THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is a process of exchanging verbal and non-verbal messages. It is a continuous

process. Pre-requisite of communication is a message. This message must be conveyed through
some medium to the recipient. It is essential that this message must be understood by the
recipient in same terms as intended by the sender. He must respond within a time frame. Thus,
communication is a two way process and is incomplete without a feedback from the recipient to
the sender on how well the message is understood by him.

Message
Decoding

Encoding
Sender
Receiver

Media
Feedback
Response
The main components of communication process are as follows:

1. Context – Communication is affected by the context in which it takes place. This context may be
physical, social, chronological or cultural. Every communication proceeds with context. The
sender chooses the message to communicate within a context.

2. Sender/Encoder – Sender/Encoderis a person who sends the message. A sender makes use of
symbols (words or graphic or visual aids) to convey the message and produce the required
response. For instance – a training manager conducting training for new batch of employees.
Sender may be an individual or a group or an organization. The views, background, approach,
skills, competencies, and knowledge of the sender have a great impact on the message. The
verbal and non-verbal symbols chosen are essential in ascertaining interpretation of the message
by the recipient in the same terms as intended by the sender.
3. Message – Message is a key idea that the sender wants to communicate. It is a sign that elicits
the response of recipient. Communication process begins with deciding about the message to be
conveyed. It must be ensured that the main objective of the message is clear.

4. Medium – Medium is a means used to exchange/transmit the message. The sender must choose
an appropriate medium for transmitting the message else the message might not be conveyed to
the desired recipients. The choice of appropriate medium of communication is essential for
making the message effective and correctly interpreted by the recipient. This choice of
communication medium varies depending upon the features of communication. For instance –
Written medium is chosen when a message has to be conveyed to a small group of people, while
an oral medium is chosen when spontaneous feedback is required from the recipient as
misunderstandings are cleared then and there.

5. Recipient/Decoder – Recipient/Decoder is a person for whom the message is

intended/aimed/targeted. The degree to which the decoder understands the message is
dependent upon various factors such as knowledge of recipient, their responsiveness to the
message, and the reliance of encoder on decoder.

6. Feedback – Feedback is the main component of communication process as it permits the sender
to analyze the efficacy of the message. It helps the sender in confirming the correct interpretation
of message by the decoder. Feedback may be verbal (through words) or non-verbal (in form of
smiles, sighs, etc.). It may take written form also in form of memos, reports, etc.
The Communication Process:
The communication process consists of a message being sent and received. The message may
be verbal or non-verbal. The same basic principles apply whether humans, animals, other forms
of life, or combinations of these are involved. The challenge lies not in merely communicating but
to communicate effectively. Effective communication involves a message being sent and
received. Added to this however, is the element of feedback to ensure that the message sent was
received exactly as intended.
Sending the message – There are four elements involved in sending a message. First, the
sender formulates the message that he intends to communicate. Next he considers
possible barriers that may affect the message. This includes his experience, the terms that
he will use, and even his feeling toward the subject. External barriers such as noise must
also be considered. Third the sender encodes the message; that is, he puts the message
into the words he wants to use. Last he clearly communicates (sends) the message.
Receiving the message – There are also four elements involved in receiving a message. The
receiver will first hear and/or see the message the sender sends. Second, the message is
affected by external barriers, if any, and the receiver’s own internal barriers. Possible
internal barriers may include the receiver’s experience level, his understanding of the terms
used, and his attitude toward the material, or the way he feels about the sender. Third, the
receiver decodes the message through the use of mental images.

Feedback:
The signals that a receiver continuously gives to a sender indicating how well the message is
being received are known as feedback. Feedback is extremely important for senders, since it
allows them to discover such matters as whether they are speaking too fast, using words that are
too complex, or even whether they are offending or angering their receivers.

Feedback can consist of words, nonverbal symbols, or both.  Feedback makes it possible for
speakers to judge how well they are communicating.  For example, in a face-to-face conversation,
interviews, and small group discussion, a good balance of verbal and nonverbal feedback is
possible.

Talking on the phone consists of verbal feedback.  In public speaking, the form of feedback is
usually nonverbal.  This is because, if a large number of audience members begin responding
aloud, it would soon be impossible to hear the speaker.  Most audience speakers confine their
feedback to kinesics symbols – smiles, frowns, and nods of their heads.  Some paralanguage
symbols such as yawning, occasional boos, or hisses and clapping may also be used as
feedback.

The Communication Process:

Communication can best be summarized as the transmission of a message from a sender to a

receiver in an understandable manner. The importance of effective communication is
immeasurable in the world of business and in personal life. From a business perspective,
effective communication is an absolute must, because it commonly accounts for the difference
between success and failure or profit and loss. It has become clear that effective business
communication is critical to the successful operation of modern enterprise. Every business
person needs to understand the fundamentals of effective communication.

