ELIXIR

 A clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquid intended

for oral use containing flavoring substance or
active medicinal agent
 alcohol and water - primary solvents
 Glycerin, sorbitol and syrup - additional solvent
and/or sweetening agents
 Contain less sugar than syrups
 Water and alcohol soluble components ->
hydroalcoholic character
ALCOHOL-SOLVENT
 10-12% self preserving - it doesnt need
preservatives
 5-40% (limit) - to be considered as an elixir PREPARATION 19: ISO ALCOHOLIC ELIXIR
- Requires a specified alcoholic strength
 use as vehicle (it facilitate the contribution) or for
- Volumes of LAE and HAE needed in order to
their therapeutic effect - it can be served as a
attain a certain alcoholic strength can be
carrier
determined by alligation
*Guaifenesin elixir – expectorant
Category: Non-Medicated Elixir
Use:
2 GROUPS OF ELIXIR
 General vehicle for various medicaments that
 Flavored Elixir - Vehicle
requires solvent of different alcohol strength
 Medicated Elixir - Therapeutic Effect
Synonyms - Iso-Elixir
 Description of Final Product
ELIXIR (OTHER COMPONENTS)
 A clear, colorless, hydroalcoholic solution
 Propylene Glycol - can be used as substitute for
glycerin and alcohol
Low Alcoholic High Alcoholic Suitable as vehicle
 Alcohol - excellent solvent for drugs but it Elixir Elixir for preparations of
accentuate the saline taste of bromides and the following
similar salts Alcoholic Strength
 - it can highlight the taste of bromide salts (it
Undiluted None 0-10%
cannot mask it)
 4 volumes 1 volume 10-20%
METHODS PREPARATION
2 volumes 1 volume 20-30%

Iso Alcoholic Elixir 3 volumes 1 volume 30-40%

Low Alcoholic 15 mL 1 volume 1 volume 40-50%

High Alcoholic 15 mL 1 volume 2 volume 50-60%

Low Alcoholic Elixir 1 volume 3 volume 60-70%

Compound Orange Spirit 10 mL 0.15 mL none undiluted 70% or more

Alcohol 100 mL 1.5 mL

Procedure: LOW ALCOHOLIC
Glycerin 200 mL 3 mL  Mix alcohol (to facilitate proper mixture, to avoid
Sucrose 320 g 4.8 g
separation of the tubules that results to turbidity),
glycerin and 7.5 mL of purified water thoroughly
Purified water, qs ad 1000 mL 15 mL  Add compound orange spirit and agitate. Cover
High Alcoholic Elixir
and let it stand for 24 hours
 Filter until a clear solution is obtained
Compound Orange Spirit 4 mL 0.06 mL  Dissolve sucrose by agitation in the filtrate
Saccharin 3g 0.045 g  Add enough water to complete the volume
Stand for 24 hrs:
Glycerin 200 mL 3 mL • To ensure saturation of hydroalcoholic solvent, permit oil
Alcohol, qs ad 1000 mL 15 mL
globules to coalesce (forming globules in a mixture) so
that they may easily be removed during filtration
 Simple solution with agitation
 Admixture of 2 or more liquids Procedure: HIGH ALCOHOLIC
 Mix compound orange spirit and saccharin in 7.5
mL alcohol
 Add glycerin and stir
  Add sufficient amount of alcohol to make the
required volume HAE: 69 parts: 100mL = 45 parts: x mL x = 65 mL of HAE
LAE: 69 parts: 100mL = 24 parts: x mL X = 35 mL of
Procedure: ISO-ALCOHOLIC LAE
 Mix 15 mL of Low Alcoholic Elixir and 15 mL of
High Alcoholic Elixir
* High to Low - manner of addition (prevent turbidity)
If water to alcohol: separation of flavoring oils by reduced
alcoholic concentration
Label: White Label
Container: 30 mL amber bottle

Remarks
 When Iso-alcoholic elixir is specified in a
prescription, the proportion of its 2 ingredients to
be used is that which produce a solution of the
required alcohol strength.
 The method – admixture of two or more liquid
ingredients
 Compute for the alcoholic strength (% v/v) of the
prepared alcoholic elixir.

