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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Water is one of our most precious resources and as much we want it to be, it is not

an infinite resource. Water is all around us but only 2.5% of water is fresh water. A main

problem that we face all over the world is to meet daily needs of people for water. One in

three (1 in 3) people around the world suffer from lack of water, as it isn’t easily accessible

to them.

There is already a struggle to get water directly to communities far and near and

due to the increase in population and urbanization, the demand for water increases in

agriculture, industries, and household. As demand increases we keep digging deeper and

deeper to find it. We also see new challenges in managing water supply such as the need

for the right crops and planting methods, better water supply system, environmental

restoration and climate forecasting to reduce drought and flood risk.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study focused on the experiences of Senior High School students specifically

on the sanitary discomfort due to the lack of water supply.

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THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

According to Prüss A. “…many deaths in young children in developing countries

are due to diarrhoeal disease, and unsafe water is a key risk factor for diarrhoeal disease in

this age group.”

Also, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations

Children’s Fund (UNICEF), an estimated 88 percent of diarrheal deaths worldwide are

attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene, indicating that WSS

interventions can play an important role in combating the incidence of this disease among

children.

Thus the lack of clean water supply should be addressed not only to meet a child’s

daily intake need but also to keep them healthy.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The Millennium Development Goals within the United Nations Millennium

Declaration state that by 2015 they resolve to “have the proportion of people who are

unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water”. Safe and adequate waters supply is thus

a necessity not only among industrialized urbanize areas of a country but also in the far

flung rural areas where children also need it the most as sanitation is usually not emphasize.

According to Esrey SA “,.. those living distant from a water source, using only around 3‐

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litres per person per day, and often suffering from hygiene related disease, the logical

priority is to increase quantity consumed, especially for personal and home hygiene. For

those at the other end of the spectrum, with water close at hand water quality arguments

often carry greater weight.” Thus the issue is simply not about the quantity of the water

supply but also the quality of it as unsafe water supply can cause certain type of hygiene

related diseases. More recent systematic reviews came to different conclusions, suggesting

that improving drinking water quality at the community and the household level can reduce

the incidence of diarrhoeal disease by around 30 to 40% and that this improvement can be

seen, even in the absence of other interventions, such as handwashing or sanitation.

(Clasen T, Schmidt)

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study examines the discomforts of Senior High School students of Tuyom

National High School. Furthermore, this study will be beneficial to the following:

Parents and guardians: So that they will be able to understand the necessity of clean water

supply and can adequately prepare for their child’s water needs.

Students: So that they can understand how important water is in their physical

development.

Teachers: Sot that they will be able to identify the problems that lead to lack of water

supply and address them accordingly.

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SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study is focused on Senior High School students’ sanitary discomforts

experiences due to inadequate water supply at Tuyom National High School, in Barangay

Tuyom, Cauayan, Negros Occidental.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Inadequate Water Supply. The lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the

demands of water usage within the region.

Sanitation. Conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking

water and adequate sewage disposal.

Discomfort. The lack of physical comfort and convenience due to the lack of water supply.

Hygiene. Conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and preventing,

especially through cleanliness.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE SYTHESIS

This chapter presents the related concepts, topic, and studies related to references

such as internet and books which support the study.

WATER IS ESSENTIAL

Water is an essential element of a child’s health. According to WHO (World Health

Organization), “A child’s well-being is highly dependent on both the quality and the

availability of water, and on how well this precious resource is managed. Around the world,

both biological disease agents and chemical pollutants are compromising drinking-water

quality. Contaminated water causes a range of diseases which are often life-threatening. Of

the waterborne diseases affecting children, the most deadly are diarrheal infections.

Childhood diarrhea is closely associated with insufficient water supply, inadequate

sanitation, water contaminated with communicable disease agents, and poor hygiene

practices.”

DAILY NEEDS

Howard also states that “A safe, reliable, affordable, and easily accessible water

supply is essential for good health. Yet, for several decades, about a billion people in

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developing countries have not had a safe and sustainable water supply. It has been

estimated that a minimum of 7.5 litres of water per person per day is required in the home

for drinking, preparing food, and personal hygiene, the most basic requirements for water;

at least 50 litres per person per day is needed to ensure all personal hygiene, food hygiene,

domestic cleaning, and laundry needs”

NEGATIVE IMPACT

The negative effects of the lack of water supply is further enforced by Carter R.C.

on Investigating Options for Self-help Water Supply “Inadequacies in water supply affect

health adversely both directly and indirectly (Box 1 and below). An inadequate water

supply also prevents good sanitation and hygiene. Consequently, improvements in various

aspects of water supply represent important opportunities to enhance public health. Box

2 lists six attributes of domestic water supply that determine whether it is effective in the

preservation of good health”.

Based on the following published literature, we can see the importance of adequate

water supply for the health and sanitation of kids.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and understand the feeling and

experiences of the Senior High School students of Tuyom National School with regards

to the sanitary discomfort they feel due to inadequate water supply. This chapter

described the research design, locale of the study, respondents, and data gathering

instruments, data analysis and sampling technique.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The descriptive - qualitative research was used in this study. It was primarily

concerned with gathering data described by the respondents.

