Coordinates: 23.03°N 72.

58°E

Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad (/ˈəhmədɑːbɑːd/ ( listen) is the largest city and former capital of the Indian state of
Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmadabad district and the seat of the Gujarat
Ahmedabad
Amdavad
High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,633,927 (as per 2011 population census) makes it the fifth-
most populous city in India,[4] and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at Metropolis
6,357,693 is the seventh-most populous in India.[8][9] Ahmadabad is located on the banks of the
Sabarmati River, 30 km (19 mi) from the state capitalGandhinagar, which is its twin city.[10]

Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India. It is the second-largest
producer of cotton in India, and its stock exchange is the country's second oldest. Cricket is a popular
sport in Ahmedabad, which houses the 54,000-seat Sardar Patel Stadium. The effects of liberalisation
of the Indian economy have energised the city's economy towards tertiary sector activities such as
commerce, communication and construction.[11] Ahmedabad's increasing population has resulted in an
[12]
increase in the construction and housing industries resulting in recent development of skyscrapers.

In 2010 Ahmedabad was ranked third in Forbes's list of fastest growing cities of the decade.[13] In
2012, The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as India's best city to live in.[14] As of 2014, Ahmedabad's
estimated gross domestic product was $64 billion.[15]

Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under
Government of India's flagship Smart Cities Mission.[16] In July 2017, the Historic City of
Ahmedabad or Old Ahmedabad, was declared as India's firstUNESCO World Heritage City.[17]

Contents
History
Demographics
Population
Clockwise from topː Gandhi Smarak
Poverty
Sangrahalay at Sabarmati Ashram,
Informal Housing/Slums
Ahmedabad Railway Station, CEPT
Slum Networking Project
University, Kankaria Lake and the Kirti
Religion and ethnicity Stambh at Hutheesing Temple
Geography
Climate
Cityscape
Civic administration Ahmedabad
Public services
Culture
Education
Media
Economy
Transport
Railway
Ahmedabad Metro
Road
Ahmedabad BRTS
Airport

Sports
Ahmedabad
International relations
See also
References
Further reading
External links
History
The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as Ashaval
.[18] At that time, Karna, the Chaulukya ruler of Anhilwara (modern Patan), waged a successful war
against the Bhil king of Ashaval,[19] and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the
Sabarmati.[20] Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the
Vaghela dynasty of Dholka. Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate in the
Ahmedabad
14th century. However, by the earlier 15th century, the local governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established
his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself Sultan of Gujarat as Muzaffar Shah I,
thereby founding the Muzaffarid dynasty.[21] This area finally came under the control of his grandson
Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 A.D. who while at the banks of Sabarmati liked the forested area for a
new capital city and laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad Coordinates: 23.03°N 72.58°E
after the four saints in the area by the name Ahmed.[22] According to other sources, he named it after Country India
himself.[23][24] Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411[25] (at 1.20 pm, State Gujarat
Thursday, the second day of Dhu al-Qi'dah, Hijri year 813[26] ) at Manek Burj. He chose it as the new District Ahmedabad
capital on 4 March 1411.[27] Establishment
in 11th century as
In 1487, Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer wall 10 km Ashaval
(6.2 mi) in circumference and consisting of twelve gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements.[28] on 26 February
In 1535 Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner when the ruler of Gujarat, 1411 as
Ahmedabad
Bahadur Shah, fled to Diu.[29] Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573
when Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad Government
became one of the Empire's thriving centres of trade, mainly in textiles, which were exported as far as • Type Mayor–Council
Europe. The Mughal ruler Shahjahan spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring the construction
• Body AMC
• Mayor Bijal Patel (BJP)[1]
of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug. The Deccan Famine of 1630–32 affected the city, as did
• Deputy Dinesh Makwana
famines in 1650 and 1686.[30] Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until
Mayor
1758, when they surrendered the city to theMarathas.[31] • Municipal Vijay Nehra
commissioner
During the period of Maratha Empire governance, the city became the centre of a conflict between the
Area[2]
Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda.[32] In 1780, during the First Anglo-Maratha War, a
• Metropolis 464.16 km2
British force under James Hartley stormed and captured Ahmedabad, but it was handed back to the
(179.21 sq mi)
Marathas at the end of the war. The British East India Company took over the city in 1818 during the
Area rank 1st in Gujarat
Third Anglo-Maratha War.[22] A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal
Elevation[3] 53 m (174 ft)
government in 1858.[22] Incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule, Ahmedabad
became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region. In 1864, a railway link between Population (2011)[4]
Ahmedabad and Mumbai (then Bombay) was established by the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India • Metropolis 5,633,927
Railway (BB&CI), enabling traffic and trade between northern and southern India via the city.[22]
• Rank 5th
• Density 12,000/km2
Over time, the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry, which earned it the
(31,000/sq mi)
nickname "Manchester of the East".[33]
• Urban[5] 6,357,693
The Indian independence movement developed roots in the city when Mahatma Gandhi established Demonym(s) Ahmedabadi(in
two ashrams – the Kochrab Ashram near Paldi in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram (now Sabarmati Gujarati)
Ashram) on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 – which would become centres of nationalist Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
activities.[22][34] During the mass protests against the Rowlatt Act in 1919, textile workers burned Pincode(s) 380 0XX
down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime Area code(s) 079
regulations after the First World War. In the 1920s, textile workers and teachers went on strike, Vehicle GJ-01 (west), GJ-27
demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions. In 1930, Gandhi initiated the Salt registration (East),, GJ-38 Bavla
(Rural)
Satyagraha from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the Dandi Salt March. The city's
administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the large Sex ratio 1.11[6] ♂/♀
numbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests, and again in 1942 during the Quit India Literacy rate 89.62[4]
Movement. Following independence and the partition of India in 1947, the city was scarred by the Source: Census of India.[7]
intense communal violence that broke out between Hindus and Muslims in 1947, Ahmedabad was the
[35] who expanded the city's population and transformed its demographics and economy
focus for settlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan, .