𝑚𝐿𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙
%𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑥100 PREPARATION 20: TERPINE HYDRATE ELIXIR
𝑚𝐿𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 − 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑟 Category- Medicated Elixir
= 100𝑚𝐿/1000𝑚𝐿𝑋100  Each 100ml of THE contains nlt 1.53 g and nmt
= 10%𝑣/𝑣 1.87 g of TH. The preparation has 1.7 g of TH per
 What volume (in mL) of the prepared low and high 100 mL of elixir.
alcoholic elixirs is to be combined if Rx requires Synonyms
100 mL of an alcoholic elixir with 55% v/v alcoholic  Elixir Terpin Hydrate
strength?  Terpinol Elixir
o To determine the amount of alcohol, add  Elixir Terpin Hydrate
first the ingredients and subtract it from
 Terpin Hydrate Oral Solution (former official
1000 mL. However, saccharin is in g, so
name of THE)
conversion to mL is necessary.
Description of Final Product
HIGH ALCOHOLIC ELIXIR
 It is a colorless with striations and it contains 43%
Compound orange sprit = 4 mL
alcohol (it exceeds because of the soubility of TH)
Saccharin (0.828 g/mL) = 3 g (3.623 mL)
Use
Glycerin = 200 mL
Alcohol , qs ad = 1000 mL  Expectorant

1. Convert g to mL saccharin using the density given Formulation

3g x 1mL/0.828 = 3.623 mL Ingredients OA CA
2. Add the Ingredients
4 mL COS + 3.623 mL saccharin + 200 mL Terpin Hydrate 17 g 0.255 g
glycerin = 207.623 mL
Alcohol 930 mL 13.95 mL
3. Subtract the total ingredients from 1000 mL
1000 mL – 207.623 mL = 792.377 mL alcohol Orange Peel 20 mL 0.3 mL
Tincture
Then Alcohol strength may now be computed
𝑚𝐿𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 Benzaldehyde 0.05 mL 0.00075mL
%𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑥100
𝑚𝐿𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 − 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑟
Glycerin 400 mL 6 mL
792.377𝑚𝐿
= 𝑋100
1000𝑚𝐿 Syrup 100 mL 1.5 mL
= 79%𝑣/𝑣
 Determine in mL of the LAE and HAE to be Purified Water 1000 mL 15 mL
combined
 HAE 79% 45 parts Procedure
55%  Triturate terpin hydrate
LAE 10% 24 parts  Dissolve terpin hydrate in alcohol
69 parts 100 mL
  Add successively orange peel tincture,
benzaldehyde, glycerin and syrup. Stir after every
addition
 Add sufficient amount of water
 If it becomes turbid, filter until clear
Label: White Label
Container: 15 mL amber bottle
Remarks
 Simple solution with agitation - Method of
preparation
 Orange peel tincture - flavoring agent
 Benzaldehyde - preservatives
 Gylcerin & Syrup - thickening agent and
sweetening agent and also a co-solvent
 Dilution of this elixir with water causes
precipitation of TH
 Terpin Hydrate - Active ingredient and soluble to
alcohol
 Laboratory(analytical) grade terpin hydrate is
harder to dissolve than purified
 Turbidity may happen because there are
ingredients that are soluble in alcohol only
SPIRIT
 A clear, saturated, alcoholic (over 60% alcoholic
content - saturated alcohol) or hydroalcoholic
solution of volatile oil or aromatic substances
 The active ingredient in spirit like aromatic water
may be solid, liquid or gas
 Used internally for their medicinal value
(reduce therapeutic effect)
 Flavoring agent - example COS
 Stored in tight light resistant container and in a
cool place, preventing evaporation and
volatilization of either the alcohol or the active
principles
PREPARATION
Simple Solution
 65 mL volatile oil/1000 mL preparation
 Add oil in the vehicle then mix
Solution with Maceration
 macerates leaves in water to extract water
soluble components
 Perform with peppermint
Distillation
 Brandy – fermented juice of ripe grapes
 Whisky – fermented mash of wholly germinated,
malted cereal grain *they are certain of spirits
Chemical reaction
• Starting material we have to use are...
• NaNO3 + C2H5OH + H2SO4  C2H5NO3 (Ethyl
Nitrate Spirit) + Na2SO4 + H2O
PREPARATION 21: COMPOUND ORANGE SPIRIT
Category - Non-Medicated Spirit
Synonym - Spiritus Auranti Compositus
*Auranti - orange
Description of Final Product
  It is alcoholic solution with the odor of orange Ingredients OA CA
 Concentration - between 65.0% - 70.0% of
C2H5OH Pepermint Oil 100 mL 1.5
Use mL
 Flavoring agent
Pepprmint 10 g 0.15 g
Formulation Leaves
Ingredient OA CA Alcohol, qs ad 1000 mL 15 mL
s

