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COMPEL - The international journal for computation and
mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering

Anchor shape gap coupled patch antenna for WiMAX and WLAN applications
Vivek Singh, Brijesh Mishra, Rajeev Singh,
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To cite this document:
Vivek Singh, Brijesh Mishra, Rajeev Singh, (2019) "Anchor shape gap coupled patch antenna
for WiMAX and WLAN applications", COMPEL - The international journal for computation and
mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, Vol. 38 Issue: 1, pp.263-286, https://
doi.org/10.1108/COMPEL-12-2017-0546
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Coupled patch
Anchor shape gap coupled patch antenna
antenna for WiMAX and
WLAN applications
Vivek Singh, Brijesh Mishra and Rajeev Singh 263
Department of Electronics and Communication, Faculty of Science,
University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India Received 28 December 2017
Revised 27 May 2018
Accepted 6 August 2018
Abstract
Purpose – Purpose of this study is to design a compact gap coupled anchor shape patch antenna for
wireless local area network/high performance radio local area network and worldwide interoperability for
microwave access applications.
Design/methodology/approach – An anchor shape microstrip antenna is conceived, designed,
simulated and measured. The anchor shape antenna is transformed to its rectangular equivalent by
conserving the patch area. Modeling and simulation of the antenna is performed by Ansys high frequency
structure simulator (HFSS) electromagnetic solver based on the concept of finite element method. The
simulated results are experimentally verified by using Agilent E5071C vector network analyzer. Theoretical
analysis of an electromagnetically gap coupled anchor shape microstrip patch antenna has been performed by
obtaining the lumped element equivalent of the transformed antenna.
Findings – The proposed antenna has a compact conducting patch of dimension 0.26l 0.12l mm2 (l is
calculated at lower resonating frequency of 3.56 GHz) with impedance bandwidths of 100 and 140 MHz and
antenna gains of 1.91 and 3.04 dB at lower resonating frequency of 3.56 GHz and upper resonating frequency
of 5.4 GHz, with omni-directional radiation pattern.
Originality/value – In literature, one does not encounter anchor shape antenna using the concept of gap
coupling and parasitic patches. The design has been optimized for wireless local area network/worldwide
interoperability for microwave access applications with a relatively low patch area (291.12 mm2) as compared
to other reported antennas for wireless local area network/worldwide interoperability for microwave access
applications. Transformed antenna and the actual experimental antenna behavior varies, but the resonant
frequencies of the transformed antenna as observed by theoretical analysis and simulated results (by high
frequency structure simulator) are reasonably close, and the percentage difference between the resonant
frequencies (both at lower and upper bands) is within the permissible limit of 1-2.5 per cent. Results confirm
the theoretical proposition of transformation of shapes in antenna design, which allows a designer to adapt
the design shape according to the application.
Keywords Anchor shape, Dual band, Gap-coupling, Transformed antenna, WiMAX/WLAN
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
Smaller area and volume of microstrip patch antennas make them a good candidate for
integration in handheld devices of the modern day (Bakariya et al., 2015; Deng et al., 2015;
Liu et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2013). The state-of-the-art techniques of microstrip antenna design
have grown and reached a state of maturity; nowadays, multiple resonating antennas are
COMPEL - The international
integrated onto a single patch, which can be suitably used for different wireless applications journal for computation and
such as worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area mathematics in electrical and
electronic engineering
network (WLAN) (Singh et al., 2016; Mishra et al., 2017; Singh et al., 2013). Microstrip Vol. 38 No. 1, 2019
pp. 263-286
antennas encounter problems of low impedance bandwidth, low gain and poor radiation © Emerald Publishing Limited
0332-1649
efficiency. DOI 10.1108/COMPEL-12-2017-0546
COMPEL Modern-day antenna designs are oriented to achieve high impedance bandwidth, high
38,1 gain and good radiation efficiency. However, it is rather difficult to enhance all the
parameters simultaneously, and a trade-off between the parameters is desirable.
Gap-coupled antennas with parasitic patch or patches are reported for enhancing
impedance bandwidth and for achieving multiple operating bands. Design of a three U-slot
loaded patch antenna arrays parasitically coupled to each other is reported with improved
264 impedance bandwidth and gain over the single U-slot loaded patch antenna (Yeung and
Wang, 2018). Four spiral type elements coupled parasitically via a gap of 1 mm with driven
patch are investigated by (Kashyap and Kumar, 2014) for bandwidth and gain enhancement
in the frequency range of 4.24-4.92 GHz. A design has been proposed by (Nour et al., 2016)
for the bandwidth enhancement in which two square patches are electromagnetically
coupled with the double feed square patch in mirrored L-shape configuration. (Peng et al.,
2017) proposed a technique by using the concept of zeroth order resonators (ZORs) to
enhance bandwidth. One, two and three parasitically coupled resonators were created using
the concept of resonators. Authors have reported a bandwidth of 2.3 per cent for reference
antenna, while addition of one, two and three parasitically coupled resonators yields
bandwidths of 4.1, 4.8 and 5.4 per cent, suggesting that the addition of resonators enhances
the bandwidth. A microstrip patch antenna is proposed for dual band operation comprising