By 1960, Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people, with classical and colonial European-style buildings
lining the city's thoroughfares.[36] It was chosen as the capital of Gujarat state after the partition of the State of Bombay on 1 May 1960.[37] During this
period, a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city, making it a centre for higher education, science and technology.[38]
Ahmedabad's economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period. Many countries sought to
emulate India's economic planning strategy and one of them,South Korea, copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan".
In the late 1970s, the capital shifted to the newly built, well planned city of Gandhinagar. This marked the start
of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development. The 1974 Nav Nirman agitation – a
protest against a 20% hike in the hostel food fees at the L.D. College of Engineering in Ahmedabad –
snowballed into a movement to remove Chimanbhai Patel, then chief minister of Gujarat.[39] In the 1980s, a
reservation policy was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The
protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes.[40] The city suffered some of the
impact of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake; up to 50 multi-storey buildings collapsed, killing 752 people and
causing much damage.[41] The following year, a three-day period of violence between Hindus and Muslims in
City Walls of Ahmedabad, 1866
the western Indian state of Gujarat, known as the 2002 Gujarat riots, spread to Ahmedabad; refugee camps were
set up around the city.[42]

The 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, a series of seventeen bomb

blasts, killed and injured several people.[43] Militant group
Harkat-ul-Jihad claimed responsibility for the attacks.[44]

Demographics
Sabarmati Ashram, established
Population by Mahatma Gandhi
Ahmedabad and its environs, ca
1914 At the 2011 Census of India Ahmedabad had a population
of 5,633,927, making it the fifth most populous city in
Population growth of
India.[4] The urban agglomeration centred upon
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad, then having a population of 6,357,693, now estimated at 7,650,000, is the seventh most
Census Pop. %±
populous urban agglomeration in India.[8][9] The city had a literacy rate of 89.62%; 93.96% of the men and
84.81% of the women were literate.[4] Ahmedabad's sex ratio in 2011 was 897 women per 1000 men.[4] 1871 116,900 —
According to the census for the Ninth Plan, there are 30,737 rural families living in Ahmedabad. Of those, 1901 185,900 —
5.41% (1663 families) live below the poverty line.[46] Approximately 440,000 people live in slums within
1911 216,800 16.6%
the city.[47] In 2008, there were 2273 registered non-resident Indians living in Ahmedabad.[48] In 2010,
1921 270,000 24.5%
Forbes magazine rated Ahmedabad as the fastest-growing city in India, and listed it as third fastest-growing
in the world after the Chinese cities of Chengdu and Chongqing.[49] In 2011, it was rated India's best 1931 313,800 16.2%
megacity to live in by leading market research firm IMRB.[50] According to the National Crime Records 1941 595,200 89.7%
Bureau (NCRB) report of 2003, Ahmedabad has the lowest crime rate of the 35 Indian cities with a
1951 788,300 32.4%
population of more than one million.[51] In December 2011 market research firm IMRB declared
1961 1,149,900 45.9%
Ahmedabad the best megacity to live in, when compared to India's other megacities.[52] Slightly less than
half of all real estate in Ahmedabad is owned by "community organisations" (i.e. cooperatives), and 1971 1,950,000 69.6%
according to Vrajlal Sapovadia, professor of the B.K. School of Business Management, "the spatial growth 1981 2,515,200 29.0%
of the city is to [an] extent [a] contribution of these organisations".[53] Ahmedabad Cantonment provides 1991 3,312,200 31.7%
residential zones for Indian Army officials.[54]
2001 4,525,013 36.6%
2011 5,633,927 24.5%
Poverty sources: [4][45]