Orange Oil 200 mL 6 mL Procedure:

 Macerate peppermint leaves in 20 mL of purified
Lemon Oil 50 mL 1.5 mL water for 1 hour with agitation
 Strongly express through filter paper to dry the
Coriander 20 mL 0.6 mL leaves and add 20 mL of alcohol to macerate
Oil leaves and allow to stand for 2 hours with
Anise Oil 5 mL 0.15 mL frequent agitation
 Filter through muslin cloth or filter paper
Alcohol, 1000 mL 30 mL  Add peppermint oil to filtrate and complete to
qs ad complete the required volume with alcohol

27.5 mL of mixed oils are present in the preparation.
COS contains nlt 25 mL and nmt 30 mL of mixed oils in
100 mL of spirit. It contains 65% to 70% alcohol
Procedure
 Measure 21.75 mL alcohol
 Add orange oil, lemon oil, coriander oil and anise oil,
stirring after each addition until the oil is mixed or
dissolved thoroughly
 Filter until clear, add sufficient amount of alcohol to
make 30 mL
Label: White Label
Container: 30 mL amber bottle
Remarks
 The method of preparation - maceration method
 Macerate the leaves thoroughly with water to
exhaust the leaves of water soluble extractives.
 Traces of water in the apparatus - make the
solution turbid

Label: White Label

Container: 30 mL amber bottle
Remarks
 Method of preparation - simple solution method
 Container - tight and light resistant
Storage - cold place
PREPARATION 23: AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT
Category - Spirit
Synonym
 Smelling salts - administered thru inhalation
 Sal volatile
 Salt of hartshorn
Description of Final Product
 A clear yellow solution with a strong ammonia
PREPARATION 22: PEPPERMINT SPIRIT odor
Category - Medicated Spirit Use
Synonyms  used to treat and prevent syncope (fainting)
 Essence of Peppermint Formulation
 Spiritus Menthos Piperitas Ingredients OA CA

Description of Final Product Ammonium 34 g 1.02 g

 A clear brilliant, green solution with odor and taste Carbonate
of peppermint
Strong Ammonia 36 mL 1.08 mL
Use/s
Solution
 used as carminative
 for nausea and vomiting Lemon Oil 10 mL 0.3 mL

Formulation Myristica Oil 1 mL 0.03 mL

 Lavender oil 1 mL 0.03 mL PREPARED BY
A. Simple solution – Iodine Tincture
Alcohol 700 mL 21 mL B. Extraction
 Percolation (Process P) – Belladona Tincture
Purified water, qs ad 1000 mL 30 mL  Maceration (Process M) – Sweet Orange Peel
Tincture; Compound Benzoin Tincture(topical
Procedure: protection) ingredients: aloe, benzoin, storax, tolu
 Dissolve Ammonium carbonate in strong balsam
ammonia solution and 6 mL of purified water
(Mixture 1) 2. FLUID EXTRACT
 Stir. Stand for 24 hours - 1g/mL
- alcohol as solvent
 In another container, dissolve all the volatile oils
- 100% tincture
in alcohol (Mixture 2)
- potent, too bitter taste
 Slowly add the mixtures (1 & 2)
 Add enough water to make 30 mL  Preparation of Fluid Extract
 Stand for 24 hours. Agitating occasionally Percolation
 If turbidity occurs, filter it.  Process A - extract is ready for Assay
 Process B - hot water used as menstruum
Label: Red Label (solvent)
Container: 30 mL amber bottle  Process E- use of longer and narrower percolator
PREPARATION 24: IODINE TINCTURE
Remarks Category: Topical Tincture
 Preserve in tight, light resistant container at Synonyms:
temperature not exceeding 300C - Tincture of Iodine
 During inhalation, place a small amount of the - Tinctura Iodi
solution between your fingers approximately 4 - Solutio Iodi
inches away from nostrils, inhale the spirit Description of Final Product
- The tincture has a reddish brown color which
produce stain on the skin
Use/s
EXTRACTIVES - local anti-infective agent applied topically to the
- Product prepared by extraction of drug with skin
suitable solvent - germicide
- fungicide
Methods of Extraction - antiseptic
 Percolation – dry/ground leaves in suitable Formulation
solvent Ingredients OA CA
o Column- percolator Iodine Crystal 20 g 0.3 g
 Maceration – do not use column Sodium Iodide 24 g 0.36 g
o 28-72 hrs using any suitable solvent Alcohol 500 mL 7.5 mL
 Digestion – gentle heat below 50oC Purified water, 1000 mL 15 mL
 Infusion – passing hot/cold H2O qs ad
 Decoction – boiling H2O for 15 mins
Procedure
EXTRACT  Weigh and measure the required amount of each
- 2x to 6x more potent than crude drug ingredient
 Semi liquid – syrupy, 20 mL of the solvent is left *Use porcelain spatula in dealing with Iodine crystals
 Pilular – solid extract, plastic masses, all solvent  Dissolve NaI in purified water
has been evaporated  Dissolve I2 crystals in alcohol
 Dry Powder – powdered extract, starchy drug –  Combine (Mixture 1 & 2)
cassava, raddish  Add enough purified water to complete the
volume
TYPES Sodium Iodide
1. TINCTURE - Solubilizing agent
- alcoholic/hydroalcoholic solution prepared from - Used to stabilize the tincture and make it miscible
vegetable or animal drug or from chemical with water in all proportions
substances - Prevents the formation of ethyl iodide
- 10 to 20% potency (10-20 g/100mL) 3I + 3CH CH CH OH  CH CH I + 2CH CHO + 5HI
- ≤ 50% alcohol content 2 3 2 2 Ethyl3 iodide
2 3

