Question Explain analog and digital simulation

Solution

System Simulation
A major difference that distinguishes analog circuits from digital is that analog circuits are
designed in terms of physical performance. Analog circuits do not have gates that can be
used to make other devices as in digital circuits. This requires highly complex computations
to establish system parameters.

System on a Chip
System on a chip (SOC) is a design where components of an electronic system, such as
a computer, are embedded on a single chip. A SOC may be comprised of analog, mixed
analog and digital or digital only in a single chip. The presence of analog only or mixed
analog and digital chips gives rise to the necessity of simulating all or part of the chip.

Analog simulation

The representation of physical systems and phenomena by variables such as translation, rotation, resistance, and
voltage.

Digital Simulation

The representation of a system in a form acceptable to a digital computer as opposed to an analog computer.

a method of investigating real phenomena, processes, devices, or systems that is based on the study of
mathematical models with the aid of digital computers. The program executed by the computer is also a kind of
model of the subject of the investigation. Special problem-oriented simulation languages are used in digital
simulation. CSMP, which was developed in the USA in the 1960’s, is an example of a commonly used language.
Digital simulation is distinguished by its clarity of representation and is characterized by a high degree of
automation of the investigation of real phenomena, processes, devices, or systems.

Analog simulation and digital simulation differ in the following ways:

 The goal of digital simulation is much simpler to achieve than analog simulation because the circuit
is discrete in nature and has no circuit constraints to meet, such as Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL).
 Digital simulation runs orders of magnitude faster than analog simulation because digital
simulation deals with high-level behavior only, while in analog simulation the same elements have
analog implementations.
 Digital simulation abstracts away important electrical characteristics that might be revealed by the
analog simulation.

Mixed-mode simulation

Mixed-mode simulation refers to the simulation of circuits in which analog simulation and digital simulation
coexist. Fundamentally, this type of simulation is possible because of the hybrid elements called bridges. A
digital-to-analog (D/A) bridge translates digital signals into analog voltage levels. An analog-to-digital
(A/D) bridge translates analog voltage levels into digital states. In addition to connecting elements in the
circuit, the bridges play a key role in synchronizing the analog and digital simulators by signaling when new
analog time steps and digital events are set.
 D/A conversion of digital components

For circuits using the digital components, D/A bridges are added to convert digital simulation to analog
simulation in the following scenarios. This conversion is indicated in the color change of the trace from blue
to red.

 The logic levels on connected components do not match.

 An analog probe is placed on the circuit.
 The rise time or fall time of the digital component is not 0 in the configuration pane.

Question Define the application area of simulation

Solution
A simulation is an approximate imitation of the operation of a process or system; the act of simulating first
requires a model is developed. This model is a well-defined description of the simulated subject, and
represents its key characteristics, such as its behaviour, functions and abstract or physical properties. The
model represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents its operation over time.
Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for performance optimization, safety
engineering, testing, training, education, and video games. Often, computer experiments are used to study
simulation models. Simulation is also used with scientific modelling of natural systems or human systems to
gain insight into their functioning, as in economics. Simulation can be used to show the eventual real effects
of alternative conditions and courses of action. Simulation is also used when the real system cannot be
engaged, because it may not be accessible, or it may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage, or it is
being designed but not yet built, or it may simply not exist.
Key issues in simulation include the acquisition of valid source information about the relevant selection of
key characteristics and behaviours, the use of simplifying approximations and assumptions within the
simulation, and fidelity and validity of the simulation outcomes. Procedures and protocols for model
verification and validation are an ongoing field of academic study, refinement, research and development in
simulations technology or practice, particularly in the field of computer simulation.

Information about some of the application

areas of simulation
 Logistics simulation
Optimize complex and dynamic logistics processes with simulation
 Simulation in production
Includes modeling single production lines, from the design of production resources and buffer sizes to the simulation
of entire production plants
 Detailed production planning
Optimization of preliminary planning while taking into account dynamic factors like current availabilities or
disruptions, resources, inventories, filling level of the facility, etc.
 Emulation
Virtual testing of control software with simulation
 Planning of machine scheduling
Optimising machine capacity utilization by minimizing set-up times and avoiding standby- and waiting times
 Control station simulation
Optimisation of control strategies with the help of simulation
 Personnel simulation
Assistance for personnel resource planning and personnel dispatching
 Supply Chain simulation
Modeling and analysis of supply networks

Classification and terminologyEdit

Visualization of a direct numerical simulation model.