In the mid-1970s and early 1980s, the textile mills that were responsible for much of Ahmedabad's wealth
faced competition from automation and from domestic specialty looms. Several prominent mills closed down, leaving between 40,000 and 50,000 people
without a source of income, and many moved into informal settlements in the city center. The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation(AMC), the governing and
administrative body of the city, simultaneously lost much of its tax base and saw an increased demand for services. In the 1990s, newly emerging
pharmaceutical, chemical, and automobile manufacturing industries required skilled labor, so many migrants seeking work ended up in the informal sector
and settled in slums.[55]

Ahmedabad has been relatively successful in its efforts to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of poor residents. The urban poverty rate has
declined from 28% in 1993-1994 to 10% in 2011-2012.[55] This is partly due to the strengthening of the AMC and its partnership with several civil society
organizations (CSOs) representing poor residents. Through several projects and programs (see below), the AMC has provided utilities and basic services to
slums. However, there are challenges that remain, and there are still many residents who lack access to sanitation, improved water, and electricity. Riots,
often rooted in religious tensions, threaten the stability of neighborhoods and have caused spatial segregation across religious and caste lines. Finally, the
conception of pro-poor, inclusive development is being overshadowed by a national initiative promoting the creation of 'global cities' of capital investment
and technological innovation. This has shifted priorities towards constructing new housing and attracting private development rather than servicing the urban
poor.[55]

Informal Housing/Slums
As of 2011, about 66% of the population lives in formal housing. The other 34% lives in slums or chawls, which are tenements for industrial workers. There
are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad, and 11% of the total housing stock is public housing. The population of Ahmedabad has increased
while the housing stock has remained basically constant, and this has led to densification of both formal and informal housing and a more economical use of
existing space. The Indian census estimates that the Ahmedabad slum population was 25.6% of the total population in 1991 and decreased to 4.5% in 2011,
but these numbers are contested and local entities maintain that the census underestimates informal populations. There is a consensus that there has been a
[55]
reduction in the percentage of the population who lives in slum settlements, and a general improvement in living conditions for slum residents.

Slum Networking Project

In the 1990s, the AMC faced increased slum populations. They found that residents were willing and able to pay for legal connections to water, sewage, and
electricity, but because of tenure issues they were paying higher prices for low-quality, informal connections. To address this, beginning in 1995, the AMC
partnered with civil society organizations to create the Slum Networking Project (SNP) to improve basic services in 60 slums, benefitting approximately
13,000 households.[55] This project, also known as Parivartan (Change), involved participatory planning in which slum residents were partners alongside
AMC, private institutions, microfinance lenders, and local NGOs. The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure (including water
supply, sewers, individual toilets, paved roads, storm drainage, and tree planting) and community development (i.e. the formation of resident associations,
women's groups, community health interventions, and vocational training).[56] In addition, participating households were granted a minimum de-facto tenure
of ten years. The project cost a total of Rs. 4350 million. Community members and the private sector each contributed Rs. 600 million, NGOs provided Rs.
90 million, and the AMC paid for the rest of the project.[56] Each slum household was responsible for no more than 12% of the cost of upgrading their
home.[55]

This project has generally been regarded as a success. Having access to basic services increased the residents' working hours, since most worked out of their
homes. It also reduced the incidence of illness, particularly water-borne illness, and increased children's rates of school attendance.[57] The SNP received the
2006 UNHABITAT Dubai International Award for Best Practice to improve the living Environment.[58] However, concerns remain about the community's
responsibility and capacity for the maintenance of the new infrastructure. Additionally, trust was weakened when the AMC demolished two of slums that
[55]
were upgraded as part of SNP to create recreational parks.

Religion and ethnicity

According to the 2011 census, Hindus are the predominant religious community in the city
Religions in Ahmedabad City (2011)[59]
comprising 81.56% of the population followed by Muslims (13.51%), Jains (3.62%), Religion Percent
Christians (0.85%) and Sikhs (0.24%).[59] Buddhists, people following other religions and Hinduism 81.56%
those who didn't state any religion make up the remainder
. Islam 13.51%
Jainism 3.62%
Its (Marian) cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmelis the episcopal see of the Christianity 0.85%
Roman Catholic Diocese of Ahmedabad(Latin Rite; established 1949), a Sikhism 0.24%
suffragan of the Metropolitan of Gandhinagar.[60] Other or not stated 0.24%
Ahmedabad is home to a large population ofVanias (i.e., traders), belonging to
the Vaishnava sect of Hinduism and various sects ofJainism.
Most of the residents of Ahmedabad are nativeGujaratis. The city is home to some 2000Parsis and some 125 members of theBene
Israel Jewish community.[61] There is also one synagogue in the city.[62][63]
Shree Simandhar Swami’s idol is on the terrace of the Dada Darshanbuilding at the bank of the Sabarmati Riverfront near the Gandhi
Bridge in Ahmedabad. The idol can be seen from afar . People passing near the Gandhi Bridge can easily do devotional viewing of the
Lord.[64]

