Heat Transfer

Prof. Dr. Aloke Kumar Ghosal

Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati

Module No. # 07
Heat Exchanger
Lecture No. # 6
Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Welcome to lecture 6 of module 7. In the 7 th module we are discussing on heat

exchangers. And in the previous lecture last 5 lectures in this module we have discussed
about the various types of heat exchangers, and then effectiveness into method of
analysis. And then in the last lecture we have discussed on double pipe heat exchangers
design calculations by kern's method. Now this lecture, that is the last lecture for to this
module or module 7, we are going to discuss and shell and tube heat exchangers design
calculations with a standard problem will take and will illustrate that how to do the
calculations using a particularly by kern's method.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:14)

So, here today our discursion is on shell and tube heat exchangers design calculations,

heat exchangers design calculations. So, here we are going to apply as we have done in
case of double pipe heat exchangers in the kern's method. And this method is being very
nicely in detail elaborated in the book of process heat transfer by D Q Kern, I have
mentioned in the last lecture. A book of D Q Kern, it is mentioned in the tables however
we will in this lecture, we will illustrate the design procedure methodology (( )) with the
help of a suitable problem in this. And but before taking up any problem with the certain
points I should mention over here, which is little bit different from the design procedure
for double pipe heat exchangers; in case of double pipe heat exchangers we had basically
two pipes - two coaxial pipes, one is your inner pipe, another is the the outer pipe and the
fluids are moving towards a tube side and to through the annulus.

But here in place of having annulus we have a basically a shell and the shell contains the
bundle of tubes so there is some fundamental difference in the arrangements or the
double pipe annulus part and the shell side part so there will be some basic fundamental
differences in the calculations procedure for the shell side in comparison to the annulus
side whatever we have discus in case of double pipe heat exchanger. So, if you important
parts that we are going to discuss here is that say shell side film coefficient calculations.
In fact, we have seen that in case of double pipe heat exchangers the tubes shell
calculations, has been through the problem has seen that has been done by sedadata heat
equation that we have used somebody can use little equations some other can use other
types of equation, there are lot of correlation convictive heatness correlation has been
discussed previously some of them can be used, but in case of shell side this is not
directly use infecting kern's method.

Kern has purposed a relationship and that relationship is normally use f or calculating the
shell side. Film coefficient of shell side heat transfer coefficient and which is given by by
so kern's correlations which is used and that is given by h naught that heat transfer
coefficient shell film heat transfer coefficient shell side, into d e is the affective diameter
by k formal conductivity in the shell side that is equal to 0.3c that the constant, into this
is d is the equivalent diameter into g s shell side mass flow rate. And then mass flux
basically mass flux you can say that mu by mu to the power 0.55, and then mu c p by k is
the prandtl number to the power 0.33. And then the viscosity correction by issued that is
mu by mu w. So, this a this is the relation that should be used and it is valid for 2000 less
then this is Reynolds number shell side less than your this is for a wide range of
applications for Reynolds number it can be used.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:16)

Now, second point where here, is that how to go it there equivalent diameter for shell
side equivalent diameter estimation. So, already we have discussed that a incase of a
shell and tube heat exchangers that the tubes are arranged in either in two ways it can be
by a triangular pitch arrangement or it can be square pitch arrangement. And in case of
triangular pitch it is also called as a 60 degree triangular pitch, because that that itself
itself equilateral triangle. So, this in case actually as we have a several times we have
seen it also, there is not that first time we are discussing this. So, we so this is the
diameter of the so outside diameter of the tube and this is the 60 degree angle so
equilateral triangle and now this is nothing, but the pitch tube pitch and this part is
nothing but the clearance c dashed.

So, c dashed is clearance and p t is equal to tube pitch. So, under that situation we know
that equivalent diameter we know that 4 times the hydraulic areas and hydraulic area is
the four time of flow area by wetted perimeter. So, d e is equal to 4 into flow area by
wetted perimeter and this happens to be 4 into here, actually half into base into height
and height is a root 3 by 2 into a base. So, we can write that half into p t into v 3 by 2 p t
that already we have discussed already and minus, but this is that half of the of half of
the area tube. So, half into pi d not square by four there is a tube of outside area this is
the available area this is m and so this this part is not available, this part is not available,
this part is not available, that is nothing, but the this 3 together give you 5 d not square
by 4 and divide by 2. And this is the perimeter. So, this part is the perimeter this is the
perimeter, these are perimeter which is getting wetted which is nothing, but half
perimeter of the tubes. So, this becoming now pi d naught by 2 this is what is being done
for tube pitch, and for square pitch it is even same tube that we can know so say this is
the pitch and this part is this clearance. And then we can now write that d is equal to the
4 times the flow area is pt square minus 4 into this shaded area is nothing, but the area of
a tube.

