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INTERPOLATION METHODS
Linear interpolation:
This is the most basic and used method when a straight line path
is to be generated in continuous path NC. The programmer
specifies the beginning point and end point of the straight line
and the feed rate to be used along the straight line. The
interpolator computes the feed rates for each of the two (or three)
axes to achieve the specified feed rate.
Circular interpolation:
This method permits programming of a circular arc by specifying
the following parameters: (1) the coordinates of the starting
point, (2) the coordinates of the endpoint, (3) either the center or
radius of the arc. The generated tool path consists of a series of
small straight line segments calculated by the interpolation
module.
INTERPOLATION METHODS
Helical interpolation:
This method combines the circular interpolation scheme for two
axes described above with linear movement of a third axis. This
permits the definition of a helical path in three-dimensional
space. Applications Include the machining of large Internal
threads.
Parabolic and cubic interpolation:
These routines provide approximations of free form curves using
higher order equations. Most applications are in the aerospace
and automotive Industries for free form designs that cannot
accurately and conveniently be approximated by combining
linear and circular interpolations
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USE OF CAD/CAM
The use of interactive graphics in NC programming is an excellent
example of the integration of computer-aided design and computer-
aided manufacturing.
Using the same geometric data which defined the part during the
computer-aided design process, the programmer constructs the
tool-path using high-level commands to the system.
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PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE
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PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE
1. High speed motion, which reduces the time to verify the tool path.
2. Actual speed, which shows the tool feed at the commanded rate.
3. Freeze mode, which stops the tool motion for close inspection.
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VOICE PROGRAMMING
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VOICE PROGRAMMING
EXAMPLE
A typical dialogue between the VNC system (printing on the
CRT screen) and the programmer (speaking) might go as
follows for defining a circle.
Programmer: “Define”
System: DEFINITION TYPE
Programmer: “Circle”
System: CIRCLE # =
Programmer: “Three”
System: CIRCLE PT X =
Programmer: “Five decimal three one, Go”
System: Y=
Programmer: “Two decimal four seven five, Go”
System: RADIUS =
Programmer: “One decimal five, Go”
System: CW/CCW
Programmer: “Counterclockwise”
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VOICE PROGRAMMING
ADVANTAGES
2. Improvement in accuracy
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PRECISION IN NC POSITIONING
For accurate machining by an NC system, the positioning system
must possess a high degree of precision.
1. Control resolution
2. Accuracy
3. Repeatability
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CONTROL RESOLUTION
Control resolution is defined as the distance separating two adjacent
addressable points in the axis movement.
Control
resolution
Bit storage
Electromechanical
capacity of the
components
controller
· Lead-screw pitch
· Gear ratio
· Step angle
· Angle b/w encoder slots
CONTROL RESOLUTION
Control resolution of the electromechanical system
For open-loop positioning system:
p
CR1
ns rg
p
CR1
ns rg rge
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CONTROL RESOLUTION
Control resolution of the computer system
The ability to divide the axis range into individual increments
depends on the bit storage capacity in the control memory
Control resolution
L
CR2
2 1
B
CONTROL RESOLUTION
A desirable criterion is for CR2 < CR1, meaning the electromechanical
system is the limiting factor.
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ACCURACY
The accuracy of any given axis of a positioning system is
the maximum possible error that can occur between the
desired target point and the actual position taken by the
system.
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MECHANICAL ERRORS
The capability of a positioning system to move the
worktable to the exact location is limited by the following
mechanical errors.
1. Play between the lead-screw and the table
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Mathematically
CR
Accuracy 3
2
REPEATABILITY
Repeatability
refers to the capability of the positioning
system to return to a given addressable point that has
been previously programmed
Re peatability 3
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REPEATABILITY
Suppose the mechanical inaccuracies in the open-loop
system are described by a normal distribution with
standard deviation 0.005 mm. The range of the worktable
axis is 1000 mm, and there are 16 bits in the binary
register used by the digital controller to store the
programmed positions. Other relevant parameters are;
pitch = 6.0 mm, gear ratio between motor shaft and lead-
screw rg = 5.0, and number of stop angles in the stepping
motor ns = 48. Determine
a. Control resolution
b. The accuracy
c. The repeatability for the positioning system
REPEATABILITY
Control resolution is the greater of CR1 and CR2
p 6.0
CR1 0.025mm
ns rg 48 5.0
1000
CR2 0.01526mm
216 1
CR Max 0.025,0.01526 0.025mm
Accuracy
3(0.005) 0.015mm
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