two circular radiating elements and the radiating elements are gap coupled with
surrounding elements for polarization diversity (Yoo et al., 2016). Compact gap coupled
microstrip patch antenna of three different shapes and size (rectangular, circular and
equilateral triangle) for dual band and wideband operations (Ray et al., 2007) has been
discussed, and the authors have demonstrated that by splitting the structure/creating gap
coupling the bandwidth is increased. Elliptical and rectangular gap coupled structures for
ultra-wideband applications are discussed and analyzed by means of circuit theory (Ansari
et al., 2013). It has been reported (Kumar and Singh, 2011) that input impedance of a gap
coupled circular microstrip patch antenna loaded with shorting pin can be calculated
theoretically. A gap coupled microstrip antenna (GCMSA) and variation of its parameters
such as VSWR, return loss (dB) and input impedance for different air gap lengths is
investigated (Asthana and Vishvakarma, 2001). It has been shown (Asthana and
Vishvakarma, 2001) that the resonant frequency of the antenna is dependent on the
substrate material and gap length.
Enhanced gain and bandwidth using proximity feed coupling and gap coupled
rectangular microstrip antenna with half E-shaped structure patch antenna is reported
(Deshmukh and Ray, 2015). It has been shown (Kanaujia and Singh, 2008) that for a gap
coupled concentric annular rings microstrip antenna the frequency is tunable with variation
of gap between annular rings.
However, in the references (Ansari et al., 2013; Kumar and Singh, 2011; Ray et al., 2007;
Asthana and Vishvakarma, 2001; Deshmukh and Ray, 2015; Kanaujia and Singh, 2008)
either simulated work with experimental results or simulated work with theoretical results
are discussed, but in the present work, simulated, theoretical as well as experimental results
are presented, compared and discussed.
A single layer gap-coupled elliptical shaped patch antenna (area-600 mm2) is reported
(Sharma, 2014), with a maximum gain of 4.0 dBi and variation of 1.6 dBi at 6.1 GHz.
Bandwidth enhancement over the conventional elliptical shape antenna is observed in
Sharma (2014). Two gap coupled concentric rings antenna structure with defected ground
for dual band operation in C-band (4.75 GHz) and X-band (10.2 GHz) frequency spectrum
is reported (Kandwal et al., 2013), but with a larger structure size (14,400 mm2) as
compared to other gap coupled structures. Dual frequency (3.6/5.6 GHz) behavior is
observed for a parasitically coupled patch antenna consisting of three rectangular Coupled patch
patches of same dimensions (1,525 mm2) and same gap separation of 2 mm (Pal et al., antenna
2011). A dual-band (5.7/7.6 GHz) antenna for C-band applications is presented with gain
6.4 dBi at lower resonating frequency and 4.0 dBi at upper resonating frequency but with
a larger patch area (6,400 mm2; Zaman et al., 2014). Anchor shaped antennas (area –
1,050 mm2) are reported for dual/triple band operation, for WLAN and WiMAX
applications with impedance bandwidths of 13.9/16.4/18.3 per cent at the resonating
frequencies of 2.45/3.5/5.5, GHz respectively (Ren and Jiang, 2016). A compact dual band 265
(3.3-4.2 and 5-6 GHz) notched monopole antenna of circular disc shape with anchor shape
strip is presented (Ojaroudi et al., 2015) for ultra-wideband (2.69-12.53 GHz) applications.
It is established from the perusal of the patch area of the proposed antenna and other
antennas reported in Sharma (2014), Kandwal et al. (2013); Pal et al. (2011), Zaman et al.
(2014); Ren and Jiang (2016); and Ojaroudi et al. (2015) that the patch area of the proposed
antenna is lesser as compared to other reported antennas (cf. Figure 1), except the
antenna reported in reference (Ojaroudi et al., 2015). From the above review, we observe
that in literature, we encounter gap-coupled parasitic patch antenna designs and anchor
shaped designs separately, but rarely gap-coupled, anchor shaped parasitic patch
antenna designs have been reported. The present design fulfills this gap.
In the present work, we propose a gap coupled anchor shape antenna, in which the
shorted parasitic patch element is electromagnetically coupled with coaxially excited parent
(fed) patch element. A theoretical explanation of dual band behavior is presented with the
help of lumped element equivalent circuit model. Phenomena of dual resonance of the
designed gap coupled structure, current distribution and associated dominant mode
behavior is discussed and presented. Effect of shorting is also investigated in terms of gain
variation with frequency. Transformation from anchor to an equivalent rectangular shape is
presented along with the simulated and experimental results of the proposed anchor shape
antenna.
Modeling and simulation of the antenna is performed by Ansys high frequency structure
simulator (HFSS) electromagnetic solver based on the concept of finite element method (FEM).
The simulated reflection coefficient, VSWR and input impedance were experimentally verified
by using Agilent E5071C vector network analyzer.
Figure 1.
Comparative patch
areas of reported and
proposed antenna
structure
COMPEL 2. Theoretical analysis and antenna design
38,1 In this paper, theoretical analysis of an electromagnetically gap coupled microstrip patch
antenna loaded with shorting pin has been performed by obtaining the lumped element
equivalent. The lumped element equivalent of the gap coupled microstrip patch antenna has
been obtained by converting the structure into its equivalent rectangular microstrip patch,
taking the entire area of the transformed rectangular patch equal to the area of the proposed
266 structure (anchor shape). The transformed rectangular patch can be analyzed as a parallel
combination of resistance, capacitance and inductance, as shown in Figure 2. The values of
lumped elements (R, L and C) can be calculated in terms of dimension of length Lr and width
Wr of rectangular microstrip patch antenna, as stated in Carver and Mink (1981).

