Michael Abraham Listyawan/1506710866

Ambient Room Temperature

Measurement of Residential Building in
Jakarta, Indonesia
Abstract
Residential building is an integrated part of our modern energy society and it also one of the major
contributors in energy consumption. The increase in energy demand encouraged us to conserve
energy in every possible way. Thorough research and measurement have to be taken to formulate
the effective solution to conserve residential buildings energy. In the case of Indonesia, most
residential building used more than 50% of their electricity consumption for air conditioner.
Therefore, it is important if energy conservation modifications can be applied to the residential
building in Jakarta, Indonesia and reducing the energy usage significantly. Ambient Temperature
is one of the critical parameters to be measured and assessed to improve room’s temperature
quality.

Background
Nowadays, energy is a primal necessity for society around the world to do their daily activities.
The energy takes many forms to one of which is the electricity that phenomenally shaped our lives
in terms of dependency on technology. As any other technology, the electricity also has its trade –
offs and in most case, it can potentially harm the environment and disrupting ecosystem
sustainability. Hence, the energy consumption has to be controlled and monitored to minimize and
control the negative impacts that the development offers.

Controlling energy consumption requires the understanding of the energy demand and the harshest
fact about the demand is that it increases over time. The phenomenon is not only experienced by
under developed countries but also globally[1]. In order to minimize the damage by the
development rate, energy efficiency needs to be promoted. Especially conserving energy
effectively such as choosing the highest share out of all sectors. One of the most neglected sectors
Michael Abraham Listyawan/1506710866

in energy efficiency is the residential and tertiary sectors[2]. It reaches to almost 40% of total
energy demand in one country even in EU the residential sector makes up more than half of total
energy demand. However, there are difference of solution in the energy problem since each
problem stems from fundamental variable such as location and sources availability.

For example, Indonesia’s residential sector energy demand is mostly comprised of electricity
utilized for HVAC systems to provide cool and comfortable temperature since Indonesia average
maximum temperature is around 33 degrees Celcius for the whole year[3]. On the other hand,
Poland requires more energy for water heating compared to other European countries located
south. Other factors are also determining the energy saving solution such as house direction in
respect of solar radiation, wind velocity, differences of temperature, ambient temperature,
population of a city, pollution and many more.

Therefore, there are number different approaches of modification that can help to reduce the energy
consumption and increase efficiency. For instance, heat insulation to maintain the comfortable
temperature indoor that leads to low usage of air conditioning. However, those parameters have to
be thoroughly analyzed to formulate the effective and efficient solution for the problem. Measuring
ambient temperature of a building is also quite significant to analyze whether building needs to be
modified to be ‘greener’ in energy usage.

Goals
The goals of this paper are;

1. Developing calibration method of Arduino UNO Temperature Measurement.

2. Measuring the ambient temperature of a room in a building through Data Acquisition
method via Arduino UNO for 24 hours.

Measurement Methodology
The methodology of the measurement is data acquisition method by utilizing Arduino UNO as its
processing computer. Data Acquisition by definition is measurement method that are done through
a computer. Therefore, the computer has to be turned on during the data sampling. In this case the
USB plug is used to connect and transfer code to Arduino in order to measure temperature to the
sensors. This is some of the advantages of Data Acquisition compared to other methods;
Michael Abraham Listyawan/1506710866

 Analog to Digital Conversion of Data that ease the data processing process
 Cost efficient compared to its measurement capability and performance compared to older
data sampling methods
 Flexible; the main component in data acquisition is the computer. Changing the
temperature is the only necessary things to change measurement types

Here are some of the components used to measure the temperature;

Arduino UNO
It is an open source micro controller that has various slots such as 14 digital input/output and 6
analog input. It also has power source plug and USB plug to transfer coding for Arduino or in this
case the sketch. The USB connection can also be a power source cable however for data logger
method, alternative power supply can be used to supply Arduino’s electricity.