So, that becomes pi d naught square by 4 pi d naught square by 4 this is by flow area
wetted perimeter of the technology will also be the whole perimeter of a tube that is
nothing, but the pi d naught. So, this is the relation that is being used for calculating the
equivalent diameter.

(Refer Slide Time: 08:55)

And the another point is that should be should be known is that shell side on bundle cross
flow area bundle means, to a bundle cross flow area. So, what happens is, because of the
presence of the baffles - baffles are present. So, tubes in a Sheller tube it is said this is a
tube bundles tubes are placed like this and you have the baffles at different locations. So,
flow is there it is coming like this and then going up like this. So, this is the cross flow
kind of thing happening to at any instant of time. So, this is the this is the length if this is
the distance between two baffles. So, the fluid will pass like this and then it will come
like this this is another distance between to baffles. So, this is the cross flow area that
that we have to calculate now this is the area basically that we have to calculate. So, this
is given by a s is equal to c dash is the clearance between as we have seen for the tubes
into d i diameter in diameter of the shell and p t is the tube pitch.

So, basically you can c dash into b is the area and then diameter then pitch gives you that
how many search area is possible in that diameter. So, that gives you the total flow area.
So, this is number d i by p t how many such arrangement are possible in a diameter this
gives that, and this is that if you say that if you clearance and one is baffle spacing. So,
this clearance into baffle spacing gives the area and how many side such such modules
are there which is d i by p t. So, it actually text correct the maximum flow is the possible
in the shell center basically near by the center. Now a s is these for b is the baffle spacing
d i is a shell diameter in a diameter and a s is flow area. W is so your mass velocity shell
side is given as a g s that is w by a s.

And so, w is equal to mass flow rate on c dash is the tube clearance clearance between
tubes between tubes and we know that already we have discussed the p t is the tube
pitch. Now, so this is one into important per that watches so, side the discuss then
another point what is that called correction factor.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:17)

So, l m t b correction factor lock drive or temperature driving force correction factor.
What is that so this is usually count as F T that is the correction factor that is used? Now,
what happens sorry in case of shell and tubes heat exchanger as we are showing if there
is a multi pass particularly for multi pass heat exchanger. What happens? Multi pass heat
exchangers that, that flow can be mixture of parallel flow and counter flow, none of the
flow is perfectly parallel none of the flow is perfectly counter. So therefore, what
happens this actual l m t d actual driving process different then what we can calculate.
So, actual driving process calculated from the lock main temperature different v l m t d
multiply by correction factor. So, this l m t d is being calculated already we have seen in
previously how to that l m t d calculation and once we know.

So, l m t d based on the l m t d calculation is being done, based on the inlet based on the
inlet conditions and outlet condition of the hot and cold tubes cold fluids hot and cold
fluids, but we are not interested to know what is happening at the intermediate points of
the temperature for the temperature. So, that we are not interested to see for l m t d
calculations but to take care of that part what is happening that in the intermediate
conditions what is happing that correction factor is being taken into consideration and
that is called l m t d correction factor.

So, here we consider delta T actual is delta T log mean, into F T; F T is the a correction
factor. And what happens this correction factor can be as I said that it is for multi pass
heat exchanger. So, this correction factor can be calculated from the figures or it can be
calculated from the expressions for example, for 1 is to 2 shell and tubes heat exchanger.
We have an a relationship that a fluid a 1 is to 2 means, already we have discuss that 1 in
the same pass 2 is the tubes pass on the that situation and to what you tube pass passes
that how many time that tube material tube fluid is a passing through the heat exchanger
twice same fluid elimination pass in heat exchanger twice that is why is called two pass.
Now, F T given by root over up R square plus 1 then l m 1 minus S by 1 minus 1 minus
S by one minus R S. Now I will tell what is this S and R S, R then R minus 1 then long
two minus S into R plus 1 minus root over of R square plus 1 divided by 2 minus S into
R plus 1 plus root over of R square plus 1.

