What is a Social Institution?

-a group of social positions, connected

by social relations, performing a social
role, e.g. universities, government,
families.
Characteristics of an Institution?

• Institutions are purposive.

• They are relatively permanent in their
content.
• Institutions are structured.
• Institutions are a unified structure.
• Institutions are necessarily value-laden.
Functions of an Institution?

• Institutions are purposive.

• They are relatively permanent in their
content.
• Institutions are structured.
• Institutions are a unified structure.
• Institutions are necessarily value-laden.
 The family is the smallest
social institution with the unique
function or producing and rearing
the young. It is the basic unit of
Philippine society and the
educational system.
Characteristics of the
Filipino Family

 closely knit and has strong family

ties
 has a strong loyalty among
members
 individual interests are sacrificed
over the welfare of the group
 kinship ties are extended to
“compadre” or sponsors
Functions of the Family

 Reproduction of the race and rearing the

young
 Cultural transmission or enculturation
 Socialization of the child
 Providing affection and a sense of security
 Providing the environment for personality
development and the growth of self
concept
 Providing social status
Kinds of Family Patterns

According to Membership

Conjugal or Nuclear Family Husband, wife and children

Married couple, their parents, siblings,

Consanguine or extended Family
grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins
Kinds of Family Patterns

According to Terms of Marriage

Polyandry One woman married to two or more men

Polygamy One man married to two or more women

Two or more men mate with two or more

Cenogamy
women in group marriage
Kinds of Family Patterns

According to Line of Descent

Descent is recognized through the father’s
Patrilineal
line

Descent is recognized through the

Matrilineal
mother’s line

Descent is recognized through both the

Bilineal
father’s and mother’s line
Kinds of Family Patterns

According to Place of Residence

Married couple lives with the parents of
Patrilocal
the husband

Married couple lives with the parents of

Matrilocal
the wife

Married couple maintains a separate

Neolocal
household and live by themselves
Kinds of Family Patterns

According to Authority
Father is considered the head and plays a
Patriarchal
dominant role

Mother is considered the head and makes

Matriarchal
the major decisions

Both the mother and father share in

Equalitarian making decisions and are equal in
authority
Super Yano
Multiple Functions of Schools

Technical/economic - refers to the

contributions of the school to the
technical or economic development
and needs of the individual, the
institution, the local community, the
society and the international
community.
Multiple Functions of Schools

Human/social - refers to the

contributions of the school to human
development and social relationships at
different levels of society.
Multiple Functions of Schools

Political - refers to the contributions of

the school to the political development
at different levels of society.
Multiple Functions of Schools

Cultural - refers to the contributions of

the school to the cultural transmission
and development at different levels of
society.
Multiple Functions of Schools

Education - refers to the contributions

of the school to the development and
maintenance of education at the
different levels of society.
Manifest and Latent Functions
of Education

Manifest functions of education are

defined as the open and intended goals or
consequences of activities within an
organization or institution.
Socialization
Social control
Social placement
Manifest and Latent Functions
of Education

Transmitting culture
Promoting social and political
integration
Agent of change
Manifest and Latent Functions
of Education

Latent functions of education are the

hidden, unstated and sometimes
unintended consequences of activities
within an organization or institution.
Restricting some activities
Matchmaking and production of social
networks
Creation of generation gap
Functions of Schools
by Calderon (1998)

 Conservation function
 Instructional function
 Research function
 Social service function
Super Yano
 Religion is the socially
defined patterns of beliefs
concerning ultimate
meaning of life’ it assumes
the existence of the
supernatural.
-Stark
Super Yano
Characteristics of Religion

Belief in a deity or in a power beyond

the individual
A doctrine (accepted teaching) of
salvation
A code of conduct
The use of sacred stories
Religious rituals (acts and ceremonies)
Functions of Religion

Religion serves as a means of social control.

It exerts a great influence upon personality
development.
Religion always fear the unknown.
Religion explains events or situations which
are beyond the comprehension of man.
It gives man comfort, strength and hope in
times of crisis and despair.
Functions of Religion

It preserves and transmits knowledge, skills,

spiritual and cultural values and practices
It serves as an instrument of change.
It promotes closeness, love, cooperation,
friendliness and helpfulness.
Religion alleviates sufferings from major
calamities.
It provides hope for a blissful life after death.
Churches, sects and cults

Church – tends to be large, with

inclusive membership, in low tension
with surrounding society and tends
toward greater intellectual
examination and interpretation of the
tenants of religion.
Churches, sects and cults

Sect – has a small, exclusive

membership, high tension with
society. It tends toward the emotional,
mystic, stress faith, feeling, conversion
experience, to be “born again”.
Churches, sects and cults

Cult – the more innovative institutions

and are formed when people create
new religious beliefs and practices.
There are three types: audience cults,
client cults and cult movements.
Elements of Religion

Sacred - refers to phenomena that

are regarded as extraordinary,
transcendent, and outside the
everyday course of events - that is,
supernatural.
Elements of Religion

Legitimation of norms – Religious

sanctions and beliefs reinforce the
legitimacy of many rules and norms
in the community.
Elements of Religion

Rituals – are formal patterns of

activity that express symbolically a
set of shared meanings.
Elements of Religion

Religious Community – Religions

establishes a code of behavior for
the members, who belong and who
does not.
Super Yano
Microeonomics vs. Macroeconomics

Microeconomics - concerned with

the specific economic units of parts
that makes an economic system
and the relationship between those
parts.

Super Yano
Microeonomics vs. Macroeconomics

Macroeconomics - concerned with

the economy as a whole, or large
segments of it.
Basic Economic Problems

 What goods and services to

produce and how much?
 How to produce goods and
services?
 For whom are the goods and
services?

Super Yano
Super Yano
The institution which resolves
conflicts that are public in nature and
involve more than a few people is
called a government. It can be city,
provincial, national or even
international.
Three Branches of the Government

Executive Enforces rules and laws

Legislative Makes rules and laws

Judicial Interprets rules and laws

Politics and Administration

 Politics - a pattern of human

interaction that serves to
resolve conflicts between
people, institutions, and
nations
Politics and Administration

 Administration - refers to
the aggregate of persons in
whose hands the reigns of
government are for the
time being.
Constituent and Ministrant Functions of
the Government

 Constituent - contribute to the

very bonds of society and are
therefore compulsary.
Constituent and Ministrant Functions of
the Government

Examples of constituent functions

• The keeping of order and providing
for protection of persons and
property from violence and robbery.
• The definition and punishment for
crimes
• The administration of justice in civil
cases.
Constituent and Ministrant Functions of
the Government

 Ministrant - those undertaken

to advance the general interest
of society such as public works,
charity and are merely optional.