Lr Wr e 0 e e 2 p Y0
C¼ cos ; (1)
2h Wr
R ¼ Q=v r C; (2)
L ¼ 1=C v 2r ; (3)
where
h = thickness of the substrate material;
Y0 = y coordinates of feed point;
c
v r ¼ 2p fr ; fr ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi ; and
2Wr e e
pffiffiffiffiffi
c ee
Q¼ ; quality factor:
4fr h
Here, e e is effective permittivity of the dielectric substrate:

!1=2
er þ 1 er 1 10h
ee ¼ þ 1þ ; (4)
2 2 Lr
c – velocity of light in m/s;
Figure 2.
Rectangular
microstrip patch
antenna and its
lumped element
equivalent
fr – resonating frequency in Hz; Coupled patch
e r – relative permittivity of the dielectric substrate; and antenna
e o. – permittivity of free space.
Geometrical configuration of the front view of proposed gap coupled microstrip patch
antenna with its transformed equivalents and side view of the proposed antenna is shown in
Figures 3(a) and 3(b), respectively. The photographs of the front and back views of
fabricated antenna are shown in Figures 3(c) and 3(d), respectively. Design parameters of the
proposed antenna are tabulated in Table I. The co-axial probe fed SMA connector of 50 X is 267
used to excite the patch.
The proposed dual band resonating antenna structure consists of two parts: the first part
is a parent patch(fed patch) through which a connector is attached to provide excitation, and
the second part is the mirror image of the first part of the patch, which is formed at a gap of
“g” from the parent patch in the reverse x-direction. The second part of the patch behaves
like a parasitic patch, electromagnetically coupled with the parent patch and is sorted with
the ground. The gap coupling between the parent and parasitic patches will generate the
Figure 3.
(a) Geometrical
configuration of a
proposed gap coupled
microstrip patch
antenna with its
transformed patch
antenna equivalent;
(b) side view of the
proposed antenna;
(c) front view
photograph of the
fabricated antenna
structure; (d) back
view photograph of
the fabricated
antenna structure
COMPEL Parameters Value
38,1
Substrate material FR4 – epoxy
Relative dielectric constant (« r) 4.4
Thickness of substrate (h) 1.6 mm
Ground area (L W) 60 60 mm2
Length (L1) 22 mm
268 Length (L2) 10.25 mm
Length (L31) 5.75 mm
Length (L32) 6 mm
Length (L4) 10.25 mm
Length (L5) 5.75 mm
Length (L6) 6 mm
Length (L7) 5.94 mm
Width (W1) 12 mm
Width (W2) 5.75 mm
Table I. Width (W3) 6 mm

Design specifications Width (W4) 5.75 mm
Width (W5) 4.65 mm
of gap coupled
Width (W6) 4.46 mm
microstrip patch Gap between patches (g) 0.5 mm
antenna and its Centre position of the patch (X, Y) (0 mm, 0 mm)
transformed Feed coordinates (X0, Y0) (4 mm, 6 mm)
equivalent patch Shorting pin coordinates (X1, Y1) (4 mm, 2 mm)
arbitrary discontinuity at the junction (Meshram and Vishvakarma, 2001). This arbitrary
discontinuity is represented by the equivalent T or p circuits of capacitances, as shown in
Figure 4, in which Cg and Cpp represent gap coupling capacitance and patch capacitance,
respectively. The patch/shunt capacitance Cpp arises owing to the effect of arbitrary
electrostatic field distribution along the edge of the patch and series capacitance Cg occur
owing to coupling effect between the equivalent patches (parent and parasitic patches).
Theoretical analysis of rectangular patch is much easier than that of any arbitrary shape
antenna with the help of circuit theory approach. For the theoretical analysis, the proposed
anchor shape structure is further converted into its rectangular equivalent structure while
conserving the area. The transformation of semi-circular disc patch structure into simple
rectangular patch is possible in accordance with the concept proposed in Kumar and Ray
(2003, 1999). After the transformation of the parent patch (fed patch) and electromagnetically
coupled parasitic patch into the equivalent rectangular patches, it is possible to obtain the
lumped elements equivalent models for these transformed patches.
2.1 Transformation of proposed structure into its equivalent rectangular structure

