INTRODUCTION:-

There are three lists namely, central, state and concurrent lists, where distribution of taxes is
there in various entries. So, framers of the Constitution have definitely made the distribution
appropriately.

The importance of such a distribution is very clear, as with the distribution only, Government
will come to conclusion as how has been distributed to each states and how much it should be
kept in consolidated fund of India to meet future needs. So, it’s very important to see that
equal distribution is made of revenues with respect to their contribution.

Distribution of revenues thus, leads to clarity and leaves no scope for any confusion. With the
help of distribution, we meet justice. Also, the relationship between center and state grows
and the Government doesn’t go only unitary but equal participation of State is also there in
collecting taxes. So, distribution of revenue leads to a better form of Government as the
provisions with regard to distribution can be changed according to needs and circumstances if
any conflicts between the distributions arise. The distribution of revenues is from Article 278
till Article 281 in the Indian Constitution. The project gives importance to various restrictions
imposed on State Government in levying taxes, distribution of revenues, finance commission
and analysis.

Article 268: Taxes Levied by the Centre but Collected and Appropriated by the States

This includes stamp duties on bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, policies of
insurance, transfer of shares; excise duties on medicinal and toilet preparations containing
alcohol and narcotics. The proceeds of these duties levied within any state do not form a part
of the Consolidated Fund of India, but are assigned to that state.

Article 268-A: Service Tax Levied by the Centre but Collected and Appropriated by the
Centre and the States

Service tax is levied by the centre but makes part of divisible pool of proceeds. The principles
of their collection and appropriation are formulated by the Parliament on the basis of
recommendations of finance commission, but such recommendations are not binding upon
the parliament.
Article 269: Taxes Levied and Collected by the Centre but Assigned to the States

This includes taxes on the sale or purchase of goods (other than newspapers) in the course of
inter-state trade or commerce; taxes on the consignment of goods in the course of inter-state
trade or commerce. The net proceeds of these taxes do not form a part of the Consolidated
Fund of India. They are assigned to the concerned states in accordance with the principles
laid down by the Parliament.

Article 270: Taxes Levied and Collected by the Centre but Distributed between the
Centre and the States

This includes all taxes and duties referred to in the Union List except the following:

 Duties and taxes referred to in Articles 268, 268-A and 269 (mentioned above);
 Surcharge on taxes and duties referred to in Article 271 (mentioned below); and
 Any cess levied for specific purposes.

The manner of distribution of the net proceeds of these taxes and duties is prescribed by the
President on the recommendation of the Finance Commission.

Article 271: Surcharges-

Parliament can at any time levy the surcharges on taxes and duties referred to in Articles 269
and 270. This includes cesses of different kinds such as Swachh Bharat Cess, Krishi Kalyan
Cess etc. The proceeds of such surcharges go to the Centre exclusively and states have no
share in them.

Taxes Levied and Collected and Retained by the States

These include land revenue; taxes on agricultural income, succession and estate duties in
respect of agricultural land; taxes on lands and buildings, on mineral rights, on animals and
boats, on road vehicles, on luxuries, on entertainments, and on gambling; excise duties on
alcoholic liquors for human consumption and narcotics; taxes on the entry of goods into a
local area, on advertisements (except newspapers), on consumption or sale of electricity, and
on goods and passengers carried by road or on inland waterways; taxes on professions, trades,
callings and employments not exceeding Rs. 2,500 per annum; capitation taxes; tolls; stamp
duty on documents (except those specified in the Union List); sales tax (other than
newspaper); and fees on the matters enumerated in the State List (except court fees).

CASE LAWS:-

 Goodyear India Ltd. V. State of Haryana1

In this case, the question was in relation with two sales tax act which speaks on consignment
of goods. Section 9(1) (b) of the Haryana General Sales Tax Act, 1973 and Section 13AA of
the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1959 is the tax on consignment goods and these provisions are
beyond the respective State Legislatures as the power vests with the Parliament. And so, it
was held to be invalid. Clause 3 of this Article provides that Parliament may formulate
principles for determining that when such sales and purchase or consignment takes place in
the course of inter-state trade or commerce.

 State of Andhra Pradesh v. National Thermal Corporation Ltd

The Supreme Court considered section 3 and 6 of Central Sales Tax Act, 1956. Supreme
Court held that a movement of goods after completion of the transaction of sale within the
State does not constitute inter-State sale. Bench has also laid down few principles for
considering inter-State trade or commerce.
1) Existence of a contract of sale incorporating a stipulation, express or implied regarding
inter-State movement of goods
2) Goods must actually move from one State to another pursuant to such contract;
3) Such movement of goods must be from one State to another, where the sales conclude.

 T.M. Kanniyan v. I.T.O

Supreme Court gave a judgment with regard to income tax and said that “the income tax
attributable to Union territories forms a part of the Consolidated Fund of India. It is not
necessary to make any distribution of income tax with respect to Union territories as those
territories are centrally administered through the President.

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Available at http://www.legalservicesindia.com/ visited on 17-04-2018