Deck to open the Import tab.
4. Click Import.
This operation imports the free body loads from the global model into the detailed
model of Spar2. The next process is to "attach" the free body loads to the detailed
model, perform some clean-up operations, define new loadsteps with the free body
loads and a rigid body constraint, and solve the detailed model. This process will be
accomplished in the remainder of this step.
5. From the menu bar, select Mesh, then Check, then Nodes, then Equivalence to
go to the Edges panel.
The nodes of the imported loads are equivalenced with those of the detailed model
which are overlaying each other as a consequence of importing the free body loads.
9. Click equivalence to combine nodes that were imported and attached to the loads
with those that are a part of the detailed mesh of Spar2.
Note: When the detailed Spar2 mesh was constructed, attention to where these
interface nodes were located was taken into account by placing fixed points
on the surfaces at these locations. The fixed points maintain a node at that
location from the automesher and thus guarantee that a node will exist
where a load is located. This method is only one of several potential
methods. Other options could include importing the loads which do not line
up with any other nodes in the detailed mesh and then connecting the loads
to the detailed mesh with R-type elements (RBE2 or RBE3). Several other
possibilities could also exist and best methods and practices should be
considered depending on the problem type.
17. On the Model tab, select the LoadCollector folder, right-click to bring up the
context menu, and select Hide to remove all loads from the graphics area.
Create a load collector for the rigid body constraint definition. From the menu
bar, select Collectors, then Create, then Load Collectors to to open the
Create Load Collector dialog box.
Click create.
Note: This operation sets the current load collector to the newly created
Const load collector. The current load collector is the collector which
any newly created load (constrains in this case) are placed into.
Assign an analysis system to the nodes for which the rigid body constraint will
be applied. From the menu bar, select Mesh, then Assign, then Node
Analysis System to go to the Systems: Assign subpanel.
Click system.
Note: You may have to display the Longeron2 system collector from the
Model browser (Model tab) to display system 102.
Assign a constraint to left-bottom node. From the menu bar, select BCs, then
Create, then Constraints to go to the Constraints panel.
Click create.
Click create.
Select dof3.
Click create.
19. To update the loadsteps for all four free body load cases, perform the following:
From the menu bar, select Setup, then Edit, then LoadSteps to go to the
LoadSteps panel.
Click update.
20. From the menu bar, select Setup > Create > Control Cards to go to the Control
Cards panel.
22. For number_of_formats enter 2, and then hit ENTER on the keyboard.
23. Click each FORMAT button and set them to HM and OUTPUT2, respectively.
24. Click return to specify output file formats for HyperMesh .res (HM) and .op2 which
can be used in HyperView to post-process the results.
27. Click return to request displacement output for both output formats.
29. From the menu bar, select File > Save As…, and save the model as
spar2_ex2_analysis.hm.
30. From the Analysis page, click OptiStruct to run the model.
33. Click OptiStruct to export the solver deck and run the analysis in OptiStruct. If –
optiskip appears in the options field, clear the field before clicking OptiStruct.
34. Once OptiStruct finishes, click return to exit the OptiStruct panel.
35. In the Post menu, click Deformed panel and review the results of the analysis.
38. Click deform to produce the deformed shape of Spar2 in the graphics area for the
selected simulation.
40. In the Post menu, click contour to go to the Contour panel and review the results
of analysis.
45. Click contour to produce the contour plot in the graphics area.
46. (Optional) Continue to use the contour panel to review additional results.
49. From the menu bar, select File, then Exit to exit HyperMesh.