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FEBRUARY 2019
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In 2015, approximately 1,500 premature deaths Among 100 major urban areas worldwide that the
in metropolitan London were attributable to study evaluated, London ranked 28th in population
ambient PM2.5 and ozone from transportation and ninth in the number of deaths attributable
tailpipe emissions. Deaths attributable to ambient to transportation emissions in 2015—that is, the
PM2.5 and ozone from all sources totaled 4,500, health burden from transportation emissions in
meaning that transportation accounted for just London is disproportionately heavy.
under one-third (32.7%) of all deaths from air
pollution that year in London. London had the eighth-highest fraction of deaths
from air pollution attributable to transportation
London accounted for 17.4% of transportation- emissions in 2015 among major cities worldwide.
attributable deaths from PM2.5 and ozone pollution The ten worst, in order, were Milan, Rotterdam,
in the United Kingdom in 2015, for a mortality Turin, Stuttgart, Mexico City, Leeds, Manchester,
rate of 15 deaths per 100,000 population London, Paris, and Cologne.
(approximately 9.7 million in London and suburbs
in 2015).
4,000 AMU
Tokyo
Andean Community
3,000 ASEAN
Shanghai
Australia
China
PM2.5 and ozone deaths from transportation
Mexico City
2,000 CIS
Cairo EU & EFTA
Moscow Beijing Japan
1,500 London
Kolkata
MERCOSUR
Shantou
NAFTA
Wuxi
Cologne Paris Jakarta SAARC
1,000 Milan Manila SADC
Chicago South Korea
700
Mumbai Turkey
Chengdu
Quanzhou
Other Asia & Oceania
Istanbul
Manchester Ho Chi Minh City Other Europe
500 Other Middle East
Barcelona Shenyeng Johannesburg
400 Berlin
Xian Rio de Janeiro Transport attributable deaths
Kiev Hyderabad per 100,000 population
300
Bangalore 1.9
Turin Leeds Surabaya 5.0
200 10.0
Miami Karachi
Stuttgart Jiaojing Taiyuan Sohag
15.0
Puebla
150 20.0
25.1
100
1,000,000 10,000,000
Population
Transportation-attributable deaths from PM2.5 and ozone pollution, mortality rates, and population in 100 major
urban areas, 2015. Bubble color indicates the trade bloc in which an urban area is located. Bubble size indicates
the transportation-attributable mortality rate per 100,000 population.1
Trade bloc
CHN DEU GBR ITA USA
AMU
114,000 13,000 8,400 7,800 22,000
Andean Community
ASEAN
Australia
CARICOM
CEMAC
FRA ESP China
6,400 3,200 CIS
EAC
NLD MEX
8,100 ECOWAS
POL
EU & EFTA
4,200
GCC
IDN JPN BRA EGY Japan
7,100 9,900 5,700 4,200 MERCOSUR
NAFTA
IND PAK
74,000 5,100 SAARC
IRN
THA PHL SADC
SICA
South Korea
UKR
BGD RUS 6,500 Turkey
4,800 13,000 Other Africa
Other Americas & Caribbean
Other Asia & Oceania
Other Europe
Other Middle East
National total PM2.5 and ozone mortality attributable to transportation emissions in 2015 in major trade blocs
globally, using central relative risk estimates. The size of each box corresponds to each region’s share of global
transportation-attributable PM2.5 and ozone mortality in 2015.
1 Acronyms of the trade blocs identified in the figure: AMU = Arab Maghreb Union (North Africa); ASEAN = Association of
Southeast Asian Nations; CARICOM = Caribbean Community; CEMAC = Central African Economic and Monetary Community; CIS =
Commonwealth of Independent States; EAC = East African Community; ECOWAS = Economic Community of West African States;
EU & EFTA = European Union and European Free Trade Association; GCC = Gulf Cooperation Council; MERCOSUR = Southern
Common Market (South America); NAFTA = North American Free Trade Agreement; SAARC = South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation; SADC = Southern African Development Community; SICA = Central American Integration System.
2
FACT SHEET HEALTH IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES IN LONDON
3
FACT SHEET HEALTH IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES IN LONDON
For this reason, even though London met the EU NO2 is a precursor to both PM2.5 (in the form of
air-quality standards for annual average PM2.5 in nitrate aerosols) and ozone. Therefore, policies
2015 (set at 25 µg/m3), there is still a need from that target reductions in NO2—for which London
a public health perspective to further reduce exceeds EU air-quality standards—would reduce
PM2.5 levels in London. Additionally, although the the incidence of premature deaths from ambient
GBD methods do not evaluate the direct health PM2.5 and ozone, the health endpoints that were
impacts of exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), quantified for 2010 and 2015 in this study.
PUBLICATION DETAILS
Title: A global snapshot of the air pollution-related Authors: Susan Anenberg, George Washington University
health impacts of transportation sector emissions in Milken Institute School of Public Health; Joshua Miller,
2010 and 2015 International Council on Clean Transportation; Daven
Henze, University of Colorado, Boulder; Ray Minjares,
Download: www.theicct.org/publications/health-
International Council on Clean Transportation
impacts-transport-emissions-2010-2015
Contact: Joshua Miller (josh@theicct.org)