DAVINCI SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE

AR6512- SITE ANALYSIS AND PLANNING

UNIT-2 – SITE DRAWINGS

A SET-OUT SURVEY IS USED TO SET OUT THE EXACT POSITION OF

A PROPOSED STRUCTURE WITHIN THE LEGAL BOUNDARIES OF A
PIECE OF LAND.
This kind of survey is very important when preparing for any type of
construction work.

Basically a set-out survey involves transferring a building design onto the

land itself so the builders can follow it during construction. During the
process, key points are established and markers used to guide the building
process and ensure accuracy.

For large scale projects, such as high rise buildings and developments,
multiple set-out surveys may be needed as the construction progresses.
Examples of this would be for the earthworks, roads, car parks, sewerage,
water and the actual buildings themselves.

WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT?

These surveys are important for several reasons:

 They allow for the construction to be done within the legal boundary, which
is vital to ensure no boundary disputes later on
 They enable the construction team to build exactly to plan as markers are
physically laid out in front of them
 WHEN ARE SET-OUT SURVEYS NEEDED?
 When building anything from a small dwelling to major commercial building
or high rise
 When building roads, bridges, tunnels etc
 Doing any extensions to existing buildings

What is a centerline plan?

A 'centerline' is a line, often dashed and usually of a light

(thin) line weight, drawn exactly through the axis of symmetry of a
symmetrical object in the drawing to both denote that it is symmetrical, and
to dimension the position of the centre - such as for a circular or oval part
of the plan.

Setting Out
Setting out is done to locate the position of the structural parts as in the detailed
drawing with geometrical construction. The setting out is done to locate pile position,
pile cap, column position, beam bottoms and slab boundary in the site.

Setting out is done with the reference to grid lines. When the grid lines are given in
the drawing, setting out are done with reference to these grid lines using any type of
technique means Suring angles or distances. In the absence of any kind of grid lines
detail first the location is at the site. Considering other requirements of usage and
setting out is done with reference to any base line or permanent structure. In site the
base line has marked in the side of the Moors road and all grid lines are marked on
around of the boundary wall.

The accuracy of setting out is depending on the usage and for which the structure is
used. The method of setting out is depend considering the accuracy required and the
measuring instruments availability, there are two types of measuring instruments
one is measuring angles and other is by length the whole setting out work is
done either by measuring angles or by measuring lengths or by measuring both.
Setting out of a pile position and foundation is very important and the accuracy of the
whole structure is depending on it. Setting out was started from ground floor and
continued to the other floors. If error is not allowable setting out has to be done again.
MARKING COLUMN CENTRES

 Setting out of columns is a main task.

 First the theodolite is stout over a base point and bisect a target set or another base
point and clamped.
 Then nails are driven at different locations along the line which is described by the
vertical cross hair of the telescope, to obtain the grid line on the floor.
 Then the line is marked using an inked thread holding between nails the lines
perpendicular to the base line is also marked as required.
 The distances to the centre of each column from two perpendicular grid lines are
calculated and noted down.
 Finally, by direct measurements from grid lines are marked to give the column centre.

CONSTRAINTS OF SETTING OUT

Setting out is providing pegs, levels, profiles and other information necessary for
carrying out construction works. The results of setting out should be the true
interpretation of the information given in the drawings.

Setting out should always have independent checks for readily detecting any errors and
well recorded methodical approach for future reference. The basic requirements for
setting out are the measurement of distance, the measurement of angles and the
establishment of levels.

Disadvantages for doing the work without layout

At some sites of work the contractor brings steel pieces, erects the same on the
ground and start the work of excavation. In due course these steel pieces are just
discarded. Thus no proper reference point is available while doing further jobs.

 It involves extra time for measuring the offset again and again.
 Accuracy cannot be checked at early stage and it will be very difficult to rectify
the same in later stage.
 It involves wastage of time and money while doing rectification. This also
leads to bad quality of work.