- Tight light resistant container and avoid exposure Iodine

to direct sunlight and excessive heat
NaI will react with I2 to form NaI3 thus this reaction
prevents formation of CH3CH2I from interaction between
I2 and alcohol which will result… PREPARATION 25: CAMPHORATED SOAP LINIMENT
Category: Alcoholic based Liniment
Ethyl Iodide Synonyms
 decrease bacteriostatic activity of the tincture - Linimentum Camphoras El Salponis
- Linimentum Saponis mollis
Label: Red label - Linimentum Saponis Camphoratum
Container: 15 ml amber - Soap Liniment
Method  simple solution method - Liquid Opodeldoc
Alcohol used was 49% diluted alcohol
Storage  tight container Description of Final Product
LINIMENTS - Clear, colorless to yellow solution. It has the odor
- alcoholic or oil based solutions or emulsions of camphor
containing therapeutic agents intended for
external application Use/s
- Applied with friction and rubbing to the affected - Rubefacient
area - “embrocations” - counterirritant effect
- The oil and soap base provides ease of - local anaesthetic for sprains
application and massage - rheumatism

Importance Ingredients OA CA
 to provide temporary, fast-acting pain relief Camphor 45 g 1.35g
Soap 70 g 2.1g
Uses Rosemary Oil 10 mL 0.3 mL
1. Sore and inflamed joints, muscles, tendons, and Alcohol 750 mL 22.5 mL
ligaments Purified water, 1000 mL 30 mL
2. Alleviation of the discomfort of arthritis, bursitis, qs ad
and rheumatism
3. Circulation problems Procedure
4. Sprains, strains, and bruises  Dissolve camphor and rosemary oil in alcohol
 Shake until camphor is dissolved
Types of Liniment  In a separate container, dissolve grated soap in 9
1. Alcoholic Liniments mL purified water
- Intended generally for their rubefacient,  Shake the mixture for few minutes
counterirritant, mild astringent and penetrating  Mix the 2 solutions and allow to stand for 24 hours
effect in a cool place
- Penetrate the skin readily than the oil base  Add enough water to complete volume and filter
- *Rubefacient – causes redness of the skin ->
increase in blood circulation, dilation of arteries; Label: Red label
relieve acute/chronic pain Container: 30 mL flint
2. Oily Liniments Remarks
- Milder in their action but are more useful when  Method  agitation without the aid of heat
massage is desired  Official hand soap should be used
- Used as protective coating depending on the  If soap made from animal oils are used,
ingredient in the preparation should not be gelatinization may occur
applied on bruises and broken skin