The parent patch and parasitic patch of the proposed antenna are symmetrical in size and
shape (cf. Figure 3[a]); therefore, their transformed structures as well as their equivalent
circuits are also same.
Figure 4.
Gap coupled patches
and its equivalent
circuit
The parent patch basically consists of Regions 3, 4 (half semi-circle) and 1 (rectangle). For sake of Coupled patch
clarity, half portion of (parent patch) of Figure 3(a) is redrawn as Figure 5(a), in which it is shown antenna
that the area of the Regions 3 and 4 is equal. Area of Region 3 is obtained by removing the area of
Rectangle 2, i.e. (k1 k2) from the area of half portion of Semi-circle 1. Similarly, the area of Region
4 is obtained by removing the area of Rectangle 2 from the area of half portion of Semi-circle 2.
Thus, the areas of Regions 3 and 4 and Rectangle 1 are given as under:
269
1
Area of Region 3 ðA3 Þ ¼ Area of half portion of semi-circle 1 p W3 2
4
Area of Rectangle 2 ðk1 k2 Þ (5)

1
Area of Region 4 ðA4 Þ ¼ Area of half portion of semi-circle 2 p L32 2
4
Area of Rectangle 2 ðk1 k2 Þ (6)
Figure 5.
Transformation of
parent patch of the
proposed antenna
into its equivalent
rectangular patch
COMPEL Area of Rectangle 1 ðA1 Þ ¼ L1 W2 (7)
38,1
Here, W3 ¼ L32 ¼ L31 þ k1
Thus the total area of the parent patch (feed patch) as shown in Figure 5(a) can be given
as:
1 1
270 Af ¼ p W3 2 þ p L32 2 þ L1 W2 2ðk1 k2 Þ (8)
4 4
As evident from Figure 3(a), the parent and parasitic patches are symmetrical; thus, the
areas of the both the patches, i.e. parasitic patch (Ap) and feed patch (AfÞ are same
(145.56 mm2). The total area of proposed anchor shape structure is 291.12 mm2.
The transformed rectangular structure of the parent patch is obtained by applying the
principle of conservation of area. The rectangular shaped transformed structure
(cf. Figure 5[b]) is obtained by using equations (5), (6) and (7). The area of Rectangles 1, 3
and 4 of transformed structure (cf. Figure 5[b]) is equal to that of Rectangle 1 and Regions
3 and 4 of the parent patch structure, respectively (cf. Figure 5(a)). Here, the length (L5) of
Rectangle 3 is equal to the length (L31) of Region 3 and length (L6) of Rectangle 4 is equal
to the length (L32) of Region 4.

Area of Rectangle 3 of transformed patch ATr 3 ¼ L5 W5 ¼ ðA3 Þ (9)

Area of Rectangle 4 of transformed patch ATr
4 ¼ L6 W6 ¼ ðA4 Þ (10)
Total area of the equivalent transformed structure of the parent patch

Aptr ¼ A1 þ ATr 3 þ ATr 4 ¼ Apptr (11)
Here, Apptr is area of transformed parasitic patch.
Total area of anchor equivalent transformed shape structure ðATr Þ ¼ 2 Aptr

(12)
The proposed gap coupled anchor shape microstrip patch antenna is transformed into two
equivalent patches separated by a gap “g”, as shown in Figure 3(a).
2.2 Theoretical analysis of transformed rectangular structures using concepts of circuit

theory
To obtain the equivalent circuit, the transformed structures, as shown in Figures 6(b) and 6(d),
are viewed as a modified rectangular structures, as shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(c). The patch
and parasitic structures are formed on a substrate, and upon viewing the geometry of the
structure, it is observed that two rectangular spaces (N1 and N2) on the either side of
the patches are automatically formed, which are to be taken into account for performing the
theoretical analysis.
Rectangular space is a kind of notch and creation of notch (i.e. removal of Rectangles N1
and N2) in the rectangular patch structure introduces inductive and capacitive effect and
results in the change of overall impedance of the antenna:
The equivalent circuit of the transformed parent patch (cf. Figure 6[a]) is shown in Coupled patch
Figure 7(a). antenna
When the notch is created, the equivalent circuit so formed is shown in Figure 7(b), while
the equivalent circuit of Figure 7(b) is shown in Figure 7(c). Discontinuity arises owing to
creation of Notches N1 and N2 in the modified rectangular patch antenna, which is
compensated by the introduction of inductances (DL1, DL2) and capacitances (DC1, DC2) in
series with the inductance (L1) capacitance (C1) of rectangular patch antenna, respectively. 271
Resistance (Rn) owing to creation of the notch is calculated similarly to R (cf. equation 2;
Balanis, 1997) and the value of inductances (DL1, DL2) and capacitances (DC1, DC2) can be
calculated after Zhang and Yang (1998) and Pandey and Vishvakarma (2005),
h m 0 p L4
DL1 ¼ W5
(13a)
8