The qualitative research emphasizes verbal descriptions and explanations of human

behavior and practices in an attempt to understand how the units of members of the study

population experience or explain their own world. To gather information, the researcher

used in-depth interview. Qualitative research does not regard truth as objective but as

subjective reality that is experienced differently by each individual. (Vishnevsky and

Bean lands, 2004)

Qualitative research is research that is intended to help one better understand: (1) the

rather than simply from one’s own; (2) how these prescriptives are shaped by, and shape,

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their physical, social, and cultural contexts; (3) and the specific processes that are

involved in maintaining and altering these phenomena and relationships (Maxwell, 2013)

In a qualitative study, “research design” should be a reflexive process operating

through every stage of a project (Hammersly and Atkinson; 1995, p.24).

The qualitative phenomenology approach is carried out to establish the everyday

experiences of Senior High School Students particularly their sanitary discomfort due to

limited water or inadequate water supply.

The focus of a phenomenological study according to Patton (1990) lies in the

“descriptions of what people experience and how it is that they experienced. The goal is

to identify the shared experience that underlie all the variations in this particular

experience.

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted at Tuyom National High School campus, Located in Barangay

Tuyom, Cauayan, Negros Occidental.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

The respondents of the study were Senior High School students of Tuyom National

High School. These students were enrolled in the 2nd semester of School year 2017-

2018.

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SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The researchers will be used the purposive sampling technique in this study.

The method of purposive sampling was used to develop the sample of the research

under discussion. According to this method, which belongs the category of non-

probability sampling techniques, sample members are selected on the basis of their

knowledge, relationships and expertise regarding a research subject, ( Freedman, et al.,

2007).

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In order to gather data needed in connection with the objective of the study

researchers conduct an in depth interview with respondents to inquire and solicit their

feelings regarding the discomforts with sanitary due to the lack of water supply. The

interview questions are listed below:

1. What is the profile of the respondent according to:

a. gender

b. age

2. How often do you use water for:

a. Drinking

b. Urinating

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c. Bowel movement

d. Washing of hands

3. What do you do when you experience little to no water in terms of:

a. Drinking

b. Urinating

c. Bowel movement

d. Washing of hands

4. What do you feel when there is little to now water in terms of:

e. Drinking

f. Urinating

g. Bowel movement

h. Washing of hands

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The data was gathered through questionnaires. The questionnaires was student

made and guided by their teachers.

Questions were prepared to gather the data on the discomforts the participants feel

due to the inadequate water supply.

The questionnaire was submitted to the experts for correction.

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DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

As methodology, the approach is phenomenological in that it involves detailed

examination of the participant life world, it attempts to explore personal experience and is

concerned with an individual’s personal perceptions of an object or event, as oppose to an

account to procedures an objective statement or the object or event itself (Smith et.al,

2007).

Following Clark Moustaka's (1994) phenominological research methods, the

researchers use the following steps:

In depth interview. Using semi structured interview with open questions developed

by the researchers, questions pertaining to their lives will be ask to the respondents.

Eidetic Insights. This is the pace when the researchers will go over all descriptions

of the meaning and essence of the experience composite description of the entire

experience. (Creswell, 2007).

Thematic Insights. The researchers will identify the common responses among the

respondents answer and recheck and clarify. Significant statements of the participants

will be given emphasis in word, exactly as the participants express them. (Maration,

2011).

Reflective Insights. Each statement was treated equally and the data will work to

develop a list of a non- repetitive, non- overlapping statement (Creswell, 2007).

Sampling Technique

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The researchers used the purposive sampling to identify the actual respondent as the

source of data to answer the objectives of the study. The method of purposive sampling

was used to develop the sample of the research under discussion. According to this

method, which belongs to the category of non- probability sampling techniques, sample

members are selected on the basis of their knowledge, relationships and expertise

regarding a research subject (Freedman et al; 2007).

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CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the qualitative presentation, reflective insights, thematic

insights, eidetic insights, and final eidetic of the study.

The researchers gathered the views and opinions of five students who experienced

sanitary discomfort due to the lack of water supply in the same grade level.

QUALITATIVE PRESENTATION

The researchers choose potential participants to provide the needed data. The

participants were contacted personally to confirm their willingness and availability for

the interview.

REFLECTIVE INSIGHT

Students' sanitary discomforts due to the lack of water supply is one of the concerns

schools should address. Thus this study aims to understand the students’ point of view

with regards to their sanitary discomforts.

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PARTICIPANT 1: (STUDENT A)

Around 9:16 am., the researchers went to the classroom of their first respondent.

The researchers asked a 18 year old girl if they could interview her and she allowed them

and the interview commenced,.

"...3 glasses of water

“…thrice a day."

None

None

“In drinking, I will buy ice candy to emitate my thirst. “

“In urinating, I will control myself.”

“In bowel movement, I will go home to release my waste.”

“In washing hands, I will use alcohol instead of water.”

“In drinking, of course I will be thirsty.”

“In urinating, if there’s no water, I feel bad because I can’t release urine.”