Geography
Ahmedabad lies at 23.03°N 72.58°E in western India at 53 metres (174 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river, in north-central Gujarat. It
covers an area of 464 km2 (179 sq mi).[2] The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water, and the city is in a sandy
and dry area. However with the execution of the Sabarmati River Front Project and Embankment, the waters from the Narmada river have been diverted to
the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year, thereby eliminating Ahmedabad's water problems. The steady expansion of the Rann of Kutch
threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state; however, the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem.
Except for the small hills of Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra, the city is almost flat. Three lakes lie within the city's limits—Kankaria, Vastrapur and Chandola.
[65]
Kankaria, in the neighbourhood ofManinagar, is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat, Kutb-ud-din, in 1451.

According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone 3, in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).[66]

Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which
includes the central town ofBhadra. This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed bazaars, the pol system of closely clustered buildings, and numerous
places of worship.[67] A Pol (pronounced as pole) is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by caste, profession, or
religion.[68][69] This is a list of Pols in the old walled city[68] of Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India. Heritage of these Pols[70] has helped Ahmedabad gain a place
in UNESCO's Tentative Lists, in selection criteria II, III and IV.[71] The secretary-general of EuroIndia Centre quoted that if 12000 homes of Ahmedabad are
restored they could be very helpful in promoting heritage tourism and its allied businesses.[72] The Art Reverie in Moto Sutharvado is Res Artis center. The
first pol in Ahmedabad was named Mahurat Pol.[73] Old city also houses the main railway station, the main
post office, and some buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras. The colonial period saw the expansion of the
city to the western side of Sabarmati, facilitated by the construction of Ellis Bridge in 1875 and later the
relatively modern Nehru Bridge. The western part of the city houses educational institutions, modern buildings,
residential areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and new business districts centred around roads such as Ashram
Road, C. G. Road and Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway.[74]

19th century painted cloth map of

Ahmedabad
There are nine bridges on the river Sabarmati that connect the eastern and western regions.

Sabarmati Riverfront is a waterfront being developed along the banks of Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad, India.
Proposed in 1960s, the construction began in 2005

Climate
Ahmedabad has a hot, semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate. There
are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June;
the average summer maximum is 43 °C (109 °F), and the average minimum is 24 °C (75 °F). From November to February, the average maximum
temperature is 30 °C (86 °F), the average minimum is 13 °C (55 °F), and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in
January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about 800 millimetres (31 in), but
infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as
[75]
usual. The highest temperature in the city was recorded on 18 and 19 May 2016 which was 50 °C (122 °F).

Climate data for Ahmedabad (1981–2010)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record
36.1 40.6 43.9 46.2 50.0 47.2 42.2 40.4 41.7 42.8 38.9 35.6 50.0
high °C
(97.0) (105.1) (111.0) (115.2) (122.0) (117.0) (108.0) (104.7) (107.1) (109.0) (102.0) (96.1) (122.0)
(°F)

Average
28.1 30.8 35.8 39.6 41.6 38.8 33.6 32.0 33.8 35.7 32.9 29.5 34.4
high °C
(82.6) (87.4) (96.4) (103.3) (106.9) (101.8) (92.5) (89.6) (92.8) (96.3) (91.2) (85.1) (93.9)
(°F)

Average
12.4 14.3 19.5 23.9 27.0 27.5 25.9 25.0 24.7 21.4 16.7 13.4 21.0
low °C
(54.3) (57.7) (67.1) (75.0) (80.6) (81.5) (78.6) (77.0) (76.5) (70.5) (62.1) (56.1) (69.8)
(°F)

Record
3.3 2.2 9.4 12.8 19.1 19.4 20.4 21.2 17.2 12.6 8.3 3.6 2.2
low °C
(37.9) (36.0) (48.9) (55.0) (66.4) (66.9) (68.7) (70.2) (63.0) (54.7) (46.9) (38.5) (36.0)
(°F)

Average
rainfall 1.0 0.8 0.6 2.4 7.0 80.0 291.2 266.2 86.8 11.7 2.3 1.0 750.9
mm (0.04) (0.03) (0.02) (0.09) (0.28) (3.15) (11.46) (10.48) (3.42) (0.46) (0.09) (0.04) (29.56)
(inches)

Average
rainy 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.6 3.9 11.5 10.7 5.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 33.6
days

Average
relative
49 43 37 41 47 62 77 81 71 53 48 50 55
humidity
(%)

Mean
monthly
287.3 274.3 277.5 297.2 329.6 238.3 130.1 111.4 220.6 290.7 274.1 288.6 3,019.7
sunshine
hours

Source #1: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010) [76][77]