So, this derivation can be obtained from any suitable book impact in case book the
derivation are being given for 1 is to 2, 1 is to 4, 1 is to 6. So, F T value F T expression
can be directly taken from there and and and can be calculated or there is a there are
plots I will say this, the now question is what is S and what is R. So, if we consider like
this the case of the fluid like just this simply a situation this is the hot fluid and this is the
cold fluid coming out. So, this is T H1 is and this is T C2 and this is T H2 and this is T
C1. The idea is that T H T H 1 and T C2 these are the are the out two means outlet and
one means, inlet and T H1 and T C2 they are the highest temperatures for the respected
fluids and T H2 and T C1 are the lowest temperatures lower temperature for the
respected fluid. And therefore, it it is define like that R equals to is defined as T H1
minus, T H2 by T C2 minus T C1 and S is equal to T C2 minus, T C1 by T H1 minus T
C1. One interesting thing already we have discuss this thing sometimes back that few
lectures, back one interesting part you can see that this is the temperature difference of
the hot temperature difference of the cold. So, this is the ratio of the 2 that is it is
possibly is given by R and here it is the maximum possibility difference of the two
streams and this is the cold fluid temperature difference that is what is there. And so this
putting these values here we can find out of T and then R otherwise.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:13)

There are figures and the figures are plotted like that where we have F T is this side and
here we have that values of R and there are for different values of increasing R. We have
various figures available for different values of R. So, we have the values available we
can find out what is the value of F T for those cases. So, this can be found out
graphically or it can be found out with the help of the expressions mathematical
expressions. Second point what I wanted to see is that the baffles spacing. The baffles
spacing is usually and we know why this baffles are used is usually 0.2 D i to D i, so
diameter of the shell to two point two times diameter of the shell to the diameter of the
shell. Now, the another point what we should I should say here is this pressure drop
calculation.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:25)

So, we have to see that shell side and tube side both side pressure drop calculation and
incase of tube side, we know that the pressure drop are like this, calculated at the like this
delta P total is delta P frictional loss plus delta P return loss. And return loss is due to the
due to multi pass is due to multi pass heat exchanger and return of the fluids that already
we have discussed in the last lecture. Now, delta P F is given as f D is the fanning
friction factor into G t square into L into n by 2 g into rho t into d ti into phi t. phi t is the
viscosity correction phi t we have discussed that phi t is equal to mu by mu R sorry mu l
to the power 0.1 m. And this m is equal to 0.14 for Re greater than 2100 and m is equal
to 0.25 Re is less than 2100 in many most of the situation it is the in the turbulence flow
regime.

So, this is it is 0.14 and most of the time this is the correction factor is have to be
negligible and it is taken as 1 unit it. And then here f D equal f D is dorcey’s friction
factor; G t is mass velocity, L is tube length, n is number of pass passes, G we know and
rho t is the density tube fluid, density of tube fluid and d ti is the inner dia of the tube.
So, this are the and G we know gravitation acceleration.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:54)

Now, another part is that delta P r this is given as 4 n into V t square by twice g into rho t
here, V t is linear velocity of tube fluid and other terms are known to n is the number of
the passes, and delta P t is total is equal to delta P f plus delta P r. Similarly, for the shell
side pressure drop, we have to calculate that it is that delta P shell side is given as again f
D into G s square shell side, this is shell side f D G s square shell side mass flux into D
say s into N b plus 1 divided by twice g rho s D e into phi s. Again the same thing f D s
is the fannings friction factor for shell shell side. So, most all are shell side. So, I am not
repeating them G s is the mass flux or say mass velocity then D s is shell diameter here.
It is i will write it D i actually the notation is D i we are following. So, let us follow this
as to be d i shell dia inner then N b is number of the baffles.