Historically, simulations used in different fields developed largely independently, but 20th-century studies of systems
theory and cybernetics combined with spreading use of computers across all those fields have led to some unification
and a more systematic view of the concept.
Physical simulation refers to simulation in which physical objects are substituted for the real thing (some circles [4] use
the term for computer simulations modelling selected laws of physics, but this article does not). These physical
objects are often chosen because they are smaller or cheaper than the actual object or system.
Interactive simulation is a special kind of physical simulation, often referred to as a human in the loopsimulation, in
which physical simulations include human operators, such as in a flight simulator, sailing simulator, or a driving
simulator.
Continuous simulation is a simulation where time evolves continuously based on numerical integration of Differential
Equations.
Discrete Event Simulation is a simulation where time evolves along events that represent critical moments, while the
values of the variables are not relevant between two of them or result trivial to be computed in case of necessity[6]
Stochastic Simulation is a simulation where some variable or process is regulated by stochastic factors and estimated
based on Monte Carlo techniques using pseudo-random numbers, so replicated runs from same boundary conditions
are expected to produce different results within a specific confidence band
Deterministic Simulation is a simulation where the variable is regulated by deterministic algorithms, so replicated runs
from same boundary conditions produce always identical results.
 Hybrid Simulation (sometime Combined Simulation) corresponds to a mix between Continuous and Discrete Event
Simulation and results in integrating numerically the differential equations between two sequential events to reduce
the number of discontinuities
Stand Alone Simulation is a Simulation running on a single workstation by itself.
Distributed Simulation is operating over distributed computers in order to guarantee access from/to different resources
(e.g. multi-users operating different systems, or distributed data sets); a classical example is Distributed Interactive
Simulation (DIS)
Parallel Simulation is executed over multiple processors usually to distribute the computational workload as it is
happening in High-Performance Computing
Interoperable Simulation where multiple models, simulators (often defined as Federates) interoperate locally on
distributed over a network; a classical example is High-Level Architecture.
Modeling & Simulation as a Service where Simulation is accessed as a Service over the web
Modeling, interoperable Simulation and Serious Games where Serious Games Approaches (e.g. Game Engines and
Engagement Methods) are integrated with Interoperable Simulation.
Simulation Fidelity is used to describe the accuracy of a simulation and how closely it imitates the real-life
counterpart. Fidelity is broadly classified as 1 of 3 categories: low, medium, and high. Specific descriptions of fidelity
levels are subject to interpretation but the following generalization can be made:
 Low – the minimum simulation required for a system to respond to accept inputs and provide outputs
 Medium – responds automatically to stimuli, with limited accuracy
 High – nearly indistinguishable or as close as possible to the real system

Human in the loop simulations can include a computer simulation as a so-called synthetic environment.[14]
Simulation in failure analysis refers to simulation in which we create environment/conditions to identify the cause of
equipment failure. This was the best and fastest method to identify the failure cause.

Question Explain full corporate model

Solution

A data model (or datamodel[1][2][3][4][5]) is an abstract model that organizes elements of data and standardizes how they
relate to one another and to properties of the real world entities. For instance, a data model may specify that the data
element representing a car be composed of a number of other elements which, in turn, represent the color and size of
the car and define its owner.
The term data model is used in two distinct but closely related senses. Sometimes it refers to an abstract formalization
of the objects and relationships found in a particular application domain, for example the customers, products, and
orders found in a manufacturing organization. At other times it refers to a set of concepts used in defining such
formalizations: for example concepts such as entities, attributes, relations, or tables. So the "data model" of a banking
application may be defined using the entity-relationship "data model". This article uses the term in both senses.

Overview of data modeling context: Data model is based on Data, Data relationship, Data semantic and Data constraint. A data model

provides the details of information to be stored, and is of primary use when the final product is the generation of computer software

code for an application or the preparation of a functional specification to aid a computer software make-or-buy decision. The figure is an

example of the interaction between process and data models.

A data model explicitly determines the structure of data. Data models are specified in a data modeling notation, which is
often graphical in form.[7]
A data model can sometimes be referred to as a data structure, especially in the context of programming languages.
Data models are often complemented by function models, especially in the context of enterprise models.
Question explain different types of list processing

Solution