L4
DC1 ¼ Cg (13b)
W5
h m 0 p L7
DL2 ¼ L6
(13c)
8
Figure 6.
(a) Geometrical view
of the transformed
parent patch
(Portions N1 and N2
not removed);
(b) geometrical view
of the transformed
parent patch (Portion
N1 and N2 removed);
(c) geometrical view
of the transformed
patches (fed and
parasitic patches,
both; Portions N1 and
N2 not removed) and
(d) geometrical view
of the transformed
patches (fed and
parasitic patches,
both; Portions N1 and
N2 removed) of
proposed antenna (cf.
Figure 3[a])

COMPEL L7
DC2 ¼ Cg (13d)
38,1 L6
Ln ¼ Lp þ DL1 þ DL2 (13e)
272 Cn ¼
1
(13f)
1
Cp þ 1
DC1 þ DC1 2
where
m 0 = 4p 107 H/m;
Cg = gate capacitance; and
h = thickness of the dielectric material.
There are two resonating structures, one resonating structure is the parallel combination of
the Rp, Lp and Cp, as shown Figure 7(a), and another resonating structure is shown in
Figures 7(b) and (c), which is obtained owing to the creation of notches on the transformed
rectangular patch. These two resonating structures are coupled to each other by mutual
inductance (Lm) and mutual capacitance (Cm) [16]. The equivalent circuit of the parent patch
antenna after the incorporation of Notches N1 and N2 is shown in Figure 8.
In Figure 8:
1
Zn ¼ (14a)
1
Rn þ 1
jv Lnþ jv Cn
Figure 7.
(a). Equivalent circuit
of transformed parent
patch (cf. Figure 6[a]);
(b) notch equivalent
circuit; (c) modified
circuit of notch
equivalent circuit
Figure 8.
Equivalent circuit of
the notch loaded
parent patch antenna
1 Coupled patch
Zf ¼ (14b)
1
Rp þ 1
jv Lpþ jv Cp antenna

Zm ¼ jv Lm þ 1 jv Cm
(14c)
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 273
Kc 2 Lp þ Ln Kc2 Lp þ Ln þ 4Kc2 1 Kc2 Lp Ln
Lm ¼ (14d)
2 1 k2c
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 ffi
Cp þ Cn þ Cp þ Cn 4Cp Cn 1 Kc2
Cm ¼ (14e)
2
1
Kc ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (14f)
QF1 QF2
sffiffiffiffiffi
Lp
QF1 ¼ Rp (14g)
Cp
sffiffiffiffiffi
Ln
QF2 ¼ Rn (14h)
Cn
where
Zn = input impedance of notch equivalent circuit;
Zp = input impedance of modified rectangular patch;
Zm = impedance of mutual coupling circuit; and
QF1, QF2 = quality factors of resonating structures.
The transformed structure, equivalent circuit and equations used for parent patch are same
for the parasitic patch also.
The equivalent circuit of the notch loaded gap coupled transformed patch antenna
(cf. Figure 6[d]) is shown in Figure 9.
The expression of gap capacitance Cg and patch capacitance Cpp of the microstrip patch
is given after Maeda (1972):
2 8 3

0 sffiffiffiffiffi19
< =
g 6 hA 7
Cg ¼ 0:5hQ1 exp 1:86 41 þ 4:09:1 exp@0:75 5 (15)
h L1 ;

Q2 þ Q3
Cpp ¼ Ct (16a)
Q2 þ 1
where Q1, Q2 and Q3 are given as:
COMPEL
38,1
274
Figure 9.
Equivalent circuits
and modified
equivalent circuit of
the notch loaded gap
coupled proposed
transformed patch
antenna
(cf. Figure 6[d])
Q1 ¼ 0:04598 0:03 þ L1 =hÞ Q4 ð0:272 þ 0:072r Þ (16b)
2 3
!3:23 !1:05
6 1:5 þ 0:3 L1
7
L1 g h
Q2 ¼ 0:107 þ 9 g=h þ 2:09 þ4 5 (16c)
h h 1 þ 0:6 L1
h
Q3 ¼ expð0:5978Þ ¼ 0:55; (16d) Coupled patch
antenna
and Q4 ¼ 1:23; (16e)
Ct is the terminal capacitance of the open circuited conductor is given as:

pffiffiffiffiffi
ee 275
Ct ¼ Ctt ; (17a)
Z0 c
where Ctt is the conductor extension length

ðe e þ 0:3Þ þ 0:264 L1
h
Ctt ¼ 0:412 ; (17b)
ðe e 0:258Þ Lh1 þ 0:8
and
Zin – input impedance of the patch.
Therefore, input impedance of the equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna shown in
Figure 9 is given by:
Zs Zd
Zin ¼ ; (18a)
Zs þ Zd
where
Zs ¼ jv Ls (18b)
Posting the shorting pin on the parasitic patch, a parallel inductance Ls is added to the
whole patch as shown in Figure 9, the inductance of the shorting pin is calculated after
(Garg et al., 2001):

ðW4 þ W5 ÞL1 4c
Ls ¼ h 0 ln pffiffiffiffiffi (18c)
pd EL1 d 2r
where
d = diameter of the shorting pin;
E = the Euler’s constant = 0.5772; and
h 0 = 120p .