Remarks
 Compositions

1. Counterirritant
2. Antiseptic
3. Local anaesthetic Glycerites
4. Analgesic - Solution or mixture of medicinal substances in not
less than 50% by weight of glycerin
 Factors to be considered in choosing solvent - Most glycerites are viscous while some are jelly
based in the preparation of liniments like
 Type of action desired – rubefacient, - Solvent for the preparation of Antipyrine and
counterirritant, just massage – oil or alcohol Benzocaine Otic Solution.
 Solubility of desired components - Protectant, emollient, substitute for fatty ointment
 - Hygroscopic  tightly closed container Glycerin 700 g (560 mL) 16.8 mL
*hygroscopic - readily take up and retain moisture (d=1.26g/mL)
1000 g 30 g
Glycerin
- Reducing agent Procedure
- Should not be triturated with strong oxidizing  Triturate starch and benzoic acid in a mortar. Add
agent like KMnO4 chromium trioxide or KClO3  water. Levigate until smooth paste is formed
explosion will likely occur  Add glycerin and mix thoroughly
*KMnO4 Potassium Permanganate  Transfer to the final container
KClO3 Potassium chlorate  Heat the mixture in a sand bath (140 – 1440C)
- It produces coloration with phenol, salicylates, with gentle and occasional agitation until
tannins, etc. due to contamination with iron translucent, jelly like mass is formed
- Strong HNO3 /H2SO4 converts glycerin into an
explosive nitroglycerin Label: Red label
Container: 30 mL wide mouth bottle

Remarks
 The method  trituration
 It should be freshly prepared and stored in tightly
closed container

PREPARATION 26:STARCH GLYCERITES

Category: Gel
Synonyms
- Glyceratum amyli
- Starch Glycerin
- Glycamyl

Description of Final Product

- Translucent, jelly like mass

Use/s
- Topical vehicle
- Protectant

Formulation
Ingredients OA CA
Starch 100 g 3g
Benzoic acid 2g 0.06 g
Purified water 200 g (200 mL) 6 mL
EMULSION - gum and oil first then add water at once
- 2 phase system in which one liquid is dispersed - in one direction, creamy, sticky mixture with
in the form of small globules throughout another cracking sound
liquid in which it is immiscible *surfactant/gum is usually gum arabic
L in L *cod liver oil (vitamin a source): prepared by continental
- Solute immiscible in vehicle so solution is method
impossible soooo prepare emulsion 3. Bottle or Forbes
*immiscible – small globules dispersed in vehicle - 2 (oil): 2 (water): 1 (gum)
Three components - shaking vigorously (volatile oil)
1. Dispersed liquid/Internal *another variant of the continental method
phase/Discontinuous Phase *use of emulsions of volatile oils or oleaginous (low
- Small volume viscosity) emulsions
- Small globules 4. Auxiliary Method
2. Dispersion medium/External Phase/ - hand homogenizer- more stable
Continuous Phase - very minute particle
- vehicle 5. In Situ Soap/ Nascent Soap
3. Intermediate agent/ Emulsifying agent/ - calcium soap and soft soap
Dispersing or Stabilizing agent - Mix lime water Ca(OH)2 with fatty acid(olive oil)
Type of Emulsifying agent 6. Microemulsion
1. Natural - 100 A (10 microns)
 Animal – gelatin, egg yolk, casein(from milk), - Appears like solution
woolfat(lanolin), cholesterol - Very stable
 Vegetables – acacia, tragacanth, chondrus, PROBLEMS
pectin, karaya, carrageenan 1. CREAMING
*chondrus and carrageenan – marine source(brown and - Temporary separation of the 2 phase  shake
red algae) again
2. Synthetic 2. CRACKING
 Finely Divided Solid – Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, and - Total separation of the 2 phase with coalescence
Magnesium trisilicate 3. PHASE INVERSION
 Colloid – Kaolin, Bentonite Magma - Evaporation of water; o/w  w/o due to
 Anionic – SLS evaporation
 Cationic – Benzalkonium chloride, Method of Identifying Emulsion
cetylpyridinium chloride 1. Drop Dilution Test
 Non-ionic – PEG 400, - add water (drop) homogenous  o/w
Spans ( sorbitan esters)- lipophilic 2. Dye Solubility Test
Tweens (polysorbate) - hydrophilic - oil soluble  sudan red  w/o
 Amphoteric – Lecithin - water soluble  amaranth green  o/w
Type of Emulsion 3. Electronic Conductivity Test
1. Simple - water conduct electricity  o/w
- o/w; w/o 4. Fluorescence Test
o/w – o-internal, w-external - oil can absorb UV light  w/o
2. Multiple
- o/w/o; w/o/w
- use homogenizer PREPARATION 27: MINERAL OIL EMULSION
3. Microemulsion Category: Oral Emulsion
- most stable of the 3 Synonym: Liquid Petrolatum Emulsion
- dispersed phase is in very small globules (100-
1000A) (1A=0.1nm) Description of Final Product
Method of Preparation - It is a whitish yellow color
1. Wet or English Use
- G+W +O It is employed as lubricating cathartic with a usual
- 4 (oil): 2 (water); 1 (gum) dose of 30 mL.
- gum and water first then add oil slowly
- in one direction, creamy, sticky mixture with Formulation
crackling sound Ingredients OA CA
*more difficult to use but produces more stable product Mineral oil 500 mL 15 mL
*produces o/w emulsion Acacia 125 g 3.75g
*gum arabic: usual surfactant Syrup 100 mL 3mL
2. Dry or Continental Vanillin 40 mg 1.2g
- G+O +W Alcohol 60 mL 1.8
- 4 (oil): 2 (water); 1 (gum)
 Purified water, 1000 mL 30mL
qs ad

