Solution of CSS G.

Ability & Maths 2019

6. (A). By taking LCM of 5, 7, 12. We get

LCM(12,5,7)
Least Common Multiple is :

420
or
Calculate Least Common Multiple for :

12, 5 and 7

Factorize of the above numbers :

12 = 22 • 3
5=5
7=7
Build a prime factors table

Prime Number Number Number L.C.M

Factor 12 5 7 (max)
2 2 0 0 2
3 1 0 0 1
5 0 1 0 1
7 0 0 1 1
Number of times each prime factor
appears in the factorization of :
LCM = 2 • 3 • 5 • 7
2

Least Common Multiple is :

420 plz elaborate the results by ur own.

(B). Let's assume the rate of the slower pipe is: x
So, the rate of the faster pipe would be: 1.25x
Working together, their rate will be x + 1.25x = 2.25x

As the question says, they take 5 hours to fill up the tank working together, so:

Rate x Time = Work

2.25x x 5 = 1
2.25x = 1/5
x = 1/5 / 2.25 = 4/45
So, the rate of the slower pipe, x = 4/45

Now, let's see how long it takes for the slower pipe to complete the task:

Rate x Time = Work

4/45 x Time = 1
Time = 1 / 4/45 = 45/4 = 11.25
(C). 2013…… x
2018…….. x+20% x = 264
120% x = 264
X = 264* 100/120
X = 220….. ans
(D). What are the measures of central tendency?

CENTRAL TENDENCY
In statistics, a central tendency (or, more commonly, a measure of central tendency) is a central value
or a typical value for a probability distribution. It is occasionally called an average or just the centre of the
distribution. The most common measures of central tendency are the arithmetic mean, the median and the
mode. A central tendency can be calculated for either a finite set of values or for a theoretical distribution,
such as the normal distribution. Occasionally, authors use central tendency (or centrality), to mean “the
tendency of quantitative data to cluster around some central value.” This meaning might be expected from
the usual dictionary definitions of the words tendency and centrality. Those authors may judge whether
data has a strong or a weak central tendency based on the statistical dispersion, as measured by the
standard deviation or something similar. In simple words, “The tendency of observations of given data to
cluster around a central value is called central tendency.”
Measure of Central Tendency
A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying
the central position within that set of data. As such, measures of central tendency are sometimes called
measures of central location. They are also classed as summary statistics. The mean (often called the
average) is most likely the measure of central tendency that you are most familiar with, but there are others,
such as the median and the mode.
The mean, median and mode are all valid measures of central tendency, but under different
conditions, some measures of central tendency become more appropriate to use than others. In the
following sections, we will look at the mean, mode and median, and learn how to calculate them and under
what conditions they are most appropriate to be used. Any measure or method which locate centre of the
data is called measure of central tendency:
Depending upon the characteristic of the data the different measures to locate central value of the
data are:
(i) Arithmetic mean (ii) Geometric mean
(iii) Harmonic mean (iv) Weighted mean
 (v) Mode (vi) Median
(vii) Quartiles
OR

A measure of central tendency (also referred to as measures of centre or central

location) is a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with
a single value that represents the middle or centre of its distribution.

There are three main measures of central tendency: the mode, the median and the
mean. Each of these measures describes a different indication of the typical or central
value in the distribution.

What is the mode?

The mode is the most commonly occurring value in a distribution.

Consider this dataset showing the retirement age of 11 people, in whole years:

54, 54, 54, 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 58, 60, 60

This table shows a simple frequency distribution of the retirement age data.

Age Frequency
54 3
55 1
56 1
57 2
58 2
60 2

The most commonly occurring value is 54, therefore the mode of this distribution is 54
years.

Advantage of the mode:

The mode has an advantage over the median and the mean as it can be found for
both numerical and categorical (non-numerical) data.

Limitations of the mode:

The are some limitations to using the mode. In some distributions, the mode may not
reflect the centre of the distribution very well. When the distribution of retirement age is
ordered from lowest to highest value, it is easy to see that the centre of the distribution
is 57 years, but the mode is lower, at 54 years.

54, 54, 54, 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 58, 60, 60

It is also possible for there to be more than one mode for the same distribution of data,
(bi-modal, or multi-modal). The presence of more than one mode can limit the ability of
the mode in describing the centre or typical value of the distribution because a single
value to describe the centre cannot be identified.

In some cases, particularly where the data are continuous, the distribution may have no
mode at all (i.e. if all values are different).

In cases such as these, it may be better to consider using the median or mean, or group
the data in to appropriate intervals, and find the modal class.

What is the median?

The median is the middle value in distribution when the values are arranged in
ascending or descending order.

The median divides the distribution in half (there are 50% of observations on either side
of the median value). In a distribution with an odd number of observations, the median
value is the middle value.