Source #2: NOAA (sun and humidity 1971–1990), [78] IEM ASOS (May record high) [79]
Following a heat wave in May 2010, reaching 46.8 °C (116.2 °F), which claimed hundreds of lives,[80] the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) in
partnership with an international coalition of health and academic groups and with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Networkdeveloped
the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan.[81] Aimed at increasing awareness, sharing information and co-ordinating responses to reduce the health effects of heat on
vulnerable populations, the action plan is the first comprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health.[82] It also focuses on
community participation, building public awareness of the risks of extreme heat, training medical and community workers to respond to and help prevent
gency response effort when heat waves hit.[83]
heat-related illnesses, and co-ordinating an interagency emer

Cityscape
Early in Ahmedabad's history, under Ahmed Shah, builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with Persian
architecture, giving rise to the Indo-Saracenic style.[84] Many mosques in the city were built in this fashion.[84]
Sidi Saiyyed Mosque was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat. It is entirely arched and has ten stone
latticework windows or jali on the side and rear arches. Private mansions or haveli from this era have
carvings.[68] A Pol is a typical housing cluster ofOld Ahmedabad.

After independence, modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad. Architects given commissions in the city
included Louis Kahn, who designed the IIM-A; Le Corbusier, who designed the Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas,
A side walk at the Sabarmati
the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owner's Association Building, and Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed the
Riverfront
administrative building of Calico Mills and the Calico Dome.[85][86] B. V. Doshi came to the city from Paris to
supervise Le Corbusier's works and later set up the School of Architecture. His local works include Sangath,
Amdavad ni Gufa and the School of Architecture. Charles Correa, who became a partner of Doshi's, designed
the Gandhi Ashram and Achyut Kanvinde, and the Indian Textile Industries Research Association.[87][88]
Christopher Charles Benninger's first work, the Alliance Française, is located in the Ellis Bridge area.[89] Anant
Raje designed major additions to Louis Kahn's IIM-A campus, namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium and
KLMD.[90]

Some of the most visited gardens in the city include Law Garden, Victoria Garden and Bal Vatika. Law Garden
was named after the College of Law situated close to it. Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the
Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of Queen Victoria. Bal Vatika is a children's park situated on the grounds of Kankaria Lake, Ahmedabad
Kankaria Lake and also houses an amusement park. Other gardens in the city include Parimal Garden,
Usmanpura Garden, Prahlad Nagar Garden and Lal Darwaja Garden.[91] Ahmedabad's Kamla Nehru Zoological
Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes,caracals, Asiatic wolves and chinkara.[92]

The Kankaria Lake, built in 1451 AD, is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad.[93] In earlier days, it was known by the name Qutub Hoj or Hauj-e-
Kutub.[94] Vastrapur Lake is located in the western part of Ahmedabad. Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136,000 square metres. In 2010,
another 34 lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC; the other 29 will be developed by the Ahmedabad
Urban Development Authority (AUDA).[95] Chandola Lake covers an area of 1200 hectares. It is home for cormorants, painted storks and spoonbills.[96]
During the evening time, many people visit this place and take a leisurely stroll.[97] There is a recently developed Naroda lake[98] and the world's largest
collection of antique cars in KathWada at IB farm (Dastan Farm).[99] AMC has also developed theSabarmati Riverfront.[100]

Looking at the health of traffic police staff deployed near the Pirana dump site, the Ahmedabad City Police is going to install outdoor Air purifiers at traffic
points so that the deployed staff can breathe fresh air.[101]

Civic administration
Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of Ahmedabad district, administered by the Ahmedabad
Municipal Corporation (AMC). The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial
Corporation Act of 1949. The AMC commissioner is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed
by the state government who reserves the administrative executive powers, whereas the corporation is headed by
the Mayor of Ahmedabad. The city residents elect the 192 municipal councillors by popular vote, and the
elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city. The current Mayor, Bijal Patel, was appointed Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad
on 14 June 2018.[1] The administrative responsibilities of the AMC are: water and sewerage services, primary
education, health services, fire services, public transport and the city's infrastructure.[2] AMC was ranked 9th
out of 21 cities for "the Best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3."[102]
Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour[103]

The city is divided into six zones constituting 64 wards. Ahmedabad district is divided into a number of talukas (administrative divisions) including
Ahmedabad taluka Barwala, Dholka, Dhandhuka, Detroj, Sanand, Bavla, Ranpur, Mandal, Viramgam and Daskroi.[104] The city's urban and suburban areas
are administered by theAhmedabad Urban Development Authority(AUDA).
 The city is represented by two elected members of parliament in theLok Sabha (lower house of Indian Parliament) and 21members of the
Legislative Assembly at the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha.
[105] Law enforcement and public
The Gujarat High Court is located in the Ahmedabad, making the city the judicial capital of Gujarat.
safety is maintained by theAhmedabad City Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer.[106]