So, this is what if not n number of N b number of baffles are there so number of crosses
would be N plus 1, because other than the baffles there would be there would be there
would be the tubes will be attach to the 2 tube sheets in the 2 ends. So, basically that
tubes are attach to the N number baffles N b number of baffles plus 2 tubes sheet so N b
plus 2. So, gaps would be N b plus 1 and those money crosses would be there. And rho is
the density D is equivalent diameter, and phi s is the viscosity correction factor. As we
have seen it is mu by mu w to the power point 1. So, this is what is necessary to know to
calculate the shell side pressure drop.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:04)

Now, just briefly we will say the major steps for shell and tube heat exchanger
calculations. And then we will take out the problems to discuss the details. So, the major
step is that, we have to know that thermo physical properties thermo physical properties
temperatures allowable pressure drop and allowable dirt factor. So, this things we have to
know to know we have to know this while you have calculating this then, we to know
another points like for shell side, shell details then tube details, either this is either to
know or to decide we have to decide depending on that. So, shell details and tube details
and then order of calculations. Now in a shell details and tube details we can understand
in shell details that, shell ID baffle spacing b then passes etcetera. And in tube details
tube dia length. Then we need to know the pitch passes etcetera. These things are to be
known or to be decided and then order of calculations if we just see 1 by 1.

So, energy balance as we have seen in case of or heat balance then true temperature
difference calculation, then caloric temperature if required and then estimation of
parameters so the physical form of physical properties.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:56)

Then we have then shells tubes side calculations. In tube sides calculations we have to
find out flow area. So, that is also for shell side calculation. So, we have to see side by
side shell side calculation or tube side calculation flow area. Then we know that we have
to find out the mass velocity, then we have to in this case we have to set select selection
of tube size estimation of h i heat transfer coefficient then estimation of h i o. So, these
are needed to then here, also in the shell side also mass velocity then c let selection of
suitable shell size then h o calculation. And then we have to calculate overall heat
transfer coefficient calculations, that indicates estimation of o clean heat transfer
coefficient estimation of that heat transfer coefficient, then estimation of R d that is the
dirt factor.

So, we have to check that the R d value lies in the allowable range or not if it not then we
have to redo the calculations that is very important to see.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:28)

And then comes the pressure of calculations for tube side and for shell side. Here also we
have to check that the pressure drop is below the available limit or not. So, in case of that
factor to see that the estimated that factor should be above the allowable 1, but in case of
pressure drop calculation you see that estimated pressure drop should be below the
allowable 1. So, once they are satisfying the necessity requirement then the design looks
to be fine or somebody can do some refinements some updations some for a even better
performances, but if they do not meet the those demands or requirements then we have to
go definitely we have to go for recalculations and rechecking.

(Refer Slide Time: 30:23)

Now, let us take a problem on this shell and tube heat exchanger so the problem
statements like this. Design a shell and tube heat exchangers to cool methanol from 70
degree centigrade to 40 degree centigrade. Now methanol flow rate 80,000 kg per hour.
Now water this is brackish water that is little polluted brackish water corrosive rather not
polluted corrosive water it is is used as coolant as coolant with a temperature rise from
30 degree centigrade to 40 degree centigrade. So, coolant temperatures rise from 30 to 40
degree centigrade. So, if we see the temperature profiles the other than the passes in
general, it would be like this other than the passes I am telling. So, here say I am sorry
something like that. So, here it is 70 degrees centigrade, this is 40 degree centigrade, this
is 30 degree centigrade and this is 40 degree centigrade. So, this is the coolant at this.
Now, we will apply kern’s method for this design.

Now, since coolant is corrosive it will be placed in tube side. So, that we know that we
corrosive fluid we should placed in the tube side, that reason is the corrosive fluid only
will corrode the tube otherwise if will put in the shell side, it will corrode both the shell
as well as tube surfaces. Now, C p methanol is equal to 2840 joule per kg per degree
centigrade and water 4180 joule per kg per degree centigrade at this C p at this is
methanol at 40 plus 70 by 2 say 55 degree centigrade and this is at 35 degree centigrade
at average temperature will be this.

(Refer Slide Time: 33:50)

So, one more point is to be told here is that caloric temperature is not needed to be
calculated, because we know that none of the fluids are having very high sensitivity in
the viscosities with respect to temperature. Now if you say that energy balances, from the
energy balance we know that Q dot is equal to hot fluid mass flow rate into C ph into
delta T h for temperature difference is equal to cold fluid marks fluid in to C pc cold
fluid specificity into delta T c cold fluid temperature difference, and we know that hot
fluid flow rate is being given. So, we can find out Q dot is equal to 80,000 by in terms of
second is this into 2840 into 30 and this is equal to 1893333.0 watt and then from here
we can calculate that W c is equal to 163062 kg per hour and that is equal to 45.29 kg per
second. And W h is equal to 80,000 kg per hour. And this is equal to 22.22 kg per
second. And flow of tube fluid is in two pass mode. So, this is 1 is to 2 S I T E shell and
tube heat exchangers that is to be design.