Looking at the retirement age distribution (which has 11 observations), the median is
the middle value, which is 57 years:

54, 54, 54, 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 58, 60, 60

When the distribution has an even number of observations, the median value is the
mean of the two middle values. In the following distribution, the two middle values are
56 and 57, therefore the median equals 56.5 years:

52, 54, 54, 54, 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 58, 60, 60

Advantage of the median:

The median is less affected by outliers and skewed data than the mean, and is usually
the preferred measure of central tendency when the distribution is not symmetrical.
Limitation of the median:

The median cannot be identified for categorical nominal data, as it cannot be logically
ordered.

What is the mean?

The mean is the sum of the value of each observation in a dataset divided by the
number of observations. This is also known as the arithmetic average.

Looking at the retirement age distribution again:

54, 54, 54, 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 58, 60, 60

The mean is calculated by adding together all the values

(54+54+54+55+56+57+57+58+58+60+60 = 623) and dividing by the number of
observations (11) which equals 56.6 years.

Advantage of the mean:

The mean can be used for both continuous and discrete numeric data.

Limitations of the mean:

The mean cannot be calculated for categorical data, as the values cannot be summed.

As the mean includes every value in the distribution the mean is influenced by outliers
and skewed distributions.

What else do I need to know about the mean?

The population mean is indicated by the Greek symbol µ (pronounced ‘mu’). When the
mean is calculated on a distribution from a sample it is indicated by the
symbol x̅ (pronounced X-bar).

How does the shape of a distribution influence the Measures of Central

Tendency?

Symmetrical distributions:
When a distribution is symmetrical, the mode, median and mean are all in the middle of
the distribution. The following graph shows a larger retirement age dataset with a
distribution which is symmetrical. The mode, median and mean all equal 58 years.

Skewed distributions:

When a distribution is skewed the mode remains the most commonly occurring value,
the median remains the middle value in the distribution, but the mean is generally
‘pulled’ in the direction of the tails. In a skewed distribution, the median is often a
preferred measure of central tendency, as the mean is not usually in the middle of the
distribution.

A distribution is said to be positively or right skewed when the tail on the right side of
the distribution is longer than the left side. In a positively skewed distribution it is
common for the mean to be ‘pulled’ toward the right tail of the distribution. Although
there are exceptions to this rule, generally, most of the values, including the median
value, tend to be less than the mean value.

The following graph shows a larger retirement age data set with a distribution which is
right skewed. The data has been grouped into classes, as the variable being measured
(retirement age) is continuous. The mode is 54 years, the modal class is 54-56 years,
the median is 56 years and the mean is 57.2 years.
A distribution is said to be negatively or left skewed when the tail on the left side of the
distribution is longer than the right side. In a negatively skewed distribution, it is
common for the mean to be ‘pulled’ toward the left tail of the distribution. Although there
are exceptions to this rule, generally, most of the values, including the median value,
tend to be greater than the mean value.

The following graph shows a larger retirement age dataset with a distribution which left
skewed. The mode is 65 years, the modal class is 63-65 years, the median is 63 years
and the mean is 61.8 years.

How do outliers influence the measures of central tendency?

Outliers are extreme, or atypical data value(s) that are notably different from the
rest of the data.

It is important to detect outliers within a distribution, because they can alter the results
of the data analysis. The mean is more sensitive to the existence of outliers than the
median or mode.

Consider the initial retirement age dataset again, with one difference; the last
observation of 60 years has been replaced with a retirement age of 81 years. This value
is much higher than the other values, and could be considered an outlier. However, it
has not changed the middle of the distribution, and therefore the median value is still 57
years.

54, 54, 54, 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 58, 60, 81

As the all values are included in the calculation of the mean, the outlier will influence the
mean value.

(54+54+54+55+56+57+57+58+58+60+81 = 644), divided by 11 = 58.5 years

In this distribution the outlier value has increased the mean value.

Despite the existence of outliers in a distribution, the mean can still be an appropriate
measure of central tendency, especially if the rest of the data is normally distributed. If
the outlier is confirmed as a valid extreme value, it should not be removed from the
dataset. Several common regression techniques can help reduce the influence of
outliers on the mean value.

7. (A). moiz = 1/5*2000

Moiz = 400
Now … moiz = 4/10*400 = 160
His wife = 5/10*400 = 200
His son = 1/10*400 = 40
Now diff of wife and son = 200 - 40 = 160……. Ans
(B). 70*2 = 140
196 - 140 =56
Rabits = 56/2 = 28
Hens = 70 – 28 = 42
Difference = 42 -28 = 14 … plz elaborate the results as well.
(C). a many sided diagram called a polygon.
Regular polygon is called all sides equal.
Triangle ( a three sided diagram)
Quadrilateral ( a four sided diagram)
Pentagon ( a five sided diagram)
Hexagon ( a six sided diagram)
Heptagon ( a seven sided diagram)
Octagon ( an eight sided diagram)
Nonagon ( a nine sided diagram)
Decagon ( a ten sided diagram)
Tri-decagon ( a thirteen sided diagram)
(D). C O M P U T E R…………………………R F U V Q N P C

M E D I C I N E…………………………..E O J D J E F M
8. (A). Seven piano students—T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z—are to give a recital, and their instructor
is deciding the order in which they will perform. Each student will play exactly one piece, a
piano solo. In deciding the order of performance, the instructor must observe the following
restrictions:
i. X cannot play first or second.
ii. W cannot play until X has played.
iii. Neither T nor Y can play seventh.
iv. Either Y or Z must play immediately after W plays.
v. V must play either immediately after or immediately before U plays.