Public services
Health services are primarily provided atAhmedabad civil hospital, the largest civil hospital in Asia.[107] Ahmedabad is one of the few
cities in India where the power sector is privatised.[108]

Electricity in the city is generated and distributed byTorrent Power Limited, owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company ,
which was previously a state-run corporation.[109]

Culture
Ahmedabad observes a wide range of festivals. Popular celebrations and observances include Uttarayan, an
annual kite-flying day on 14 and 15 January. Nine nights of Navratri are celebrated with people performing
Garba, the most popular folk dance of Gujarat, at venues across the city. The festival of lights, Deepavali, is
celebrated with the lighting of lamps in every house, decorating the floors with rangoli, and the lighting of
firecrackers. The annual Rath Yatra procession on the Ashadh-sud-bij date of the Hindu calendar at the
Jagannath Temple and the procession of Tajia during the Muslim holy month of Muharram are important
events.[110][111]
Navaratri celebrations in
One of the most popular forms of meal in Ahmedabad is a typical Gujarati thali which was first served Ahmedabad
commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900.[112] It consists of roti (Chapati), dal, rice and shaak (cooked
vegetables, sometimes with curry), with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads. Sweet dishes include
laddoo, mango, and vedhmi. Dhoklas, theplas and dhebras are also very popular dishes in Ahmedabad.[113] Beverages include buttermilk and tea. Drinking
alcohol is forbidden in Ahmedabad.[114]

There are many restaurants, which serve a wide array of Indian and international cuisines. Most of the food outlets serve only vegetarian food, as a strong
tradition of vegetarianism is maintained by the city's Jain and Hindu communities.[115] The first all-vegetarian Pizza Hut in the world opened in
Ahmedabad.[116] KFC has a separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separate kitchen,[117][118] as does
McDonald's.[119][120] Ahmedabad has a quite a few restaurants serving typical Mughlai non-vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali, Kalupur and
Jamalpur.[121]

Manek Chowk is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in the morning and a jewellery market in the afternoon.
However, it is better known for its food stalls in the evening, which sell local street food. It is named after the Hindu saint Baba Maneknath.[122] Parts of
Ahmedabad are known for their folk art. The artisans of Rangeela pol make tie-dyed bandhinis, while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional mojdi
(also known as mojri) footwear. Idols of Ganesha and other religious icons are made in huge numbers in the Gulbai Tekra area. The shops at the Law Garden
sell mirror work handicraft.[91]

Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of Gujarati literature:
Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and Gujarat Sahitya Sabha. Saptak School of Music
. This event was inaugurated byRavi Shankar.[123][124]
festival is held in the first week of the new year

The Sanskar Kendra, one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by Le Corbusier, is a city
museum depicting its history, art, culture and architecture. The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalayaand the Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorialhave permanent displays of photographs, documents and other articles
relating to Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel. The Calico Museum of Textiles has a large collection of
Indian and international fabrics, garments and textiles.[125] The Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library has a Hutheesing Jain Temple
collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Turkish. There is Vechaar
Utensils Museum which has of stainless steel, glass, brass, copper, bronze, zinc and German silver
tools.[126][127]

Shreyas Foundation has four museums on the same campus. Shreyas Folk Museum (Lokayatan Museum) has art forms and artefacts from communities of
Gujarat. Kalpana Mangaldas Children's Museumhas a collection of toys, puppets, dance and drama costumes, coins and a repository of recorded music from
traditional shows from all over the world. Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of Gujarat. Sangeeta Vadyakhand is a gallery of musical
instruments from India and other countries.[128][129][130]

L D Institute of Indology houses about 76,000 hand-written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versions and 45,000 printed books, making it the largest
collection of Jain scripts, Indian sculptures, terracottas, miniature paintings, cloth paintings, painted scrolls, bronzes, woodwork, Indian coins, textiles and
decorative art, paintings of Rabindranath Tagore and art of Nepal and Tibet.[131] N C Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings has a collection of ornate
[132]
miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India.
In 1949 Darpana Academy of Performing Artswas established by the eminent scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai
and world renowned Bharat Natyam dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai, and thus Ahmemedabad city became the
center of Indian classical dance.

Education
Ahmedabad had a literacy rate of 79.89% in 2001 which rose to 89.62 percent in 2011. As of 2011, literacy
.[133]
rate among male and female were 93.96 and 84.81 percent respectively

Among the several universities in Ahmedabad, Gujarat University is the largest and claims to be the Dr. Vikram Sarabhai and Smt.
oldest;[134] although the Gujarat Vidyapith was established in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi - it received no Mrinalini Sarabhai
charter from the British Raj, becoming a deemed university only in 1963.[135] A large number of colleges in
the city are affiliated with Gujarat University. Gujarat Technological University, CEPT University, Nirma
University, and Ahmedabad University all date from this century. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University
[136][137]
has over 100,000 students enrolled on its distance learning courses.