4 2 1
Oil Water Emulsifying
Agent
15mL 7.5mL 3.75g

Procedure: Dry Gum

 Triturate mineral oil
 Add emulsifying agent in portion and triturate
 Add water and triturate
 Add syrup in portion in trituration
 Add vanillin, previously dissolved in alcohol, in
portion with trituration
 Add enough water to 30 mL
Procedure: Wet Gum
 Triturate emulsifying agent
 Add water (all at once) and continue triturating
 Add oil in portion with trituration
 Add syrup in portion with trituration
 Add vanillin previously dissolved in alcohol in
portion with trituration
 Add enough water to make 30 mL

Label: White label – Shake well MIXTURES

Container: 30 mL wide mouth - particle size > 0.5 µm
- aqueous liquid preparation which contains
Mineral oil - cathartic, suspended (suspensoid), insoluble solid
Acacia - suspending or an emulsifying agent, substances intended for internal use.
Syrup - sweetening agent, - The insoluble substance maybe held in
Vanillin - flavorant suspension by the use of suitable suspending or
Alcohol as preservative thickening agent since the insoluble substance
does not make the mixture very viscous

Insoluble Substances
- must be in very finely divided state and it must be
uniformly distributed throughout the preparation
- this is accomplished by the use of colloid mill,
special methods of precipitation and suspending
agent

Reasons for having the Insoluble substance in a finer

state of subdivision
 The more active they become as adsorbent and
protectives when in contact with the inflamed
areas
 Suspended more readily and settle out much
slowly than large particles, thus enabling the
patient to obtain uniform doses of suspended
particles
 To increase palatability of the preparation with
the use of colloidal suspending agent
 GEL
- Also called “jellies”
- Are semisolid systems consisting either
suspension made up of small inorganic particles
or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a
liquid.
- Semirigid systems in which movement of
dispersing medium is restricted by an interlacing
3d network of particles
- Or solvated macromolecules of the dispersed
PREPARATION 28: CHALK MIXTURE phase
Category: Medicated Mixture - The official meaning of “gel” encompasses both
Synonyms two-phase systems which are:
- Mixture de Creta o THIXOTROPIC suspension
- Mistura Cratae o Single phase system of synthetic
macromolecules
Description of Final Product Thixotrophy - are semisolids on standing but liquid on
- A whitish mixture containing suspended, being shaken
insoluble solid substance
2 CLASSES OF GEL
Use/s 1. FIRST SCHEME
- Antacid a. Organic Gels
- antidiarrheal agent - Single phase gel consist of organic
macromolecules uniformly distributed throughout
Ingredients OA CA the liquid where no apparent boundary is seen
Precipitated 60 g 0.9 g - Examples: Carbomer, Carbopol, NaCMC,
Chalk Tragacanth gel
Glycerin 100 mL 1.5 mL
Cinnamon 400 mL 6 mL b. Inorganic Gels
water - 2 phase system separation of insoluble matter
Purified water, 1000 mL 15 mL and the liquid vehicle
qs ad - Examples: Al(OH)3 Gel, Bentonite Magma

