Kinematics 1D

LECTURE 1
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Kinematics 1D
LECTURE 1
What is Motion and its Parameters ?
Motion An object is said to be in motion, if it changes its position with the passage of time

There are 5 basic parameters which are necessary to study a Motion

• Distance
• Displacement
• Speed
• Velocity
• Acceleration
Distance & Displacement
Distance
The actual length of the path, described by the particle
● A scalar quantity. ● Dimension of distance [M0L1T0]
● SI Unit of distance is m
Displacement
The minimum distance between initial and final position of a particle.
(Shortest Distance between 2 points)
● A vector quantity. ● Dimension of displacement [M0L1T0]
● SI Unit of distance is m
Distance ≥ Displacement
Difference between Distance and Displacement

Distance Displacement

1. Total length of path 1. Shortest distance

covered by a body between initial & final
2. Scalar quantity position
3. For a closed path, 2. Vector quantity
distance travelled is 3. For a closed path,
non-zero displacement is zero
Example A farmer has to go 500 m due North, 400 m due East
and 200 m due South to reach his field
I. What distance he has to walk to reach the field?
II. What is the displacement from his house to the field?
 Example A farmer has to go 500 m due North, 400 m due East
and 200 m due South to reach his field
I. What distance he has to walk to reach the field?
II. What is the displacement from his house to the field?
Solution:
Distance = AB + BC+ CD
= ( 500 + 400 + 200 ) B C
N
= 1100 m 400 200
W E
E
500 D
S Distance: 1100m

A
 Example A farmer has to go 500 m due North, 400 m due East
and 200 m due South to reach his field
I. What distance he has to walk to reach the field?
II. What is the displacement from his house to the field?
Solution:

∴Displacement, AD = √AE2 + ED2 C

N B
= 400
E
√ (300)2 + (400)2 200
200
W
= 500 m E 400

S 300 D
∴ Displacement:
500 m,530 east of north A
Distance & Displacement of particle when it changes
its direction of motion ?
Distance and displacement of particle when it changes its direction of
motion

Displacement
→ → → S1
S = S1 + S2
O
S2
Displacement

This can be applied for n number of

changes in direction, the net displacement
vector sum of all the displacement

→ → → → →
S = S + S + S + ... + S
1 2 3 n
Distance and displacement of particle when it changes its direction of motion

Let us discuss distance travelling the same case

S1
The net distance
→ →
⎪ S1 ⎪ + ⎪ S2 ⎪ O
S2

This can be applied for n number of changes in

direction, the net distance travelled is equal to the
addition of magnitude of all the displacements.

→ → → →
= ⎪ S ⎪ + ⎪ S ⎪+ ⎪ S ⎪ + . . . + ⎪ S ⎪
1 2 3 n
Example A particles moves from origin to (10,0) and then comes back
2 m towards the origin. Find the displacement of the particle.
^
A. 6im
^
B. 7im
^
C. 8im
^
D. 9im
 Example A particles moves from origin to (10,0) and then comes back
2 m towards the origin. Find the displacement of the particle.

Solution: Since the displacement 2m is in –ve x direction

Distance = 10 +2 = 12 m
Y
Displacement =
10m

O X
B A
2m
 Speed & Velocity
100 m/s 100 m/s

Speed : 100 m/s Speed : 100 m/s

Velocity : 100 m/s (WEST) Velocity : 100 m/s (EAST)
or or
-100 ^i +100 ^i
Average Speed
The ratio of distance covered by a particle and time is called Average Speed

Place A
Place B

vavg = total distance

time

Speed is a scalar quantity

In M.K.S. = m/sec
In C.G.S.= cm/sec
Dimension [M0LT-1]
Instantaneous Speed
When the speed of an object is constantly changing, the instantaneous
speed is the speed of an object at a particular moment (instant) in time.

Place A
Place B

vinst = dx
dt
Speed is a scalar quantity
In M.K.S. = m/sec
In C.G.S.= cm/sec
Dimension [M0LT-1]
 Average Speed
It is the ratio of total displacement to the total time taken.

Place A
Place B
x1 , t1

x2 , t2

=
t2 – t 1

=
Δt
What will be Velocity of a particle when it REVERSES its direction of motion ?
For a particle constrained to move in a straight line, it can only change its
direction of motion opposite to the original direction of motion.
v=0
If a body (particle) REVERSES direction of motion, at a Hmax
point its velocity at that point must be ZERO.

When you throw a ball up, when it

reaches the highest point, it changes
its direction of motion and starts
coming down
Examples of Speed and Velocity
Example A particle goes from point A to B on a semi circle of radius 1m
in 1sec
I. the average speed
II. the magnitude of average velocity.
A
A. π m/s, 2 m/s
B. 2π m/s, 4 m/s
C. π/2 m/s, 1 m/s O
D. 2 m/s, 2 m/s

B
 A particle goes from point A to B on a semi circle of radius 1m in
Example
1sec
I. the average speed
II. the magnitude of average velocity.

Solution: A
Total distance
I. Average speed =
Total time O

πr
= = 3.142 m/s B
1
 A particle goes from point A to B on a semi circle of radius 1m in
Example
1sec
I. the average speed
II. point
A particle goes from theAmagnitude of average
to point B on a semi velocity.
circle of radius 1 meter in 1 second.

Solution: A
II. Average velocity Total displacement
=
Total time
O
2R
= = 2 m/s
1
B
 dv
Example Can d v = 0 while ≠0
dt dt

A. True
B. False
 Example dv
Can d v = 0 while ≠0
dt dt

Solution: In case of uniform circular motion speed remains constant while

velocity changes.