Ahmedabad is also home to the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, which was ranked first among
management institutes in the country by theMinistry of Human Resource Developmentin 2018.[138]

Established in 1947 by the scientist Vikram Sarabhai, the oldest of the research institutes in Ahmedabad, the
Physical Research Laboratory is active in space science, astronomy, high-energy physics and many other areas
Gujarat university, Ahmedabad
of research.[139] The Darpana Academy of Performing Arts, established in 1949 by Mrinalini Sarabhai, was
listed by UNESCO as an institution active in the "Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage".[140][141]

Schools in Ahmedabad are run either by the municipal corporation, or privately by entities, trusts and corporations. The majority of schools are affiliated
with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board, although some are affiliated with the Central Board for Secondary Education, Council
for the Indian School Certificate Examinations,International Baccalaureateand National Institute of Open School.

Media
Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as The Times of India, Indian Express, DNA, The
Economic Times, The Financial Express, Ahmedabad Mirror and Metro.[142] Newspapers in other languages
include Divya Bhaskar, Gujarat Samachar, Sandesh, Rajasthan Patrika, Sambhaav, and Aankhodekhi.[142] The
[143]
city is home to the historicNavajivan Publishing House, which was founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi.

The state-owned All India Radio Ahmedabad is broadcast both on the medium wave and FM bands (96.7 MHz)
in the city.[144] It competes with five private local FM stations: Radio City (91.1 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz),
My fm (94.3 MHz), Radio One (95.0 MHz), Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz) and Mirchi Love (104 MHz). Gyan Vani
(104.5 MHz) is an educational FM radio station run under media co-operation model.[145] In March 2012
Gujarat University started campus radio service on 90.8 MHz which was first kind of it in state and fifth in
Broadcasting tower of the
India.[146] Ahmedabad Doordarshan

The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides free terrestrial channels, while two multi system
operators—InCablenet and Siti Cable and GTPL—provide a mix of Gujarati, Hindi, English, and other regional channels via cable.[147] Telephone services
are provided by landline and mobile operators such asJio, BSNL Mobile, Airtel, Vodafone Idea and Tata Docomo.[148]

Economy
The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at US$64 billion in 2014.[15][149][150] The RBI
ranked Ahmedabad as the seventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June
2012.[151] In the 19th century, the textile and garments industry received strong capital investment. On 30 May
1861 Ranchhodlal Chhotalal founded the first Indian textile mill, the Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving
Company Limited,[152] followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as Calico Mills, Bagicha
Mills and Arvind Mills. By 1905 there were about 33 textile mills in the city.[153] The textile industry further
expanded rapidly during the First World War, and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi
movement, which promoted the purchase of Indian-made goods.[154] Ahmedabad was known as the Torrent Power thermal power
"Manchester of the East" for its textile industry.[34] The city is the largest supplier of denim and one of the station at Sabarmati, Ahmedabad
largest exporters of gemstones and jewellery in India.[11] The automobile industry is also important to the city; after Tata's Nano project, Ford and Suzuki are
planning to establish plants near Ahmedabad while thegroundbreaking ceremonyfor Peugeot has already been performed.[155][156][157]

The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange, located in the Ambavadi area of the city, is India's second oldest stock exchange.[158] Two of the biggest pharmaceutical
companies of India — Zydus Cadila and Torrent Pharmaceuticals – are based in the city. The Nirma group of industries, which runs a large number of
detergent and chemical industrial units, has its corporate headquarters in the city. The city also houses the corporate headquarters of the Adani Group, a
.[159] The Sardar Sarovar Project of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water
multinational trading and infrastructure development company
and electricity for the city.[160] The information technology industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad, with companies such as Tata Consultancy
Services opening offices in the city.[161] A NASSCOM survey in 2002 on the "Super Nine Indian Destinations" for IT-enabled services ranked Ahmedabad
.[162] The city's educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled
fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country
workers from the rest of India.[163] Ahmedabad houses other major Indian corporates such as: Rasna, Wagh Bakri, Nirma, Cadila Pharmaceuticals, and Intas
Biopharmaceuticals. Ahmedabad is the second largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat.[164] Many cotton manufacturing
units are currently running in and around Ahmedabad.[165][166][167][168][169] Textiles are one of the major industries of the city.[170] Gujarat Industrial
[171]
Development Corporation has acquired land inSanand taluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates.