Zm Zp þ Zb
Zd ¼ Zn þ (18d)
Zm þ Zp þ Zb
h i
Zg Zc þZg Za þZa Zc
Zc Zc þZa
Zb ¼ Zg Zc þZg Za þZa Zc
(18e)
Zc þ Zc þZa
COMPEL 1
Zg ¼ (18f)
38,1 jv C g
1
Zc ¼ (18g)
jv Cpp
276
and
Zf Zm
Za ¼ Zn þ : (18h)
Zf þ Zm
Zf is the impedance of parent patch while Zp is the impedance of parasitic patch and are
given as:
1
Zf ¼ ¼ Zp
1
Rp þ jv Cp þ jv1Lp
Using the abovementioned equations, the total input impedance of the proposed antenna is
calculated, and the other antenna parameters such as reflection coefficient, VSWR and
return loss are obtained, as below:
ðZin Z0 Þ ð1 þ jujÞ
Reflection coefficientðuÞ ¼ ; andVSWR ðSÞ ¼
ðZin þ Z0 Þ ð1 jujÞ
Z0 = impedance of coaxial feed = 50X; and

The return loss (RL) = 20 log |u|.
3. Results and discussion

The results of the proposed structure are discussed in terms of return loss (dB), voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain (dB), radiation pattern (in terms of co and cross-
polarization) and surface current density distribution on the patch. While simulating the
anchor shape structure without shorting pin, we failed to observe the desired resonating
frequencies and operating bands for WLAN and WiMAX applications. As the shorting pin is
inserted, we observe desired operating bands and improved gain. The variation of return loss
(S11) with frequency for the gap coupled microstrip patch antenna is shown in Figure 10(a).
We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed anchor shape structure resonates at two
different frequencies (cf. Figure 10[a]). The dual band operation is also achieved theoretically
as well as in case of transformed rectangular structure as shown in Figure 10(a). Lower
resonant frequency at 3.56 GHz (simulated), 3.62 GHz (measured) for proposed anchor shape
structure is observed. We observe lower resonant frequencies of 3.52 GHz (simulated), 3.58
GHz (theoretical) for transformed rectangular structure. The upper resonant frequency at 5.4
GHz (simulated), 5.33 GHz (measured) is observed for proposed anchor shape structure
whereas 5.3 GHz (simulated), 5.42 GHz (theoretical) upper resonant frequencies are observed
for transformed rectangular structure (cf. Figure 10[a]), which makes the antenna suitable for
3.5 GHz WiMAX and 5.4 GHz high performance radio local area network (HIPERLAN), IEEE
802.11a WLAN applications.
Coupled patch
antenna
277
Figure 10.
(a) Simulated,
measured and
theoretical |S11| as a
function of frequency
for anchor shape and
its equivalent
transformed shape
antenna; and
(b) simulated,
measured and
theoretical impedance
bandwidth (in per
cent at 10dB), with
respect to |S11| for
the proposed anchor
shape, and its
equivalent
transformed shape
antenna
COMPEL 3.1 Return loss and impedance bandwidth
38,1 The rectangular distributed element structure is converted to its equivalent lumped element
circuit. We perform theoretical analysis by means of MATLAB programming of the lumped
element circuit only and the same has been shown in Figures 10(a) and (b). We observe
(cf. Figure 10[a] and [b]) an impedance bandwidth of 100 MHz (3.49-3.59 GHz; simulated),
190 MHz (3.49-3.68 GHz; measured) at 10 dB for lower resonating frequency band and
278 140 MHz (5.32-5.46 GHz; simulated), 470 MHz (5-5.47 GHz; measured) for upper resonating
frequency band for proposed anchor shape antenna. Simulated impedance bandwidth of
transformed equivalent patch of the proposed anchor shape antenna is 30 MHz (3.53-
3.50 GHz; 0.85 per cent) for lower resonating frequency band and 105 MHz (5.348-5.243 GHz;
1.98 per cent) for upper resonating frequency band. As observed in Figures 10(a) and (b), the
theoretical bandwidth at lower resonating frequency (17.60 per cent) is larger as compared
to simulated (2.84 per cent) and experimental (4.24 per cent) bandwidths. Similarly, we
observe a larger theoretical bandwidth (9.8 per cent) at upper resonating frequency as
compared to simulated (2.6 per cent) and experimental (8.74 per cent) bandwidth.
Upon observing Figure 10(a), it is clear that the lower resonating frequency and upper
resonating frequency of the simulated (anchor shape), simulated (transformed shape),
measured (anchor shape) and theoretical (transformed shape) have small deviation with
respect to each other, while bandwidth variations on these resonating frequencies have
noticeable differences.
This percentage difference in the impedance bandwidth occurs owing to the different
shape and size of the actual anchor shape patch antenna and transformed equivalent patch
antenna (in this transformation only the area is conserved). It is also not possible to compare
the results in terms of gain, radiation pattern and radiation efficiency between the
distributed element analysis and lumped element circuit analysis. The discrepancies
between the simulated, measured and theoretical results are also owing to mathematical
approximations made in the designing of equivalent circuit model of the proposed patch
structure, assumptions made in calculation of fringe capacitances, effective dielectric
constant, extension length and loss tangent for the chosen dimensions of the patch.
Approximations made in equivalent circuit model analysis further accounts for difference
between theoretical bandwidth and simulated and measured bandwidth.
On the basis of above discussion, it can be safely concluded that it is not possible to
compare the different antenna parameters obtained by means of theoretical analysis of
lumped element circuit and obtained by simulation of actual antenna structure or
experimentally. The bandwidth depends on quality factor, which ultimately is determined
by the element values of the proposed equivalent circuit. The resonant frequencies predicted
by mathematical approximations or by simulation are closer to measured values, whereas
the bandwidth predicted theoretically or by simulation may not be close to measured values
(Schaubert et al., 1989). Further at higher frequencies the scattering parameters do not
exactly account for bandwidth calculation, which yields in deviation in bandwidth with
different design approach.
3.2 Surface current distribution