(Refer Slide Time: 36:05)

Now, delta T lm we know that is delta T 1 minus delta T 2 by lm delta T 1 by delta T 2

and that is equal to 18.20 degree centigrade. And F T has been calculated using the
formula root over of R square plus 1 lm 1 minus S by 1 minus R S by R minus 1 lm 2
minus S into R plus 1 root over of sorry minus root over of R square plus 1 by 2 minus S
R plus 1 plus root over R square plus 1. Here R is equal to 70 minus 40 by 40 minus 30
and that is equal to 3.0 and S is equal to 40 minus 30 by for the cold fluid this is the
changes and this is the maximum possible changes is 70 minus 30 that is equal to 0.25.
So, these are the values once is put these value F T is equal to correction fact is equal to
0.81. And this is that corrected LMTD or delta T true equals to 18.20 into 0.81 and that
is equal to 14.74 degree centigrade. So, this is the corrected temperature different so
LMTD correction is being done.

(Refer Slide Time: 37:59)

Now, let us assumed say U D is equal to 500 watt per meter square per degree
centigrade. So, this is the over heat of the coefficient dot, over heat of the coefficient is
assumed that this assumption is very much needed based on the kind of fluid we are
using, some initial estimate is needed just to get that overall area preliminary estimation
of the over area and then getting the number of the tubes and number of what is the shell
size what is the said tube set calculation all things to be done. And then finally, rechecks
wither the estimation is or approximation is correct or initial assumption at correct or not.
So, U D is assumed very fast that is the 550 watt per meter square per degree centigrade
this assumption is based on the kind of process fluid we have we have two kind of one is
the methanol another one is that brackish water. And we can see that some idea about
this is that figure 12.1 of in volume 6 of Coulson and Richardson’s chemical
engineering.

This is the third edition by R K Sinnolt. And this is Butterworth Heinemann 1990 this
edition. So, we can find out from this figure that for this kind of process fluids an
opportunity value of U D is 550 can be. So, that is a variation cans it from 500 to 700
watt per meter square per degree centigrade. So, I have taken as 550 as the watt per
meter square per degree centigrade as over heat transfer coefficient is better to take in
relatively at lower side, it that is two ensue that you need not go for any recalculation
with the things, thought there is a this curve have in say under designing of the under
taking lower value of the low estimate of heat transfer coefficient that means, the size of
heat exchanger will be more anyway.

So, this is what is being done. So, once we know that U D value then we can calculate
that area of heat exchange we know that heat load how much it that is the Q dot by U
into delta T true that we have already got and this U is that nothing, but U D overall and
considering the dots also therefore, it become happen to be we know that is a 1893333
divided by 550 into 14.74 and that gives me 234 meter square.

So, this has become the area of the heat exchanger once I know the area of heat
exchanger this area is nothing, but the area is coming from the tube. So, what will we
will chose tubes of this kinds say 20 millimeter o d 16 millimeter i d this kind of tubes
4.88 meter long. So, actual available length would be 4.88 minus it is 4.83 meter,
because the rest of the part would be entered into the tubes sheets. So, the rest of the part
would be in the so that means, 0.05 meter would be in the tubes sheets therefore, and this
20 meter o d n 60 meter i d these are the standard tube sides that are available in the in
various book will be found out the standard tube sizes is been taken.

(Refer Slide Time: 42:10)

And then once we know the tubes the number of tubes requirement, because we have
identify the tubes. So, we know the area. So, number of tubes is equal to 234 is total area
into pi into d l pi into 0.020 into l is what is the available area 4.83 meter is the available
area and that is why is become 771. So, I am approximating is the is the even number
because we know that there will be two tube passes so I am putting it to be 772. Now,
assuming… Now, in case of shell not this tube side, now if i go to the shell side
assuming triangular pitch for shell side where P T is equal to save 1.25 d to diameter of
the sheets. So, it is 1.25 pitch it is called so diameter of the tubes then tube bundle dia D
b is equal to d to into to N t by K 1 to the power 1 by n 1. N t is the number of tubes and
N t is number of tubes and K 1 and n 1 are constants depending on depending on the
pitch and type of pass.