Transport

Railway
Ahmedabad is one of six operating divisions in the Western
Railway zone.[172] Railway lines connect the city to elsewhere in
Gujarat and India. Ahmedabad railway station, locally known as
Kalupur station, is the main terminus with 1 others.[173]

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Ahmedabad Metro Sabarmati Railway Station

International Airport, Ahmedabad
The mass-transit metro system, Gujarat Metro for the cities of
Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar has been under construction since March 2015.[174][175] The North-South and
East-West corridors are expected to be completed by 2019.[176][177] The first phase of the Ahmedabad metro is 40 km long; 6.5 km is underground and the
remaining stretch is elevated.[178] Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the first section between V
astral Gam and Apparel Park on 4 March 2019.[179]

Road
National Highway 48 passes through Ahmedabad and connects it withDelhi and Mumbai. The National Highway 147also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar.
It is connected to Vadodara through National Expressway 1, a 94 km (58 mi)-long expressway with two exits. This expressway is part of the Golden
Quadrilateral project.[180]

In 2001, Ahmedabad was ranked as the most-polluted city in India, out of 85 cities, by the Central Pollution Control Board. The Gujarat Pollution Control
Board gave auto rickshaw drivers an incentive of ₹10,000 to convert all 37,733 auto rickshaws in Ahmedabad to cleaner-burning compressed natural gas to
[181]
reduce pollution. As a result, in 2008, Ahmedabad was ranked as 50th-most polluted city in India.

Ahmedabad BRTS
Janmarg is a bus rapid transit system in the city. It is operated by Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited, a subsidiary of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and
others.[182][183] Inaugurated in October 2009, the network expanded to 89 kilometres (55 mi) by December 2015 with daily ridership of 1,32,000
passengers.[184] The Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service (AMTS), maintained byAhmedabad Municipal Corporation, runs the public bus service in the
city.[185] Currently more than 750 AMTS buses serve the city
.[185]

Airport
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city centre, provides domestic and international flights.[186] It is the busiest airport in
Gujarat and the eighth-busiest in India with an average of 250 aircraft movements a day.[187] The Dholera International Airport is proposed near Fedara. It
will be the largest airport in India with a total areaof 7,500 hectares.[188]

Sports
Cricket is one of the popular sports in the city.[189] Sardar Patel Stadium (also known as Motera Stadium), built in 1982, hosts both one day internationals
and test matches. It has a seating capacity of 54,000.[190] It hosted the 1987, 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups.[191] Ahmedabad also has a second cricket
stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation's Sports Club of Gujarat which is the home ground of the Gujarat cricket team that plays in the Ranji
Trophy tournament.[192]
Other popular sports are field hockey, badminton, tennis, squash and golf. Ahmedabad currently has three golf courses.[193] Mithakhali Multi Sports
[194] Recently Ahmedabad hosted national level games forroller skating and table
Complex is being developed by the AMC to promote various indoor sports.
tennis.[195] Kart racing is gaining popularity in the city, with the introduction of a 380 metre long track based onFormula One concepts.[196][197]

Sabarmati Marathon is organised every year in December–January since 2011 which have different categories like full and half marathon, 7 km dream run,
5 km run for visually challenged and 5 km wheelchair run.[198] In 2007, Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national level shooting games.[199] The 2016 Kabaddi
World Cup is held in Ahmedabad at The Arena by Transtadia (a renovated Kankaria football ground). Geet Sethi, a five-time winner of the World
Professional Billiards Championshipand a recipient of India's highest sporting award, theRajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, was raised in Ahmedabad.[200]

International relations
Sister Cities

Columbus, Ohio, United States (2008)

Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (September 2014)[201]
Port Louis, Mauritius
Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia
Ulsan, Yeongnam, South Korea
Jersey City, New Jersey, United States (1994)

See also
List of people from Ahmedabad
List of tallest buildings in Ahmedabad
Timeline of Ahmedabad

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Further reading
Muktirajsinhji Chauhan and Kamalika Bose.History of Interior Design in India Vol 1 : Ahmedabad (2007) ISBN 81-904096-0-3
Kenneth L. Gillion (1968).Ahmedabad: A Study in Indian Urban History. University of California Press.
Altekar, Anant Sadashiv. A history of important ancient towns and cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad (from the earliest times down to the
Moslem conquest). ASIN B0008B2NGA.
Crook, Nigel (1993). India's Industrial Cities: Essays in Economy and Demography
. Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-563172-2.
 Rajan, K. V. Soundra (1989). Ahmadabad. Archaeological Survey of India.
Forrest, George William.Cities of India. Adamant Media Corporation.ISBN 0-543-93823-9.
Gandhi, R (1990). "Patel: A Life". Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad. ASIN B0006EYQ0A.
Michell, George (2003).Ahmadabad. Art Media Resources.ISBN 81-85026-03-3.
Spodek, Howard (2011).Ahmedabad: Shock City of Twentieth-Century India. Indiana University Press.ISBN 978-0-253-35587-4.

External links
Ahmedabad Collectorate
‹The template Curlie is being considered for deletion.› Ahmedabad at Curlie
Ahmadabad Encyclopædia Britannicaentry

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