Hence, it is possible to have

d v while dv
=0 ≠0
dt dt
 Example dv
Can d v = 0 while ≠0
dt dt

Solution: In case of uniform circular motion speed remains

constant while velocity changes.
d⎥ v⎥
≠ 0 Implies that speed of particle is not constant.
dt
Hence dv Cannot be zero in this case.
dt
➢ So, it is not possible
dv
Can dv = 0 while dt
dt
 A car covers 30 km in 2 hrs and next 40 km at 20 km/h.
Example
Find the average speed in the entire journey.
A. 15 km/h
B. 17.5 km/h
C. 20 km/h
D. 22.5 km/h
 Example A car covers 30 km in 2 hrs and next 40km at 20 km/h.
I. Find the average speed in the entire journey.
Solution: Total Distance Travelled 30 km 40 km
∵ Avg speed =
Total Time 20 km/h
A 2 hrs C B

30 + 40 40
= t +t tCB = d = 20 = 2 hrs
AC CB v
30 + 40
=
2 + tCB
70
= = 17.5 km/h
4
 A particle travels half the distance with a velocity v0 .The remaining half
Example was travelled with v1 for half the time and with v2 for the other half of
time.
Find the average velocity of the particle for complete motion.
Example A particle travels half the distance with a velocity v0 .The
remaining part of distance was travelled with velocity v1 for half
the time and with velocity v2 for the other half of time.
Find the average velocity of the particle for complete motion.

Solution: S
vavg = s1 S2
tAB + tBC v0 B v1 v2
A C
S
= v0 tAB S/2 S S/2
2

tAB = S
2v0
 Example A particle travels half the distance with a velocity v0 .The
remaining part of distance was travelled with velocity v1 for half
the time and with velocity v2 for the other half of time.
Find the average velocity of the particle for complete motion.

Solution: s1 S2
S1 = v1 tBC v0 B v1 v2
2 A C

vavg = S t S/2 S S/2

tAB + tBC S2 = v2 BC
2
(v1 + v2)
S1 + S2 = tBC
tAB = S 2
2v0 (v + v2)
S = 1 tBC
2 2

⇒ tBC = S
v1 + v2
 Example A particle travels half the distance with a velocity v0 .The
remaining part of distance was travelled with velocity v1 for half
the time and with velocity v2 for the other half of time.
Find the average velocity of the particle for complete
motion.
s1 S2
Solution: v0 B v1 v2
S A C
S
vavg = vavg =
S/2 S S/2
tAB + tBC S S
+
2v v1 + v2
S
⇒ tAB =
0

2v0 2v0(v1 + v2)

vavg
= v1 + v2 + 2v0
tBC = S
⇒
v1 + v2
Example If a particles travels n equal distances with speeds v1, v2,……., vn
Then average speed of the particle will be?
 Example If a particles travels n equal distances with speeds v1, v2,……., vn
Then average speed of the particle will be?

Solution: v1 v2 v3 vn
s s s s
ns
Total Distance n
Avg speed= =
Total time t1 + t2s + t3 + …..tn
ns S = v1t1
V = ⇒ s
s + s + s s t1 =
+ v1
v1 v2 v3 + ….. vn
ns 1 1 1 1 1 1
V = ⇒ = + + + …..
s 1 1 1 + …..+ 1 V n v 1 v 2 v3 vn
v1 + v2 + v3 vn
What is Acceleration ?
Average Acceleration
It is defined as the ratio of the change in velocity to the time interval.

Place A Place B Place C

v1 t1 v2 t2
0 1m/s 2m/ 3m/ 4m/s 5m/ 6m/ 7m/ 8m/ 9m/ 10m/ 11m/ 12m/s
s s s s s s s s s
 Average Acceleration

Then,
change in velocity
Average Acceleration =
time interval

=
t2 – t1 Δt
Instantaneous Acceleration
It is the Rate of change of velocity

● A Vector quantity
● unit is m/s2 in SI system

Place A Place B
Instantaneous Acceleration

= x
dt dt dt ds

= x
dt ds

v
ds
Example What dv and d|v| represent
dt dt ?
does
 Example What dv and d|v| represent
dt dt ?
does

Solution:

dv
represents magnitude of acceleration
dt

d |v| represents the rate of change of speed

dt
Kinematics Graphs
 PE
SLO y

x
S LO PE
S LO PE
 Position - Time graph

s s

t t

How to find Average and Instantaneous Velocity from position-time graph ?

 Position - Time graph
Average Velocity: Slope of chord between any two points on position - time
graph gives us average velocity.

X (m)

=
B t2 – t1
x2

=
x1 A Δt
t (s)
t1 t2
Position - Time graph

Instantaneous Slope of Tangent to position - time graph at any instant

Velocity: gives us instantaneous velocity at that instant

X (m)

= tanθ
A

θ
t (s)
Examples of Position - Time graph
 s (m)
Example From the Position - Time graph

Average Velocity from 1s to 3s 45

30
A. 7.5 m/s 15
B. 15 m/s
t (s)
C. 30 m/s
D. 35 m/s 1 2 3
Example From the position time graph identify the velocity at 3s

s (m)
A. 1/√3 m/s
B
70
B. √3 m/s
40 A
10
C. 3 m/s
300 600
t(s)
D. Data Insufficient 1 2 3 4 5 6
Example In which of the case does the particle starts from rest
s s s s

t t t t

A B C D
Example In which of the case initial velocity is –ve

s s s s

t t t t

A B C D
Example In which of the case initial velocity is +ve

s s s s

t t t t

A B C D
Example t D At what point is the Velocity Maximum ?
C

A
s
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