PROBABILITY.

1. A family has 2 children. Find the probability that both are boys, if it is known that
(a) At least one of the children is a boy.
(b) The elder child is a boy.
2. A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random, and are found to be white. What is the probability that
all balls are white?
3. A random variable X has the following probability distribution:

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X) 0 K 2K 2K 3K 𝑲𝟐 2K2 7K2 + K
Determine (i) K (II) P(X<3) (III) P(X>6) (IV) P (0<X<3)

4. Find the probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 throws of a single die.

5. Given three identical boxes I, II and III each containing two coins. In box I, both coins are gold coins, in box II,
both are silver coins and in box III, there is one gold and one silver coin. A person chooses a box at random
and takes out a coin. If the coin is of gold, what is the probability that the other coin in the box is also of gold?
6. Two cards are drawn without replacement from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean and variance
of the number of red cards.
7. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin 3 times and notes the number of heads. If
she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4 she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she obtained
exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die?
8. A biased die is twice as likely to show an even number as an odd number. The die is rolled three times. If
occurance of an even number is consider a success, then write the probability distribution of number of
successes. Also, find the mean number of successes.
9. Two bags A and B contain 4 white and 3 black balls and 2 white and 2 black balls respectively. From bag A,
two balls are drawn at random and then transferred to bag B. A ball is then drawn from bag B and is found to
be a black ball. What is the probability that the transferred balls were 1 white and 1 black?
10. In an examination, 10 questions of true-false type are asked. A student tosses a fair coin to determine his
answer to each question. If the coin falls heads, he answers ‘true’ and if it falls tail, he answers ‘false’. Show
𝟏𝟐𝟏
that the probability that he answers at most 7 questions correctly is .
𝟏𝟐𝟖
11. Find the probability distribution of the number of doublets in 4 throws of a pair of dice.
12. Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack are 40%. It is also assumed that meditation and
yoga course reduces the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain drug reduces its chances by
25%. At a time a patient can choose any one of the 2 options with equal probabilities. It is given that after
going through one of the 2 options and the patient selected at random suffers a heart attack. Find the
probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga?
13. Two numbers are selected at random from integers 1 to 9. If the sum is even, find the probability that both
the numbers are odd.
14. A candidate has to reach the examination centre in time. Probability of him going by bus or scooter or by
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
other means of transport are 𝟏𝟎 , 𝟏𝟎 , 𝟓 respectively, the probability that he will be late is 𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑
respectively,
if he travel by bus or scooter. But he reaches in time if he uses any other mode of transport. He reached late
at the centre. Find the probability that he travelled by bus.
15. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Let X denote the number of sixes, find the probability distribution of x.
also find the mean and variance of x.
16. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability
distribution of the number of aces.
17. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find the probability
that it is actually a six.
 𝟑 𝟓
18. The probabilities of two students A and B coming to the school in time are 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚. Assuming
𝟕 𝟕
that the events, ‘A coming in time’ and ‘B coming in time’ are independent, find the probability of only one of
them coming to the school in time. Write at least one advantage of coming to school in time.
19. In a hockey match, both teams A and B scored same number of goals up to the end of the game, so to decide
the winner, the referee asked both the captains to throw a die alternately and decided that the team, whose
captain gets a six first, will be declared the winner. If the captain of team A was asked to start, find their
respective probabilities of winning the match and state whether the decision of the referee was fair or not.
20. In a test, an examinee either knows the answer or guesses or copies the answer to a multiple choice question
𝟏 𝟏
with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is 𝟔 and the probability that he copies the answer is 𝟗
𝟏
. The probability that his answer is correct, given that he copied, is 𝟖 . Find the probability that he knew the
answer to the question, given that he correctly answered it.
Does the result of this question indicate that most of the students believe in the value of passing an
examination with honesty and self-knowledge?
21. A fair die is rolled. If 1 turns up, a ball is picked up at random from bag A, if 2 or 3 turns up, a ball is picked up
at random from bag B, otherwise a ball is picked up from bag C. Bag A contains 3 red and 2 white balls, bag B
contains 3 red and 4 white balls and bag C contains 4 red and 5 white balls. The die is rolled, a bag is picked up
and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, what is the probability that the bag B was picked up?.
22. A speaks truth in 60% of the cases, while B in 90% of the cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to
condratict each other in stating the same fact?. In the case of contradiction do you think, the statement of B
will carry more weight of the speaks truth in more number of cases than A?
23. A football match may be either won, drawn or lost by the host country’s team. So there are three ways of
forecasting the result of any one match, one correct and two incorrect. Find the probability of forecasting
atleast three correct results for four matches.
24. A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and backward with probability 0.6. Find the probability that
at the end of 5 steps, he is one step away from the starting point.
25. A bag X contains 4 white balls and 2 black balls, while another bag Y contains 3 white balls and 3 black balls.
Two balls are drawn (without replacement) at random from one of the bags and were found to be one white
and one black. Find the probability that the balls were drawn from bag Y.
26. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately, till one of them gets a total of 10 and wins the game. Find their
respective probabilities of winning, if A starts first.
27. Three numbers are selected at random(without replacement) from first six positive integers. Let X denote the
largest of the three numbers obtained. Find the probability distribution of X. Also, find the mean and variance
of the distribution.
28. A die whose faces are marked 1,2,3 in red and 4,5,6 in green, is tossed. Let A be the event “number obtained
is even” and B be
 𝒂
13. 5 odd and 4 even. A:both are odd, B:sum is even P(𝒃)=?
𝟓𝒄 𝟓𝒄𝟐 +𝟒𝒄𝟐 𝟓𝒄
P(a)=𝟗𝒄𝟐 P(B)= 𝟗𝒄𝟐
P(A∩B)= 𝟗𝒄𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