Effective communication is the most critical component of total quality management. The
manner in which individuals perceive and talk to each other at work about different issues is a
major determinant of the business success. It has been proven that poor communication reduces
quality, weakens productivity, and eventually leads to anger and a lack of trust among individuals
within the organization.
The communication process is the guide toward realizing effective communication. It is through
the communication process that the sharing of a common meaning between the sender and the
receiver takes place. Individuals who follow the communication process will have the opportunity
to become more productive in every aspect of their profession. Effective communication leads to
understanding.
The communication process is made up of four key components. Those components include
encoding, medium of transmission, decoding, and feedback. There are also two other factors in
the process, and those two factors are present in the form of the sender and the receiver. The
communication process begins with the sender and ends with the receiver.
The sender is an individual, group, or organization who initiates the communication. This source
is initially responsible for the success of the message. The sender's experiences, attitudes,
knowledge, skill, perceptions, and culture influence the message. The written words, spoken
words, and nonverbal language selected are paramount in ensuring the receiver interprets the
message as intended by the sender. All communication begins with the sender.

The first step the sender is faced with involves the encoding process. In order to convey meaning,
the sender must begin encoding, which means translating information into a message in the form
of symbols that represent ideas or concepts. This process translates the ideas or concepts into
the coded message that will be communicated. The symbols can take on numerous forms such
as, languages, words, or gestures. These symbols are used to encode ideas into messages that
others can understand.
When encoding a message, the sender has to begin by deciding what he/she wants to transmit.
This decision by the sender is based on what he/she believes about the receiver’s knowledge and
assumptions, along with what additional information he/she wants the receiver to have. It is
important for the sender to use symbols that are familiar to the intended receiver. A good way for
the sender to improve encoding their message, is to mentally visualize the communication from
the receiver's point of view.
To begin transmitting the message, the sender uses some kind of channel (also called a
medium). The channel is the means used to convey the message. Most channels are either oral
or written, but currently visual channels are becoming more common as technology expands.
Common channels include the telephone and a variety of written forms such as memos, letters,
and reports. The effectiveness of the various channels fluctuates depending on the
characteristics of the communication. For example, when immediate feedback is necessary, oral
communication channels are more effective because any uncertainties can be cleared up on the
spot. In a situation where the message must be delivered to more than a small group of people,
written channels are often more effective. Although in many cases, both oral and written channels
should be used because one supplements the other.

If a sender relays a message through an inappropriate channel, its message may not reach the
right receivers. That is why senders need to keep in mind that selecting the appropriate channel
will greatly assist in the effectiveness of the receiver's understanding. The sender's decision to
utilize either an oral or a written channel for communicating a message is influenced by several
factors. The sender should ask him or herself different questions, so that they can select the
appropriate channel.
Is the message urgent?
Is immediate feedback needed?
Is documentation or a permanent record required?
Is the content complicated, controversial, or private? Is the message going to someone
inside or outside the organization?
What oral and written communication skills does the receiver possess?

Once the sender has answered all of these questions, they will be able to choose an effective
channel.
After the appropriate channel or channels are selected, the message enters the decoding stage of
the communication process. Decoding is conducted by the receiver. Once the message is
received and examined, the stimulus is sent to the brain for interpreting, in order to assign some
type of meaning to it. It is this processing stage that constitutes decoding. The receiver begins to
interpret the symbols sent by the sender, translating the message to their own set of experiences
in order to make the symbols meaningful. Successful communication takes place when the
receiver correctly interprets the sender's message.
The receiver is the individual or individuals to whom the message is directed. The extent to which
this person comprehends the message will depend on a number of factors, which include the
following: how much the individual or individuals know about the topic, their receptivity to the
message, and the relationship and trust that exists between sender and receiver. All
interpretations by the receiver are influenced by his experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skills,
perceptions, and culture. It is similar to the sender's relationship with encoding.

Feedback is the final link in the chain of the communication process. After receiving a message,
the receiver responds in some way and signals that response to the sender. The signal may take
the form of a spoken comment, a long sigh, a written message, a smile, or some other action.
Even a lack of response, is in a sense, a form of response. Without feedback, the sender cannot
confirm that the receiver has interpreted the message correctly.
Feedback is a key component in the communication process because it allows the sender to
evaluate the effectiveness of the message. Feedback ultimately provides an opportunity for the
sender to take corrective action to clarify a misunderstood message. Feedback plays an
important role by indicating significant communication barriers: differences in background,
different interpretations of words, and differing emotional reactions.

The communication process is the perfect guide toward achieving effective communication.
When followed properly, the process can usually assure that the sender's message will be
understood by the receiver. Although the communication process seems simple, it in essence is
not. Certain barriers present themselves throughout the process. Those barriers are factors that
have a negative impact on the communication process. Some common barriers include the use
of an inappropriate medium (channel), incorrect grammar, inflammatory words, words that
conflict with body language, and technical jargon. Noise is also another common barrier. Noise
can occur during any stage of the process. Noise essentially is anything that distorts a message
by interfering with the communication process. Noise can take many forms, including a radio
playing in the background, another person trying to enter your conversation, and any other
distractions that prevent the receiver from paying attention.

Successful and effective communication within an organization stems from the implementation
of the communication process. All members within an organization will improve their
communication skills if they follow the communication process, and stay away from the different
barriers. It has been proven that individuals that understand the communication process will
blossom into more effective communicators, and effective communicators have a greater
opportunity for becoming a success.