Question: If V plays first, which one of the following must be true?

(A) T plays sixth.
(B) X plays third.
(C) Z plays seventh.
(D) T plays immediately after Y.
 (E) W plays immediately after X.
ANS…. This question deals with an ordering relationship defined by a set of conditions
concerning when seven piano students will perform. As an aid in visualizing this problem you
can draw a simple diagram that shows the seven recital slots arranged in order from left to
right. Student V is shown in the first slot, as specified by the supposition that “V plays first”:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V

We can immediately fill in one of the empty slots in the diagram. The condition that “V must
play either immediately after or immediately before U plays” tells us that U must occupy the
second slot in the recital schedule. This is shown below:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V U

Since the question asks us what must be true, we can eliminate incorrect responses by showing
that they could be false. Response (A) is incorrect because the statement that “T plays sixth” is
not necessarily true—we can place T in one of the slots other than sixth and still meet all the
conditions of the problem. One such recital schedule, with T playing third, is shown in the
diagram below:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V U T X W Y Z

This schedule can be derived as follows:

1. With V, U, and T in the first three positions, there are four positions left for W, X, Y, and Z.
2. W must come after X—because of the condition that “W cannot play until X has played”—so
if X is fourth and W is fifth, this condition will be met.
3. This leaves two possible slots for Y and Z. Y cannot play seventh because of the condition that
“Neither T nor Y can play seventh.” Suppose, then, that Y is sixth and Z is seventh.

A check will verify that this schedule meets the conditions of the problem, including the one
that “Either Y or Z must play immediately after W plays.”
The schedule shown in the diagram also demonstrates that response (B) is incorrect. In it, X
plays fourth, so it is not correct that the statement, “X plays third,” must be true.

Response (C), “Z plays seventh,” is the credited response. We can show Z must be seventh by
demonstrating that:

• all the conditions can be met with Z in the seventh slot, and

• some of the conditions would be violated with Z in any slot other than seventh.

To demonstrate that Z can play seventh, you can refer to the schedule that was developed for
the discussion of response (A), above. In it, Z plays seventh, and the supposition given in the
question and all the conditions in the passage are met.

To demonstrate that Z cannot play in a slot other than seventh, we can attempt to find another
student to play seventh. We already know that neither U nor V can play seventh. Hence, there
are four remaining players: T, W, X, and Y. However, a review of the conditions shows that
none of those players can play seventh:

• The third condition states that “Neither T nor Y can play seventh.”

• W can’t play seventh, because there must be a slot following W’s in order to meet the
condition,
“Either Y or Z must play immediately after W plays.” If W plays seventh, then there is no
such slot left for Y or Z.

• For a similar reason X can’t play seventh, because there must be a slot following X’s in
order to meet the condition, “W cannot play until X has played.”

Since Z can play seventh and no other player can, then the statement that Z must play seventh
is correct and (C) is the credited response.

Response (D) is incorrect because it is not necessarily true that “T plays immediately after Y.” In
our discussion of response (A), we developed a schedule in which T plays third and Y plays sixth,
yet all conditions are satisfied.
Response (E) is incorrect because, as shown in the diagram below, it is not necessarily true that
“W plays immediately after X.” This schedule is obtained by simply reversing the order of
players W and Y in the schedule we developed in the analysis of response (A).

A review will show that all of the suppositions given in the question and all the conditions in the
passage are met by this schedule:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V U T X W Y Z

In answering this question, it is important to derive information not explicitly mentioned in the
passage, such as that W cannot perform seventh.

(B). U = { WHOLE NUMBERS FROM 10 TO 24 }

A = {EVEN NUMBERS}
B = {NUMBERS DIVISIBLE BY 5}
A  B = {10 , 20} ….. ANS

(C). S = Scientist
P = Politician
A = American

According to diagram
i. AMERICAN THOSE WHO ARE POLITITION BUT NOT SCIENTIST = d only
ii. SCIENTIST WHICH ARE POLITITION BUT NOT AMERICAN = f only

(D). After every 4 packets I will get 1 free …. So

64/4 = 16
16/4 = 4
4/4 = 1
Then total 16+4+1 = 21 total… Ans