 Research is a careful and systematic study and investigation in some field of knowledge.

To be so, it involves defining conditions that need corrective

measures and thorough analysis of its background and its effect.
 Research studies can build or change; therefore, challenge of new studies on past researches that were proven true and effective is to discover
limitations and weaknesses of past researches as guide.
 Operational definitions of terms used in a research study means how words are connotatively used in a research study.
 While concepts are abstraction of meanings from certain realities, propositions are statements about concepts which may be proven true or false.
 Theories are set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, propositions used to explain a phenomena and these are used as a representation
of relationship between among concepts.
 The quality of a research study could be established through: It’s findings and conclusions.
 Flaws in procedural design must be well-discussed to shed further light on any gap to other researchers who may want to replicate the study. Flaws
means limitations and weaknesses of the study.
 Conclusions of any research must always be supported by relevant data and information.
 Data and findings in the research study must all be reported including statistical computations and their interpretations.
 The researcher must finally decide that in writing a research paper, the foremost thing to consider is the worth and the novelty of the research topic is
foremost.
 Narrowing down a research topic would mean establishing a topic to a more manageable one.
 In limiting the topic, you as the researcher must consider three important factors importance, resources and manageability.
 Availability of materials and resources on your selected topic calls for more facts and information as support for your study.
 In choosing and reading articles about your chosen topic, you need to decide the necessary relevant facts and information.
 Adequate data and sufficient analysis of data is important in elaborating findings and conclusions.
 A good research topic tests brevity, conciseness and narrowness of a research topic.
 The research topic and the statement of the problem are identical because: a) The research topic is expressed in a declarative statement; b) The
research topic guides what to research on; and c) The research problem poses the issue to be tackled in the study.
 In a simple descriptive-survey research the variables present the Independent and dependent variables.
 The hypothesis are the propositions that must undergo evaluations to its causes and effects.
 Three conditions of a good hypothesis include the following standards explainable, testable and with fewer conditions or assumptions.
 In a descriptive-survey research, a causal analysis is acceptable where one variable leads to an effect on that other variable.
 A trend analysis is a descriptive research that foretells the direction and the future status of certain phenomenon like population size, school enrolment,
business growth, household expenditure, etc.
 A case study is a descriptive research that aims to have a comprehensive understanding of an individual group. It hopes to capture processes that
explain the characteristics and behavior of a person or groups.
 A content analysis is a descriptive research that investigate the social and economic characteristics, opinions, and their knowledge about and behavior
towards a certain phenomenon.
 Census is a kind of survey that covers the entire population under investigation.
 A sample survey is a kind of survey that covers a portion of the study population.
 Correlational is a kind of descriptive research that finds out the extent of relationship between different variables as distinguished by the characteristics
of the study and its system is correlational.
 Longitudinal is a kind of study that involves time for investigation to establish some patterns. For example: weight or height patterns, or other change or
growth and development patterns is longitudinal.
 Evaluative is a research design that assesses the worthiness of the study. For example: the study aims to evaluate the conduct of an implementation of
a certain program making group of persons who are directly involved in the program as respondents.
 Purposive is sampling of respondents is based on the basic requirements of the researcher like choosing only those that meet the criteria of the study.
 Quota is a kind of stratified sampling that requires a representation of each stratum, like number of male and female if needed in the study.
 Probability is a sampling design that provides the likelihood of selecting as a sample representative.
 Non-probability is a sampling design gives no assurance of inclusion as a sample representative.
 Random Sampling is a kind of sampling technique where each name in the list is written on a rolled paper, and then drawn to get desired number of
sample respondent.
 A kind of sampling technique where each name in the list is written on a rolled paper, and then drawn to get desired number of sample respondent is
Stratified Sampling.
Checklist in Doing the Review of Related Literature YES NO
1. A review of related literature includes all forms of writing. 
2. Related literature means those materials that are contributory to the concepts of a specific research study. 
3. Previous research studies may be used as reference. 
4. Online resources are library resources. 
5. Copying the exact words and statements are important in making the review. 
6. Reading past researches in general will enrich current research study. 
7. Reading relevant past researches will guide one’s investigation of the current study. 
8. A researcher must start with what he/she knows and what available materials he/she has to begin his research work. 
9. In the chronological approach in presenting the review, the writer starts with themes. 
10. Paraphrasing and summarizing related literature to help avoid committing plagiarism (owning other’s work as his/her own. 
11. The researcher must look into the statement of the problem and sub problems as reference for his/her review. 
12. Abstracts of theses and speeches are inadequate library resources. 
13. The review presents some weaknesses and limitations of a specific research. 
14. In note-taking, biographical informations are omitted. 
15. Direct quotations that are used must be short. 