Thermocouple Type K (MAX 6675)

Thermocouple is one of the measurement tools of temperature, it has advantages of wide range of
temperature measurement capacity, reliable and quite inexpensive. It consists of two different
alloys of Nickel-Chromium or Nickel-Alumel. The working principle of thermocouple is when it
experiences a temperature both alloys will be flowed by a measurable current. This current can be
translated into temperature difference and hence temperature measurement. It usually uses cold
junction as a reference to acquire the measured temperature. However, in this measurement MAX
6675 acts as a module that replace the cold junction as the reference temperature. MAX6675 can
replicate electronically the principle of cold junction to the thermocouple hence it can be accurate
and reliable measurement.

DHT22
It is a low-cost temperature and humidity sensor that is compatible with the Arduino applications.
It utilizes capacitive humidity sensor that use metal oxide connected to two electrodes. The
capacitive of metal oxide will change as the humidity changes. For the temperature measurement,
DHT22 utilizes thermistor. DHT22 main disadvantage is that it can only measure data at 2 seconds
rate, however the data is reliable and accurate. It has a 2-5% accuracy of relative humidity and +-
0.5 degrees Celcius for its temperature.
Michael Abraham Listyawan/1506710866

Sensor Placement
The one-point measurement is done by placing 4 sensors in approximately one point with 10cm
different from other sensors. The picture below shows the placement of the sensor in a circle and
placed 10cm away from each other. The

Figure 1 Sensor Placement

Sensor Calibration
The sensor calibration is necessary because the thermocouples are not calibrated and may resulting
in invalid measurement. The calibration is done through measuring one point for two hours.
Theoretically, one-point measurement should have resulted in the same temperature. The data is
taken for every minute in the span of two hours. There are approximately 120 data that are depicted
below in the graph. The graph shows distinct temperature readings between sensor, although the
DHT22 sensor has very similar readings. The thermocouple can have 3 degrees in temperature
difference hence calibration has to be done
Michael Abraham Listyawan/1506710866

Temperature vs Time (Before Calibration)

33
32

Temperature (C)
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
101
106
111
116
Time (minutes)

Thermocouple 1 Thermocouple 2 DHT22 (1)

DHT22 (2) Average Temperature

Figure 2 Temperature vs Time Graph Before Calibration

Firstly, the calibration starts by averaging all temperature data from every sensor because it should
have been the same. The average temperature is 30.54 degrees Celcius. Then the temperature
readings will be subtracted by the average temperature that can be called as dT1, dT2, dT3, dT4.
It continues on by averaging each dT values of the sensor. Fourthly, visual assessment has to be
done in the graph if the reading is below the average, the average value of dT has to be sum to the
next readings and the contrary if it is above the average temperature lines. Finally, the constant
can be inserted for each temperature readings and new temperature can be constructed into a graph
below.
Michael Abraham Listyawan/1506710866

Temperature vs Time (After Calibration)

33

32
Temperature (C)
31

30

29

28

56
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51

61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
101
106
111
116
121
Time (minutes)

tr t1n t2n t3n t4n

Figure 3 Temperature vs Time Graph After Calibration

The graph represents more reliable and accurate readings since it only varies by 1 – 2 degrees
Celcius compared to the graph before calibration. The constant then has to be inserted inside the
Arduino sketch for further data acquisition. The constant that are acquired for T1, T2, T3 and T4
are +1.6693, -1.328, -0.2297, -0.1249 respectively.

Results of Measurement
This is the ambient temperature measurement of a room in a third story residents located in West
Jakarta Province. The GPS coordinates are 6o11’29.4’’S 106o46’23.6’’E that can be seen below
via google maps. The measurement is also commenced at the third floor hence its elevation is
around 11 meters with the indoor conditions and no air conditioning is turned on.