Procedure 2. SECOND SCHEME

 Triturate the calcium carbonate with 5 mL water
 Add glycerin and levigate
 Add cinnamon water and triturate
 Transfer mixture in a graduated cylinder
 Wash mortar with purified water, add washings to
the cylinder
 Add enough water to complete the volume
Label: White Label – shake well label
Container: 15 mL flint bottle
Method  simple hydration
Glycerin  viscosity agent
a. HYDROGELS
 Organic Hydrogels – Pectin paste, Tragacanth
jelly
 Natural and Synthetic gums – methylcellulose,
NaCMC, Pluronic
 Inorganic hydrogels - Bentonite gel (10-25%),
Veegum, Silica
b. ORGANOGELS
 Hydrocarbon Type – Petrolatum, Mineral
oil/polyethylene gel (Plastibase)
 Animal, Vegetable fats – Lard Cocoa butter
 Soap base greases – Aluminum stearate with
heavy mineral oil gel
 Hydrophilic – Carbowax bases (PEG ointment)
 Not commonly prepared

PREPARATION OF GEL
1. By freshly precipitating the disperse phase
upon reacting an inorganic agents –
gelatinous ppt
 Example: (NH4)2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O +
4Na2CO3  (NH4)2CO3 + Al2(CO3)3 + 4Na2SO4 +
24H2O
2. By direct hydrating the inorganic material in
water
Example: Al2(CO)3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2
Al(OH)3 – antacid(local effect)
Adsorption – cover surface of stomach

Al Mg
Adverse constipation diarrhea
reaction

Gel
- Very fine particle size to achieve large surface
and thus maximum adsorption capacity
- May contain peppermint oil, glycerin, sorbitol,
sucrose, saccharin or other suitable flavor and
preservative in a total amount of not exceeding
0.5%
PREPARATION 29: ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL - do not take more than 12 teaspoonfuls in 24
Category: Medicated Gel hours
Synonyms: - do not use the maximum dosage for more than 2
- Colloidal Aluminum Hydroxide weeks
- Amphojel - dosage: 2 teaspoonfuls 5-6 times daily after
- Alternagel meals and at bedtime followed by a sip of water if
Description of the Final Product needed
It is white, viscous preparation from which small
amount of water may be separated on standing
It is translucent in thin layer.
It affects both red and blue litmus paper slightly
but it is not reddened by phenolphthalein

Use/s
- antacid (without systemic alkalosis)
- heartburn
- management of hyperacidity, peptic ulcer,
gastritis and esophagitis
- used as skin protectant and mild astringent
- it may cause constipation and acid indigestion

Formulation
Ingredients OA CA
Ammonium 800 g 12g
Alum
Sodium 1000 g 15g
carbonate
Peppermint 0.01%
oil (0.01g/100mL)
Sodium 0.1%
benzoate (0.1g/100mL)
Purified 2000 mL 30 mL
water, qs ad

Procedure
 Calibrate final bottle to 30mL
 Dissolve sodium carbonate in 60 mL hot water
(Mixture 1)
 Dissolve alum in 30 mL of hot water (Mixture 2)
 Filter alum solution in the carbonate solution
 Add 60 mL hot water with stirring to (5-10 mins.)
 Dilute (add) to 1200 mL with cold water in
softdrink container. Stand and decant the
solution.
 Filter and wash residue with 10 mL cold water
 Suspend residue in purified water to make 30 mL.
Flavour with peppermint oil and preserve with
sodium benzoate
 Homogenize resulting gel