“In bowel movement, I really felt discomfort.”

“In washing hands, I really felt uncomfortable.”

“Of course, I will bring water from home to avoid thirst.”

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PARTICIPANT 2: (STUDENT B)

The same time and venue, the researchers proceed to their next respondent and

asked a girl with the age of 17 years old. She sat on the chair in front of the researchers'

chair and the conversation had started.

view commenced,.

"...5 glasses”

“…twice."

None

Once

“In drinking, if there is no water I find ways to get a substitute for it. “

“In urinating, if there’s no water, ginapunggan nalang (I hold it)”

“In bowel movement, if there is no water, I use tissue or wipes.”

“In washing hands, I use wipes.”

“In drinking, it’s very difficult because it feels thirsty.”

“In urinating, it can lead to diseases like UTI.”

“In bowel movement, it cause stomachache.”

“In washing hands, I feel not comfortable when my hands is dry .”

“I find ways to get a substitute for it like yakult and dutch milk.”

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PARTICIPANT 3: (STUDENT C)

The same time and venue, the researchers proceed to their next respondent who is a

17 year old female student. She agreed to the interview.

"...2 glasses of water”

None

None

“Twice if there is water.”

“In drinking, I just don’t’ drink water.“

“In urinating, I just don’t urinate in comfort rooms.”

“In bowel movement, I will go home.”

“In washing hands, I will use alcohol if there is no water.”

“In drinking, I feel thirsty.”

“In urinating, sakit sa pus-on (lower abdomen hurts).”

“In bowel movement, sakit sa tiyan (stomachache).”

“In washing hands, I feel not comfortable.”

“Of course, I find ways to get substitute for it like, something juice.”

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PARTICIPANT 4: (STUDENT D)

The same time and venue, the researchers proceed to their next respondent who is a

17 year old male student. He also agreed to the interview.

"...5 glasses of water”

Thrice

None

“Twice”

“In drinking, I will buy buko shake.“

“In urinating, I will just urinate even if there is no water.”

“In bowel movement, I will control myself.”

“In washing hands, I will use towel or tissue.”

“In drinking, I feel thirsty.”

“In urinating, if feel not comfortable.”

“In bowel movement, I will go out in school campus to go home and release my

waste.”

“In washing hands, I feel uncomfortable.”

“I buy something juice like yakult and pineapple juie.”

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PARTICIPANT 5: (STUDENT E)

The same time and venue, the researchers finally proceed to their last respondent

who is a 17 year old male student. He also agreed to the interview.

"3 times”

Twice

None

“Twice.”

“In drinking, I will buy something juice.“

“In urinating, I will control myself.”

“In bowel movement, I will go outside the fence outside the school campus.”

“In washing hands, I will use alcohol.”

“In drinking, I feel thirsty.”

“In urinating, I feel discomfort.”

“In bowel movement, I feel stomachache.”

“In washing hands, I feel bad and not comfortable.”

“I will bring my own water to avoid thirsty.”

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THEMATIC INSIGHTS

Based on the obtained by the researcher from the different in depth. Interview of

the participant of the study the following themes are identified.

Discomfort: The experiences of the respondents when they need to urinate, wash hands,

or do bowel movement due to the lack of water.

Sanitation: Issue faced by respondents due to the lack or absence of water supply.

Substitute: What the respondents usually do if there is little or no water when they need

to drink, urinate, wash hands or do bowel movement.

EIDETIC INSIGHT

The respondents of this study have manifested mostly discomfort due to the lack or

the absence of water supply, with female respondents showing a greater degree of

discomfort. Most of the time, the respondents would choose hold bowel movement.

Moreover, substitute for water in handwashing and drinking are most common.

FINAL EIDETIC

The lack or absence of water supply has created not only discomfort and sanitary

issues among the respondents but also shows habits that could lead to health related

problems for them in the future.

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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the findings of this qualitative research, the

conclusion drawn from the findings and the recommendation in relation to the major

findings and conclusion of this study.

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS

As a result of this phenomenological study focusing on the sanitary discomfort of

grade 10 students due to the lack of water supply.

1. All five respondents feel a degree of discomfort when there is lack or absence of

water.

2. All three females and one male hold their urine when there is no water supply.

3. Three respondents would choose to go home to do their bowel movement.

4. All five respondents would look for a substitute drink when there is no water for

drinking.

5. Two students experience stomachache when they are unable to release feces.

CONCLUSION

The following are the conclusions taken from the summary of the findings:

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1. Female respondents are usually affected by lack of water supply because of

sanitary issues.

2. Respondents would usually find a substitute for water such, juices, tissue or

wipes.

3. The substitutes for water when respondents are thirsty are not healthy options.

RECOMMENDATION

The following are the recommendations which were based from the summary of

findings and conclusion of the study.

1. School should prioritize water supply in school because of sanitary issues.

2. Students should bring their own drinking water to school to avoid unhealthy

substitutes for drinking.

3. The school should have an alternate water supply for when the main water

supply is not available.

4. Health concerns should be discussed when addressing the lack of water supply.

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