Figures 11(a) and (b) represents the surface current density distribution (J in A/m) of the
radiating patches of anchor shape antenna at the lower resonating frequency 3.56 GHz and
upper resonating frequency 5.4 GHz, respectively. Figures 12(a) and (b) represents the
surface current density distribution (J in A/m) of the radiating patch of transformed patch
antenna at the lower resonating frequency 3.52 GHz and upper resonating frequency
5.30 GHz, respectively. From Figures 11(a) and 12(a), it is clear that the gap coupled parasitic
Coupled patch
antenna
279
Figure 11.
Current distribution
of anchor shape
antenna at (a) 3.56
GHz (TM01) mode
and (b) 5.4 GHz
(TM10) mode
COMPEL
38,1
280
Figure 12.
Current distribution
of transformed
equivalent patch of
anchor shape antenna
at (a) 3.52 GHz (TM01)
mode and (b) 5.30
GHz (TM10) mode
patch is responsible for lower resonating frequency of 3.56 GHz for anchor shape antenna Coupled patch
and 3.52 GHz for transformed patch antenna. antenna
Current distribution (cf. Figures 11[a] and 12[a]) along Y-axis suggest (Zhi and Michael,
2005) that TM01 mode is the dominant mode at lower resonating frequency for both anchor
shape antenna (3.56 GHz) and its transformed equivalent patch antenna (3.52 GHz).
However, at an upper resonating frequency of 5.40 GHz for anchor shape and 5.30 GHz for
transformed shape, most of the strong surface current distribution is flowing through the
parent patch along X-axis (cf. Figure 11[b] and 12[b]), which is suggestive that TM10 mode is 281
the dominant mode of propagation at higher resonating frequency for both patch antenna
(Zhi and Michael, 2005).
As observed in Figures 11 and 12, almost similar current distribution is observed in both
cases (anchor shape and transformed rectangular patches). On the basis of almost similar
current distribution patterns, it is concluded that both structures are operating at TM01
mode (at lower resonating frequency) and TM10 mode (at upper resonating frequency).
Almost similar surface current distributions in both the structures lead to almost similar
resonant frequencies at lower and higher frequency bands.
3.3 Radiation patterns

The simulated co and cross-polarized 2-D radiation patterns in E- and H-planes for 3.56 GHz
and 5.4 GHz (resonating frequencies), respectively, are shown in Figure 13. Most of the
radiated field is in broad side direction (at u = 0 degree) above the patch with significant
difference between co- and cross-polarization levels. The cross-polarization level in the
E-plane as well as in the H-plane for 5.4 GHz is higher as compared to cross-polarization
levels at 3.56 GHz. Further, the cross-polarization level in H-plane is greater than
corresponding E-plane for 5.4 GHz, as shown in Figures 13(c) and (d).
3.4 Input impedance

