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Mass Transfer Coefficients and Correlations I
Diffusion can be described in two ways:
1. Detailed physical description based on Fick‘s laws and the
diffusion coefficient.
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The 'mass transfer coefficient' model assumes that all substances are
well mixed except near the interface. Changes in concentration are
limited to the region near the interface.
Examples:
• Absorption: liquid-gas interface
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1 Dilute Solutions
z=0: c1=0
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(a) Example "Humidification"
A 20 liter vessel contains 1 liter of water
at 25°C. The free surface of the water is
150 cm2.
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Question 1: Average flux?
When no information, assume steady state and set a mass balance:
Amount of water evaporated: N1 × area × time
Water in the air: Air volume × concentration
Water evaporated = water in the air
m s
2
10 3 kg m3
2 10 8 m3 0.02 cm3
Mass transfer coefficient (determined from initial state at short times):
4 mol
4.5 10
k
N1
m 2
s 3.5 10 4 m (1)
c1,sat c1 gasphase 0.064 mol 0 s
0.05 m3 8
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Question 2: How long does it take to reach 90% saturation?
As time now is in question WE MUST consider the non-steady state
Accumulation Evaporation
in gas - phase rate
d water vapor
A N1
dt in air
d
V c1 A k c1,sat c1
dt
Boundary conditions: At t=0 c1=0
c1 A k
Integration with respect to B.C. gives: 1 exp t (2)
c 1,sat V 9
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Now solve equation (2) for time t (c1=90% saturation):
V c
t ln1 1
A k c 1,sat
v0=5cm/s
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Key point: Select the appropriate Δc
N1 k c 1,sat 0 (3)
Benzoic acid that left the spheres = Amount of acid in the solution
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Benzoic acid that left the spheres: N1 × exchange area × time
surface area
exchange area bed length L cross sectional area A
bed volume
cm2
exchange area a L A 23 3
100 cm A
cm
bed length L 100 cm
time 0 20 s
superficial velocity v 5 cm s
cm
5 0.62 c 1,sat
v 0 c1
N1 s 2 1.35 10 3 c 1,sat
a L cm
23 3
100 cm
cm
This k is the average MTC, obtained from a mass balance for the
overall ("black box") system.
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Another way is to write a mass balance on a differential volume
Az in the bed:
v=5 cm/s
flow in amount
accumulati on minus of
flow out dissolution
0 A c1 v 0 c1 v 0
z z z
A z a N
1
Mass balance:
Bromine dissolving:
d
V c1
dt
Bromine leaving the droplets: N1 A A k c 1,sat c 1
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Combine
Vc 1 A k c 1,sat c 1 c 1 a k c 1,sat c 1
d d
or
dt dt
with a = A / V droplet surface area per unit volume
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Mass Transfer Coefficients – Outlook
Diffusion will take place (unsteady state) and the flux is (Chapter 2)
N1
D
c1,i c1,
t
As a result the local (in terms of a particular time rather than a
particular position) mass transfer coefficient is
D
k1
t
Note that at t = 0 k1 = 22
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After a long time t0 the average flux can be defined as: N1 k c1
How is k related to k ?
t0 t0
D
N1 2 c 1
t 0
k 2k
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