1.

General
1.1. What do you understand by the concept & scope of variation?
Answer:
 I understand that variation is inevitable in construction projects due to the complex nature of
the construction industry. It is common in all types of construction projects and it determines
the time limits and anticipated budget of the projects.
 Categories of variation and how its defined under FIDI 2006 and PPA 2011.

1.2. Identify the two categories of variation?

Answer:

Contract variation:
This deals with variation to the contract terms or conditions which referred to as an amendment to
the contract. On the other it is a change to the terms that the parties had agreed and accepted when
the contract was signed.

Variation in Work:
Variation in works is elaborated under MBD-FIDIC 2006 and PPA 2011
 Under MBD-FIDIC variation in work can be:
 Change in quantities, quality, levels, positions and dimensions of any part/item of the
work.
 Any additional work, Plant, Materials or services necessary for the Permanent works.
 Changes to the sequence or timing of the execution of the Works.
 Under PPA 2011 The Engineer shall have the power to order any modification to any part of
the works necessary for the proper completion and /or functioning of the works. Such
modifications may include additions, omissions, and substitutions, changes in quality,
quantity, form, character, kind, position, dimension, level or line and changes in the specified
sequence, method or timing of execution of the works.
1.3. What is the difference between the two categories of variation?
Answer:
 Contract variation deals with contract term while
 Physical variation is change in physical parts of contract such as; quantity, quality level or
addition of work, plant, material of service for permanent works.

1.4. Do we need contract variation as related to variation in construction works under construction
contract?
Answer
No, because contract variation deals with contract condition not construction works or physical
parts

1.5. What are the two sub-categories of variation in the works under a construction contract?
Answer
 Instructed variation and
 Approved variation.
1.6. Are these sub-categories of variation in the works recognized under the MDB-FIDIC? under the
PPA? under the Applicable law like the Civil Code?
Answer
Yes
Instructed variation
 Under MBD-FIDIC

1.7. Is it possible to implement your idea discussed under p 14” Do not automatically accept the
lowest bid”? What do you mean?
Answer:

1.8. How is it possible to involve the contractor during planning & scheduling process in light of the
DBB delivery system? see p 15

2. Instructed variation
2.1. What do you understand by the concept of instructed variation?
Answer:
 I understand that instructed variation is a written order issued to the contractor after
agreement of the contract by the owner, which authorizes a change in the work or an
adjustment in the contract sum or even the contract time (Clough and Sears, 1994).
 Instructed variation is an order given by the employer/engineer to the contractor in order to
vary the scope of the work after the execution of the contract.
 Causes of instructed variation can be grouped
o Employer-related Variations
o Consultants related Variations;
o Contractor-related Variations and
o Other Variations.

 Some effects of instructed variation include