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Laboratory of Food Science and Technology & School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu,
Avenue, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China. 2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sana`a,
Sana`a, Yemen 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, University of Sana`a, Sana`a, Yemen 4 School of Food and
Abstract – Gas chromatography (GC) is a common Chromatographic separation methods are without
kind of chromatography used as a piece of analytical any doubt the most frequently employed analytical
science for segregating and investigating exacerbates that techniques for compositional analysis [1]. Gas
can be vaporized without disintegration. Regular chromatography is a unique and versatile technique. In
employments of GC are trying the immaculateness of a its initial stages of development it was applied to the
particular substance, or separating of the distinctive
analysis of gases and vapors from very volatile
segments of a blend. Development of the analytical
components. Gas chromatography is the analytical
methods for identification, purity evaluation and
technique used for product identification (under very
quantification of drugs and food has received a great deal
controlled conditions) and must be directly coupled to a
of attention in the field of separation science. This review
describes GC method development and validation in mass spectrometer when information other than a
general way. A general and very simple approach for the comparative fingerprint (program) is required, such as
GC method development for the separation of compounds positive identification of peaks on the chromatogram [2].
was discussed. Knowledge of the physiochemical The basic principal of gas chromatography is that greater
properties of the primary compound is of utmost the affinity of the compound for the stationary phase,
importance prior to the any GC method development. more the compound will be retained by the column and
Several steps are being considered for GC method longer it will be before it is eluted and detected. Thus the
development like column section (stationary phase and heart of the gas chromatograph is the column in which
dimensions: column id, length, and film thickness), carrier separation of the component takes place, and to this
gas selection (Nitrogen, Helium, flow rate), temperature must be added the source and control of the carrier gas
programing (Initial temperature, initial hold, ramp rate, flow through the column, a mean of sample introduction
final temperature, and final hold), injector selection, and a means of detection of
Injector temperature, detector selection and detectorthe components as they elute from the end of the
temperature. Optimized method is also need to be
column. Since temperature will influence the volatility of
validated with various parameters (e.g. specificity,
the analytes, the column is placed in a thermostatically
precision, accuracy, detection limit, linearity, etc.).
controlled oven [3]. Faster gas chromatographic
Keywords – Gas Chromatography, Development, separation is a generally beneficial option. Since the
Column, Detectors, Application, Validation. decrease time of analysis results in the increased
sample. Reduction of analysis time can be achieved by
I. INTRODUCTION changing column parameters: shorter length, smaller
column inner diameter, thinner film of stationary phase,
or operational parameters: faster temperature program
rate, isothermal analysis. Different carrier gas, higher the compounds are adequately thermally steady and
carrier gas flow rate or a combination of both approaches reasonably volatile [5].
can be applied [4]. Chromatography (GC) 50 years ago,
GC has been used to help determine food composition, II. PRINCIPLES OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
discover our nutritional needs, improve food quality, and
introduce novel foods. Furthermore, GC has been the The basis of the separation is a retardation of the
only adequate approach to measure many of the organic ndividual components as they are moved through a long
contaminants that occur at trace concentrations in column by a carrier gas, usually helium or nitrogen. The
complex food and environmental samples. GC has been column consists of a steel or glass tube filled with an
instrumental in helping humans realize that we must use nert packing material such as glass or ceramic beads
caution with agricultural and industrial chemicals to avoid (see Figure 1). In gas-liquid chromatography (GLC),
health and environmental damage. these are coated with an in volatile liquid, so that the
Gas Chromatography (GC) is a normally utilized surface area of the liquid in contact with the gas is large.
analytic technique as a part of numerous research and For some applications, the packing may be a solid
industrial research facilities for quality control and in without any liquid coating; it is then called gas-solid
addition identification and quantitation of components in chromatography (GSC), but this is less widely used than
a mixture. GC is likewise utilized technique as a part of GLC.
numerous environmental and forensic labs since it takes The sample is injected into the carrier gas stream.
into consideration the detection of very little quantities. As it moves through the column with the carrier gas, the
An expansive variety of tests can be analysed the until
Copyright © 2017 IJAIR, All right reserved
123
International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and
Research Volume 6, Issue 1, ISSN (Online) 2319-1473
them is needed. Two types of detector are commonly
used: thermal conductivity and flame ionization.
molecules of each substance present in the sample willThermal conductivity detectors (TCDs) rely on changes
distribute between the gas and the liquid. Individualn the thermal conductivity of the gas leaving the column.
molecules will constantly move between the gas and theThe pure helium carrier gas passes over a hot
liquid in a dynamic equilibrium. While a molecule is in thetungsten-rhenium filament, causing it to cool, since
gas phase it will pass along the column, while it remainshelium has a very high thermal conductivity. When a
dissolved in the liquid it will be stationary. The morechemical substance emerges with the carrier gas, cooling
volatile a substance, the greater proportion of time itswill be less, and the temperature of the filament will rise.
molecules will be moving in the carrier gas, and so theAs with most metals, its electrical resistance increases
sooner it will emerge from the column. In this way eachwith temperature and this can be measured and
substance will become separated within the column andrecorded. Flame ionization detection (FID) is more
emerge separated by time at the end. frequently encountered in food applications, since many
The time taken from injection to emergence iscompounds under investigation are organic (containing
known as the retention time (Rt), and is characteristic forcarbon), and FID is around a thousand times more
each substance under any given set of conditions. Itsensitive than thermal conductivity detection for organics.
depends on the volatility of the substance, as well as theThe gas emerging from the column is burned with a
temperature of the column and its length and diameter.hydrogen and air mixture. This forms ions, which conduct
Many substances have an inconveniently long retentionan electric current which can be amplified and recorded
time at room temperature, and this is overcome byon a chart recorder. Although the number of ions formed
heating the column in an oven. Having separated then this way is small, perhaps only 0.0001 per cent of the
components in the column so that they emergetotal carbon atoms present in the sample, the proportion
individually, some method of detecting and measuringproduced is always constant. This means that the total
signal recorded on the chart recorder is proportional to the amount of the chemical substance present [6].