The input impedance of the patch can be defined as the ratio of voltage across the
conducting patch and ground to the probe feed current (Kumar and Singh, 2011). For
the maximum power transmission, impedance needs to match between patch and
excitation port. The characteristic impedance of the coaxial probe fed is given after
Guney (1993).
" 1 #
p ffiffiffiffiffi 2 =2
2 2h r0 r 0
2
þ 4h
Zcoax ¼ 60 ðk0 hÞ 2r þ jk0 h arcsin þ (19)
r0 2h
p
where r0 is the radius of the inner conductor, k0 ¼ v m 0 20 : propagation constant in free
space, v angular frequency, m 0 and [0 are permeability and permittivity of free space,
respectively. In the present work, a coaxial probe feed SMA connector having
characteristic impedance of 50 X is used for the excitation of the patch. By proper
positioning of the feed location (X0, Y0), a better impedance matching is obtained between
the proposed structure and excitation port. The simulated and measured input impedance
vs frequency plot for the proposed anchor shape structure and also theoretical and
simulated input impedance vs frequency plot for the transformed shape structure is
shown in Figure 14. The input impedances are observed as 61 X (simulated), 84 X
(measured) for anchor shape antenna and 50 X (theoretical) and 86.21 X (simulated) for
transformed shape antenna at lower resonating frequency. At the upper resonating
frequency, we observe input impedances of 62 X (simulated), 51.5 X (measured) for
COMPEL
38,1
282
Figure 13.
Far field radiation
pattern of the gap
coupled microstrip
patch antenna in
terms of co- and
cross-polarization
components at
(a) 3.56 GHz in E-
plane; (b) 3.56 GHz in
H-plane; (c) 5.4 GHz in
E-plane; and (d) 5.4
GHz in H-plane
Figure 14.
Input impedance
versus frequency plot
for gap coupled
microstrip patch
antennas
anchor shape antenna and 50.07 X (theoretical) and 70 X (simulated) for transformed Coupled patch
shape antenna structure (cf. Figure 14). Observed values are close to the characteristic antenna
impedance (50 X) of the port for maximum power transfer.
3.5 Two dimensional gain spectrum

Figure 15 represents the 2-D gain versus frequency plot for the proposed anchor shape
structure antenna with and without shorting pin. At lower operating frequency range 3.49- 283
3.59 GHz, the gain varies from 1.912 dB (maximum) to 1.84 dB (minimum). At upper
operating frequency range 5.32-5.46 GHz the gain varies from 3.32 dB (maximum) to 2.64 dB
(minimum). On observing Figure 15, it is clear that the gain at lower resonating frequency of
3.56 GHz is 1.91 dB with shorting pin, 2.91 dB, without shorting pin and gain at upper
resonating frequency of 5.4 GHz is 3.04 dB with shorting pin, 2.13 dB without shorting pin
for the proposed anchor shape antenna, respectively.
3.6 Beamwidth and VSWR

The 3-dB beam-width of the proposed structure at resonant frequencies of 3.56 GHz and
5.4 GHz are 116.46° and 138.11°, respectively, as shown in Figure 16(a), which is
suggestive of the fact that more than half power is radiated in far field region for a wide
angle. The values of VSWR are less than 2 for the simulated, measured and theoretical
lower and upper bandwidths, as shown in Figure 16(b). The nature of curves resembles
with the return loss curves and the resonating values, as observed in Figure 10(a) are
confirmed from Figure 16(b).
4. Conclusions
We rarely encounter anchor shape antenna with a gap coupled parasitic patch and shorting
pin in literature and the same is reported for the first time in this work. In the proposed
design, we observe dual band operation with resonating frequencies of 3.6/5.3 GHz
(experimental). We report an experimental impedance bandwidth of 4.2 and 8.7 per cent at
lower and upper bands, respectively, which sufficiently covers the operation bands for
Figure 15.
2D view of the gain
versus frequency plot
for gap coupled
microstrip patch
antenna
COMPEL
38,1
284
Figure 16.
(a) Gain variation
with theta (u ) and (b)
VSWR variation with
frequency, for gap
coupled microstrip
patch antennas
WLAN/WiMAX applications. The concept of transformation of anchor shape to rectangular

shape by conserving the area is verified by theoretical and simulated results. Actual antenna
behavior differs from the theoretically transformed antenna; however, transformation of
anchor shape to rectangular shape is justified by correctly predicting the resonant frequency
by theoretical analysis and simulated result. The percentage difference between the
resonant frequencies is within the permissible limit of 1-2.5 per cent.
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Corresponding author
Rajeev Singh can be contacted at: rsingh68@allduniv.ac.in
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Here, e e is effective permittivity of the dielectric substrate:

c – velocity of light in m/s;

Table I. Width (W3) 6 mm

2.1 Transformation of proposed structure into its equivalent rectangular structure

Total area of the equivalent transformed structure of the parent patch

Here, Apptr is area of transformed parasitic patch.

Total area of anchor equivalent transformed shape structure ðATr Þ ¼ 2 Aptr

2.2 Theoretical analysis of transformed rectangular structures using concepts of circuit

Ln ¼ Lp þ DL1 þ DL2 (13e)

Q1 ¼ 0:04598 0:03 þ L1 =hÞ Q4 ð0:272 þ 0:072r Þ (16b)

Ct is the terminal capacitance of the open circuited conductor is given as:

where Ctt is the conductor extension length

ðe e 0:258Þ Lh1 þ 0:8

Z0 = impedance of coaxial feed = 50X; and

3. Results and discussion

3.2 Surface current distribution

3.3 Radiation patterns

3.4 Input impedance

3.5 Two dimensional gain spectrum

3.6 Beamwidth and VSWR

WLAN/WiMAX applications. The concept of transformation of anchor shape to rectangular

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