Figure 4 GPS Coordinates of Measurement

Michael Abraham Listyawan/1506710866

This are the data shown by the Data Acquisition Module that are taken from 10PM on Saturday
to 10PM on Sunday;

Temperature vs Time
34
32
Temperaature (C)

30
28
26
24
22
20 5:09:25 AM
12:45:26 AM
1:38:14 AM
2:31:02 AM
3:23:50 AM
4:16:37 AM

6:02:13 AM
6:55:01 AM
7:47:48 AM
8:40:36 AM
9:33:24 AM
10:26:12 AM
11:19:00 AM
10:07:03 PM
10:59:51 PM
11:52:38 PM

12:11:48 PM
1:04:35 PM
1:57:23 PM
2:50:11 PM
3:42:59 PM
4:35:47 PM
5:28:35 PM
6:21:22 PM
7:14:10 PM
8:06:58 PM
8:59:46 PM
Time

Thermocouple 1 Thermocouple 2 DHT22 (1) DHT22 (2)

Figure 5 Temperature vs Time Graph of 24 hours Measurement

Analysis
The graph shows the ambient temperature measurement for every 1 minutes for 24 hours starting
from 10PM in Saturday 27th of April 2019. The temperature decreases as the time goes late it goes
to the minimum temperature of 28 degrees Celcius. Then it gradually increases around 6:30 AM
when the sun started to rise. It reaches its peak around 9 to 10 AM with temperature more than 34
degrees. This might be caused by the sensors are placed in front of window that directly faces the
sun. The radiation of sunlight might affect the high temperature readings. Then it fluctuates and
stays on 32 degrees from 2PM to 4PM. Finally, the temperature steadily decreases as it reaches
the night time to the temperature around 29 degrees.

From the data, certain part can be grouped in terms of time or temperature. For instance, from the
data above there are more than 60% of the readings are below 30 degrees Celcius that can be
considered as hot and uncomfortable to be used. The lowest point of temperature is around 28
degrees and it is only reached early in the morning around 4 AM while readings in productive time
is more than 30 degrees Celcius and even reached the highest point more than 34 degrees.
Michael Abraham Listyawan/1506710866

The Descriptive Statistics shows clearly the main parameters for this measurement created by
using Excel with Descriptive Statistics data analysis function. The temperature range is around 5.6
degrees Celcius for 24 hours therefore the change of ambient temperature can be very significant
in respect to the time of the hour.

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of Measurement Data

Descriptive Statistics Temp (oC)

Average Temperature 30.54
Lowest Average
28.73
Temperature
Highest Average
34.34
Temperature
Average Temperature
5.6
Range

Discussion
There are various discussions for the 24 hours temperature measurement experiment such as; the
sensor placement stability and distance. The analysis of temperature produced from the
measurement is also questionable due to the sudden significant increase around 9AM to 10AM.

Sensor Placement
The sensors placed 10cm away in a circle above might not be sufficient for more accurate
temperature readings. The calibration is also done through the same settings of sensor however
there are different readings even though the difference is around 0.5 degrees. It can be improved
with closer settings of sensor however the sensor also needs to have a wide range capacity in
temperature readings. Otherwise, the closer settings will not affect the sensor significantly.

Temperature Data
Data in the 9AM to 10AM is increased to over 34 degrees which are not a normal indoor ambient
temperature. The data spike is mostly caused by the sensor settings that are placed in front of the
window that reflects the solar radiation directly as the picture shows below.
Michael Abraham Listyawan/1506710866

Figure 6 Sensor Environment

Conclusion
The conclusion of the experiment is as follows;

 The average highest temperature is around 34.34 degrees Celcius, while the average
lowest temperature is the 28.73 degrees Celcius. Then the average ambient temperature is
around 30 degrees Celcius for 24 hours.
 There are fluctuating trend for the 24 hours measurement data and the fluctuations is
dependent with the time. As it closes on to afternoon time, the temperature increases and
the temperature decreases as the sun sets.
Michael Abraham Listyawan/1506710866

References
[1] B. Chenari, J. Dias Carrilho, and M. Gameiro da Silva, "Towards sustainable, energy-
efficient and healthy ventilation strategies in buildings: A review," Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 59, pp. 1426-1447, 2016.
[2] D. ..Chwieduk, "Towards sustainable-energy buildings," Applied Energy, vol. 76, pp.
211-217, 2003.
[3] T. H. Karyono, "Report on thermal comfort and building energy studies in Jakarta—
Indonesia," Building and environment, vol. 35, pp. 77-90, 2000.