So, in in in present situation in present situation K 1 is equal to 0.249 and n 1 is equal to

2.207. So, this values K 1 and n 1 also can be obtained by a from the book of Coulson
and Richardson it is given in tubular form.

(Refer Slide Time: 44:28)

So then, we get D b is equal to 0.020772 by 0.249 whole to the power 1 by 2.207 and
this gives me 0.764 meter, so this becoming the bundled dia of the tube. And so,
additional clearance is equal to 68 millimeter some value we have taken and then total is
764 plus 68 equals to 832 millimeter is the in diameter there should be the in diameter of
the shell. Now this in diameter of the shell either we can fabricate with this or standard
shell dia is 838.2 millimeter for 33 inch shell. So, either this can be used or this can be
used we will go by this values. Now, we have done this and we have to go for tube side
calculation so we have selected the tubes we have selected the shell.

(Refer Slide Time: 45:56)

Now, tube side calculation in tube side calculation we have mean temperature 35 degree
centigrade. And so, tube per pass that is very important is equal to 386 is the divided by
2. And so, water mass velocity we know the in diameter of the tubes G t will be equal to
584 kg per meter square per second. It is based on this flow area total flow area is equal
to 0.0776 meter square. So, number of tubes into the area of each tube and then rho is
equal to 995 kg per meter cube, mu is equal to 8 into 10 to the power 4 kg per meter per
second, k is equal to 0.6 watt per meter per degree centigrade, and mu by mu w is taken
as 1.0 and C p is equal to 4180 joule per kg per degree centigrade. And based on that we
can find out velocity of water is 0.59 meter per second. And then we using the c data
equation nusselt number we know as we have done 0.027 renal also to the power 0.8
prandtl to the power 0.3 mu by mu w to the power 0.14 and here. I have kern's is is equal
to renal is also 11680 and Prandtl number is equal to 25.573 and from there we know we
can calculate h i is equal to 3203 watt per meter square per Kelvin. And h i o is equal to
h i into i d by o d and this gives me 2562 watt per meter square per Kelvin
(Refer Slide Time: 48:09)

Now, so this is then if we go for shell side calculation shell side calculation also that
baffle spacing is equal to D s by 5 that is 832 by 5 is equal to 0.166 meter and then cross
flow area is in the formula we have used. This is D i by P T into B into C and that is
coming to be 0.0276 meter square G s is the mass velocity shell side 22.22 by 0.0276
that is 805 kg per meter square per second.

And the data for methanol is rho equal to rho is equal to 750 kg per meter cube, then mu
is equal to 3.4 into 10 to the power minus 4 kg per meter per second then C p is equal to
2840 joule per kg per degree centigrade, and then K is equal to 0.19 watt per meter per
Kelvin. And based on that what you find out the linear velocity equals to 1.07 meter per
second and then Reynolds number is equal to based on the equivalent diameter it is
coming to be 34094. So, an equivalent diameter is calculated based on the triangular
pitch arrangements. So, already we have discussed this part and once this is done then
Prandtl is equal to 5.1 and then using Kern’s relation already we have discussed h o
happens to be 2530 watt per meter square per Kelvin.
(Refer Slide Time: 50:05)

And once we know h i o, once we know h o then we can find out U C clean value will be
equal to 1273 watt per meter square per Kelvin. And then R d is equal to 0.00103 this we
have got from R d is equal to one by U D minus 1 by U C. So, this value is the R d and if
you see the calculations from brackish water and this say r o by r i into 1 by hsi plus 1 by
hso, this is for brackish water, and this is for methanol. And these value are 20 by 16 into
1 by 3000 plus this is 1 by 5000 this are the literature value of hams coefficient for
brackish water 3000 watt per meter square per Kelvin and this is 5000 watt per meter
square per Kelvin and then it gives me this value gives me 0.000617 meter square Kelvin
per watt and my R d value has come to be this meter square watt Kelvin per watt. So, it
says that R d is estimated R d is well above that possible R d for the process therefore,
the estimated all the calculations after it has to be find still another thing also you can say
that. So, we can ah even we can see that some more R d deposit can also be taken can up
by this instrument and then, so the estimated or the assumed assumed U D is find now.
(Refer Slide Time: 51:55)