Advantages of Layout

 It saves time for measuring and setting of point again and again at the time of
construction.
 It increases the efficiency of mason and foreman for doing their jobs.
 Accuracy can be checked at any time at any step.
 If any mistake is found, it can be easily be rectified at early stage. It is very
difficult to rectify the mistake in later.
 Cross check can be done by senior engineer in minimum time.
 A qualitative work is maintained.
 Before Commencement, of the excavation of trenches for foundation, a
setting out plan is prepared on paper. The setting out plan is a dimensioned
ground floor plan, usually drawn to scale of 1:50.

1. The plan is fully dimensioned at all breaks and openings. One of the
methods of setting out of foundations is to first mark the centre
line of the longest outer wall of building by stretching a string
between wooden pegs driven at its ends.
2. This serves as the reference line for marking the centre line of all the
walls of the building.
3. The centre line of the wall, which is perpendicular to the long wall, is
marked by setting up a right angle.
 Computation of Area

One of the primary objects of land surveying is to determine the area of the
land surveyed. Areas may be determined by: 1. computation from field notes: It
can be done by two ways.

a. Calculation of the area of the skeleton of the survey and

b. Calculation of the area enclosed between survey lines of skeleton and
boundaries.

a. Areas of skeleton:

1. BY geometry
2. Co-ordinates
By Geometry:

a. Area of triangle forming skeleton

Area = under route s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c)Where a, b, c, are the side of triangle and
semi perimeter, s=a+b+c/2

b. Area = ½ x base x height

c. Area of rectangle = length x width

d. Area of square = side2

e. Area of Trapezium = ½ (sum of parallel sides) x distance between them

= ½ (a + b) x h

Computation of Area from Previously Plotted Plan:

The area may be calculated in the following two ways:

Case 1 – Graphical method

Case 2 - Instrumental Method

Case 1- Graphical Method:

The graphical methods are those in which the required data obtained from
measurements of plan.In this case the area of figure is found as a whole, or the
areas of the skeleton and the irregular strips are found separately.
A. Considering Entire Areas:

1. By division into triangles:

The most convenient method is to divide the figure in to a number of triangles.

The base and altitude of each triangle are scaled and its area is found.

2. By division into square:

In this method a peace of tracing paper ruled out into squares, each responding
a definite number of square meter or square centimeter is placed over the
drawing. The number of whole square is measure and area is found. The
portions of broken square are estimated in terms of Whole Square and broken
squares.

3. By division into trapezoids or By drawing parallel lines and

converting them to rectangle:

By placing the tracing paper over the plan the length the rectangles is
obtained.
And area is calculated as:Required area = {length of rectangles} x {constant
distance common breadth}

b. Considering the area along Boundaries:

1. The mid ordinate rule:

In this method the coordinates are measured at the mid- point of each division
and the area is calculated by

Following Formula:

h1+h2+h3+……….. +hn
Area = ----------------------------------- X 1
N

Or = (h1+h2+h3+ ………+hn) d Where,h1, h2, h3… = Ordinates at the mid

points
1 = length of the base line.
n = number of equal parts in to which the base line is divided
d = common distance between the ordinates 1/n

2. The average ordinate rule:

(Oo +O1+O2 +…………+0n)

Area of strip = ----------------------------------------- X L
n+1

3. Trapezoidal rule:

Area of strangle = d/2 (0o+201+202+…………20n-1+0n)

If we consider the boundary on both side of survey line ab, thenArea of triangle
= d [(0o+0n)/2 + 01+02+…………. + 0n-1)

4. Simpson’s rule:

In this rule, the boundaries between the ends of coordinates are assumed an
area of a parabolaSimpson’s rule is sometimes called parabolic rule.

Area= d/3(01+402+203+404+……………….0n)
= d/3 {01+0n+4(02+04+………..)+2(03+05+…………….)}Common distance
= {1st ordinate + last ordinate)
+4(sum of even ordinates)
+2(sum of remaining odd ordinates)}

Case 2: Instrumental method:

This method consists of determining the area of a given map [figure] the uses
of a planimeter.It is the best and most expeditious method and gives accurate
results than other methods.

Calculation from the field notes:

There are two types of planimeter:

1. The Amsler polar planimeter and

2. The rolling planimeter.