Pathophysiology

Introduction
Subjects Number of lectures
Introduction 1
Cell Injury 3
Disorders of fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance 3
Disorders of Red Blood Cells 2
Disorders of Blood Flow and Blood Pressure 2
Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock 2
Diseases of immunity 3
Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, 1
and Childhood Disorders
Neoplasia 3
Disorders of ventilation and gas exchange 2
Disorders of gastrointestinal function 2
Disorders of hepatobiliary and 2
exocrine pancreas function
Disorders of Endocrine Control of 2
Growth and Metabolism
Diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome 4
What is pathophysiology?

 A subject to explore the rule of origin and

evolution of disease processes and the
fundamental mechanisms.
Difference from Physiology

Also named:
 Physiopathology
 Physiology of Disease
 Physiology of Disordered Function
Difference from Pathology

 Pathology emphasizes the structural changes.

 Pathophysiology focuses on the functional
and metabolic alterations and
the underlying mechanisms.
The Methodologies Used in Pathophysiology

 Traditionally, limited in systemic or organic

levels.
 Now, more methods
Why is Pathophysiology Important?
 As a bridge not between the basic science
and diseases but various basic sciences.
 Enabling the students, clinicians and other
practitioners to understand why and how
diseases develop and various
clinical manifestations appear,
and what are the fundamental
mechanisms.
How the Teaching of Pathophysiology
is Arranged?

 Introduction

 Fundamental pathological processes

 Organic pathophysiology

 Cellular and molecular pathophysiology

Major Points in Learning Pathophysiology

 The general concepts

 The etiology and pathogenesis

 The alterations in metabolism and functions

 The principles for the prevention and therapies

Conspectus of
Disease
Concept of Disease
 Disease is referred as aberrant manifestation
of deregulated homeostasis caused by
harmful agents.
 The development of a disease is definitely a
pathologic process with a characteristic set of
signs and symptoms involved in the whole
body or any of its parts.
Concept of Health
 Health is the state of the organism when it functions
optimally without evidence of disease.
 The definition of health from WHO:
Health indicates not only without any
evidence of disease, but also a state of
complete well-being physically,
psychologically and socially.
Etiology of disease

 Etiology is used to study the causative agents

including microorganisms, environmental,
social factors and personal habits as
contributing factors that causes disease.
 Answer the question why
disease happens.
Etiological factors

Extrinsic Factors
 Biological agents
 Chemical agents
 Physical agents
 Nutritional imbalance
Etiological factors
Intrinsic Factors
 Genetic factors
 Congenital factors
 Immunological factors
 Psychological factors
Precipitating Factors

 Natural conditions
 Physical condition
 Social condition
Pathogenesis
 The development of a disease is referred
to as pathogenesis.
 The sequence of events that leads from
cause of disease to structural and
functional abnormalities, to how the
disease manifests itself and finally to the
resolution or recovery of the disease.
 Example: common cold
 Cause = exposure to a cold virus
 Incubation time = virus multiplies
 Manifestation= host begins to have signs
and symptoms (sore throat, itchy eyes,
runny nose, etc.)
 Recovery = return to previous state of
health
Treatment
 Treatment of a disease should be as
precise as possible in order to attempt a
cure.
 Treatment interventions may include:
exercise, nutritional modifications,
physical therapy, medications, surgery,
and education.
Treatment
 Three common therapies are:
 Supportive therapy that includes rest,
optimal nutrition, fluids, possible
antibiotics to prevent a secondary
infection while the immune system is
recovering.
 Treatment
 Palliativetherapy – not a curative therapy;
provides relief from signs and symptoms of
their disease.
 Examples of this therapy might include:
steroids, pain relievers, possible surgery
(removal of tumor, etc.).
 This treatment used for terminal illnesses.
 Treatment

 Preventivetherapy – care that is given to

prevent disease.
 Examples of preventive therapy might
include: mammograms, blood pressure
screenings, routine dental care, colon cancer
tests.
Outcome of disease

 Complete recovery
 Incomplete recovery
 Death
Brain Death (WHO criteria )

 Cessation of spontaneous respiration

 Irreversible coma
 Absence of cephalic reflexes and dilated pupils
 Absence of any electrical activity of the brain
 Absence of brain blood flow
Thanks