Now, we have to check that whether the delta P is also find out or not, so far delta P
calculations pressure drop calculations for pressure drop calculations. What we will do is
the tube side calculations will used is equations, because the industrial levels situations.
So, we will be used at expression of this Wilson M c Adams and seltzer relations f f for
fanning friction factor factor f f and this is equal to 0.0035 plus 0.264 by Reynolds’s to
the power 0.42. Now in case of tube side we have seen that delta P F using this fanning
frictions factor I get that for tubes side we get f f is equal to 0.0087 and f D we get
0.0348 4th times of f f. And then delta P F we get as for the situation we gave as
707371.23 kg per meter square. And delta P return loss that we get from the equation
already we have discussed and that we get as 141.37 kg per meter square.

So, total delta P total becomes summation of this and this coming to be 512.6 kg per
meter square. So, we can say that is 5024 Pascal that is nearly equal to 0.77 Psi. So,
pounds pasturing so Psi means, pounds pasturing. So, this is a very low value. So, we can
increase the number of tube passes even increase the velocity and can have even can
have afford to have more pressure drop.
(Refer Slide Time: 54:10)

Now, if you see go for the shell side pressure drop again using the same relation see
using that f f is equal to 0.0035 plus 0.264 by Re to the power 0.42 and all Re this things
are known towards then we have get we can get f f is equal to here 0.0068 and f D is
equal to final friction 0.0278. And now, if we apply here in case of shell so, delta P s is
equal to f D G s square D i into N b plus 1 divided 2 g rho s D e into phi s phi s equal to
1.0, and N b is equals to you know N b is equal to 4.83 is the length of the tube divided
by which is exposed to the water. And the rest of the part is the in the tube sheet 0.166 is
the baffle spacing it becomes 29. So, then if you put that all the values over here D i is
known to as 0.832 meter. And all other values are known G s is equal to 805 kg per
meter square per second.

And then we delta P s 2078 kg per meter square and this is equal to 20368 Newton per
meter square is equal to 20.368 kilo Pascal, and that is equal to 3.11 Psi, so 3.11 pounds
per scrunch. Normally, after 7 to 10 Psi is the allowable range. So, we are still we are
much better and it can be further improve by more turbulence can be created to get more
heat transfer coefficient. So, these are the possibilities. So, for fine tuning further
treatment of this design can be done to get even at better design for this heat exchangers.
So, this is what is just to demonstrate about the heat exchanger design and for various
situations there can be n numbers of situations there can be n numbers of wave that the
heat exchangers has to be design, the basic below that remains the same.
So, we should be very careful to see that our we are not exceeding the limit for pressure
drop and we are well above this are the limit dirt factor limit. And if we are not
exceeding the pressure drops then we have plate other we are well below the pressure of
limitation then we have the limit we have the edge; we have the freedom to go for more
turbulence into the system. And more turbulence means more frictions more heat transfer
coefficient better heat transfer.

(Refer Slide Time: 57:09)

In addition to this there is another method of heat exchanger this is called that is called
Bell’s method of design heat exchanger design. And this is more appropriate or other I
should say more accurate than Kern’s method is more accurate than Kern’s method more
accurate in the sense of in calculation of heat transfer coefficient and Del calculation of
delta P. So, this are more accurate by Bells method is more accurate, because it takes
care of leakages in the shell side and the bypass flow in the shell side. So, more details of
the best method, so it is an we can say the find meant of the Kerns method taking care of
all this to leakages in the shell side whatever leakage that leakage can be happening
between the tube holes and the baffles. So, tube passing through tube holes in the baffles.
So, these leakages are there and also the bypass flow, because of the segmental cut.

So, these things more details can be found even in volume six production and recession.
So, this is all about this is all about our the module 7 heat exchanger design. In the next
lecture, we will start discussing on ah some other module module module eight for we
will be discussing on we will be discussing on evaporators design of the evaporators
various types of evaporators and design of the evaporators evaporators; thank you very
much.