Label: White Label – Shake well

Container: 30mL wide mouth amber bottle

Remarks:
Method  chemical reaction
- produces no systemic alkalosis
Sodium benzoate  preservative
- can cause constipation
Directions
- shake well before using
PREPARATION 30: LOTION o skin protectant
Lotion  Formulation
 Are aqueous liquid or sometimes(rarely) alcoholic Ingredients OA CA
preparation containing insoluble materials in the Calamine 80 g 2.4 g
form of suspension or emulsion intended for Zinc oxide 80 g 2.4 g
external application without rubbing. Glycerin 20 mL 0.6 mL
 Applied without friction Bentonite 250 mL 7.5 mL
 Also called washes – meaning “lotio” or magma
“lavare” to wash Calcium 1000 mL 30 mL
hydroxide, qs
Most are o/w emulsions (cetearyl alcohol to keep ad
emulsion together); w/o
2 TYPES:
1. MEDICATED LOTION  Procedure:
2. COSMETIC LOTION o Dilute bentonite magma with an equal
O/W form is preferred. volume of calcium hydroxide topical
solution
METHODS OF PREPARATION o Mix calcium and zinc oxide alternately
1. TRITURATING the ingredient to a smooth paste with glycerin to form a smooth paste
and then cautiously adding the remaining liquid o Add 7.5 mL of diluted magma
phase (with the use of high speed mixers and o Triturate and add the remaining magma
homogenizers) o Add enough calcium hydroxide topical
 Example: Calamine Lotion
solution to complete volume
2. BY CHEMICAL REACTION
 Example: White Lotion - must be freely Label: Red Label – Shake well
prepared and does not contain Container: 30mL amber bottle
suspending agent.
ZnSO4 + Sulfurated potash (K2S3)  ZnS Remarks:
+ 2S + K2SO4 Method  levigation and trituration
3. CLEAR SOLUTION in which the active ingredient Ferric oxide  characteristics of pink color
is a water soluble substance Calamine  skin protectant, astringent, antiseptic
 Example: Dimethisoquin hydrochloride Zinc oxide  skin protectant, astringent antiseptic
lotion Glycerin  humectant, wetting agent, levigating agent
Bentonite  suspending agent
Calcium hydroxide - astringent

PREPARATION 30: CALAMINE TOPICAL LOTION
 Category: Lotion
 Synonyms: Lotio Calaminae
 Description of the Final Product: A liquid
suspension or dispersion that is pink in color
 Use/s:
o astringent
o antipruritic
o topical protectant and soothing lotion
sunburn
o treatment for ivy poisoning
SUSPENSION
- Are liquid preparations that consist of solid
particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in
which the particles are not soluble.
Examples:
1. Antacids – alumina, magnesia, simethicone,
magaldrate
2. Anthelmintics – Pyrantel pamoate, Thaibendazole
3. Antibacterials – Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin
estolate
4. Antiflatulent – Simethicone
5. Antifungals – Nystatin
6. Antiprotozoal – Atovaquone
PREPARATION 31: Hydrocortisone Suspension
Category: Suspension
Synonyms:
- Hydrocortison Cypionate
- Cortisol suspension
Description of Final Product
 - It is a pink, viscous suspension. The dispersed 4. Take 0.50 mL of the menthol-IPA solution and
particles settle minimally on standing and easily add 1.64 ml IPA and add to the powders in
redispersed with shaking mortar and triturate = to form smooth &
uniform paste
Uses: 5. Add 2.5 mL of water to the solution before
- Temporary relief of minor skin irritation adding 10 mL of Cetaphil with trituration
- Itching Note: to dilute the alcohol because Cetaphil has
- Rashes components that are soluble in IPA
- Insect bites *** too high IPA concentration will break down the
emulsion structure of Cetaphil
Formulation: Note: Do not over triturate the preparation because
Ingredients CA OA Cetaphil contains surfactant that facilitates the
Hydrocortisone 1% 150 mg introduction of air bubbles called “SUDS”
Menthol 1/8% 18.75 (37.5 mg) 6. Transfer to a 15 mL bottle
(aliquot) 7. Use little more water to rinse mortar and add to
Calamine (5%) 3g 0.75 g the container
70% alcohol 10% 2.14 mL 8. Then, q.s with water to 15 mL.
Cetaphil (67%) 40 mL 10 mL Label: Red Label
Distilled water, 60 mL 15 mL Container: 15 mL amber bottle
q.s. ad

Computations:
 Hydrocortisone
1% (0.01) x 15 mL = 0.15g or 150 mg

 Menthol
0.125% x 15 mL = 0.01875g or 18.75 mg x 2 = 37.5 mg
** Dissolve 37.5 mg (menthol) in 1 mL of IPA and take
half (0.5mL) of this

 Calamine
3g for (60 mL) 0.75g for (15mL)
*** 0.75g:15mL::x:100mL = 5g/100mL or 5%
 70% alcohol v/v (need 10%)
0.1 x 15 mL = 1.5 mL
*** 70mL:100mL::1.5mL:x x= 2.14 mL of 70%
alcohol

 Cetaphil
40 mL for 60 mL 10 mL for 15 mL
*** 10mL:15mL::x:100mL = 66.7 mL/100mL or 67%

 Distilled water, q.s ad. 15 mL

Procedure:
1. Weigh specific amount of menthol,
hydrocortisone, and calamine.
2. Dissolve the menthol in 1 mL of IPA in
graduated cylinder
3. Place the hydrocortisone in a mortar, and add
calamine geometrically