20). E1= guesses, e2=copies, e3=knows, a=answer correctly

P(e1)=1/6, P(e2)=1/9, p(e3)=1-(1/6+1/9)=13/58
P(a/e1)=1/4, p(a/e2)=1/8 p(a/e3)=1. Ans. 13/14.
21). P(e1)=1/6, p(e2)=2/6, p(e3)=3/6 p(a/e1)=3/5 p(a/e2)=3/7 p(a/e3)=4/9
E1: bag A, e2:bagB, E3:BAGC, a:red ball.
̅ ∩ 𝑩) + 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩
22). P(𝑨 ̅)
23) Binomial distribution p=1/3 q=2/3 n=4 r=3.
 Test ( November).

1. A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random, and are found to be white. What is the probability that
all balls are white?
2. A biased die is twice as likely to show an even number as an odd number. The die is rolled three times. If
occurrence of an even number is consider a success, then write the probability distribution of number of
successes. Also, find the mean number of successes.
𝟑 𝟓
3. The probabilities of two students A and B coming to the school in time are 𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟕
𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚. Assuming
that the events, ‘A coming in time’ and ‘B coming in time’ are independent, find the probability of only one of
them coming to the school in time. Write at least one advantage of coming to school in time.
4. In a test, an examinee either knows the answer or guesses or copies the answer to a multiple choice question
𝟏 𝟏
with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is 𝟔 and the probability that he copies the answer is 𝟗
𝟏
. The probability that his answer is correct, given that he copied, is 𝟖 . Find the probability that he knew the
answer to the question, given that he correctly answered it.
Does the result of this question indicate that most of the students believe in the value of passing an
examination with honesty and self-knowledge?
5. A fair die is rolled. If 1 turns up, a ball is picked up at random from bag A, if 2 or 3 turns up, a ball is picked up
at random from bag B, otherwise a ball is picked up from bag C. Bag A contains 3 red and 2 white balls, bag B
contains 3 red and 4 white balls and bag C contains 4 red and 5 white balls. The die is rolled, a bag is picked up
and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, what is the probability that the bag B was picked up?.
6. A speaks truth in 60% of the cases, while B in 90% of the cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to
condratict each other in stating the same fact?. In the case of contradiction do you think, the statement of B
will carry more weight of the speaks truth in more number of cases than A?

Test( November).

1. A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random, and are found to be white. What is the probability that
all balls are white?
2. A biased die is twice as likely to show an even number as an odd number. The die is rolled three times. If
occurrence of an even number is consider a success, then write the probability distribution of number of
successes. Also, find the mean number of successes.
𝟑 𝟓
3. The probabilities of two students A and B coming to the school in time are 𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟕
𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚. Assuming
that the events, ‘A coming in time’ and ‘B coming in time’ are independent, find the probability of only one of
them coming to the school in time. Write at least one advantage of coming to school in time.
4. In a test, an examinee either knows the answer or guesses or copies the answer to a multiple choice question
𝟏 𝟏
with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is 𝟔 and the probability that he copies the answer is 𝟗
𝟏
. The probability that his answer is correct, given that he copied, is 𝟖 . Find the probability that he knew the
answer to the question, given that he correctly answered it.
Does the result of this question indicate that most of the students believe in the value of passing an
examination with honesty and self-knowledge?
5. A fair die is rolled. If 1 turns up, a ball is picked up at random from bag A, if 2 or 3 turns up, a ball is picked up
at random from bag B, otherwise a ball is picked up from bag C. Bag A contains 3 red and 2 white balls, bag B
contains 3 red and 4 white balls and bag C contains 4 red and 5 white balls. The die is rolled, a bag is picked up
and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is red, what is the probability that the bag B was picked up?.
6. A speaks truth in 60% of the cases, while B in 90% of the cases. In what percent of cases are they likely to
condratict each other in stating the same fact?. In the case of contradiction do you think, the statement of B
will carry more weight of the speaks truth in more number of cases than A?