1.

Atomic structure and the periodic table of the elements

1. Atomic theory and its development

a. Definition of the atom

The atom is the smallest part of an element that cannot be decomposed into particles that are smaller.

Atomic theories

1. Dalton Model of the atom

Dalton thinks that atom is:

1. Small particles that can not be broken down again

2. Atoms of an element have the same properties, while the atoms of different elements will have a
different mass properties and

3. Compound can be formed if the atoms joined to each other.

4. Chemical reactions only involving stylist Deuteronomy atoms, so there are no atoms which
change in a chemical reaction.

The advantages of Dalton's atomic theory:

1. Is the first atomic theory gave rise to theories of other atoms.

2. Explain the basic laws of chemistry of Lavoisier and Proust.

Lack or weakness of Dalton's atomic theory:

1. Can not explain the cause of the difference in the nature of atoms of an elementwith another
element.

2. can't explain electricity/the charge material.

3. can't explain how atoms bind each other.

2. the Model of the atom by j. j. Thomson

This model is a refinement of the Atomic model of Dalton, which atom positively
charged ball with electron that fused on the ball, just like raisin bread. This model of the atom is
not long-lived because of unperfect

The advantages of Thomson's atomic theory:

1. Can explain the existence of subatomic particles.

2. Can explain the atomic mass.

3. Be able to describe electrical/Atomic charge.

Rutherford Model of the atom

The sempurnaan model of the atom, according to j. j. Thomson, succeeded by Rutherford who
was a pupil of j. j. Thomson

Rutherford Atomic illustrates that consists of atoms are positively charged and are at the center
of atoms, and electrons moving to surround the nucleus. The downside of the Rutherford model of the
atom that is, an inability to explain why the electrondoes not fall into the nucleus due
to electrostatic attraction style, so that the model of the atom was abandoned.

The advantages of Rutherford's atomic theory:

1. x-ray scattering events can explain α on plates of gold.

2. Can explain the existence of the atomic nucleus.

Shortage of Rutherford's atomic theory:

1. Can not explain the stability of atoms, why electrons don't fall into the nucleus during circling
the nucleus. According to the laws of classical physics, a charged objects that surround the nucleus will
experience an acceleration and the emitting energy,he will fall into the nucleus because it ran out
of energy.

2. Can not explain the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which is discrete.

4 Niels Bohr Model of the atom.

This model of the atom explain as follows:

1. The electrons in the core atomberedar in a trajectory that is a certain energy level,
without emitting or absorbing energy. The electrons in these circumstances is called a State is called a
stationary state.

2. when the atoms are given a certain amount of energy from the outside, the electrons – electrons will
move to a higher energy level, or are at a greater distance fromthe nucleus. Electron in this State is
called the excited

3. If an electron moves from low to high trajectory, it will absorb energy so otherwise. The magnitude
of the energy released is the energy difference between the two paths.

E = E2-E1 = hV

KET:

V = frequency rays

H = Planck constants

4. energy levels that can be occupied by an electron in an atom. Further from the atom, the energy level
is greater.

The advantages of the Bohr atomic theory:

1. May explain the stability of the atom, the atom is composed of some skin.

2. Be able to describe the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which is discrete.

3. Can explain electron orbital RADIUS.

4. Can prove the existence of the quantization of energy in the atom.

Atomic Borh weaknesses:

1. Not able to explain the existence of smooth structures (fin structure) on the spectrum, i.e. two or
more adjacent line

2. Not yet able to explain complex Atomic spectrum

3. the relative Intensity of each line spectrum emission

4. The effect of the time of Jesus the splitting of gari spectrum when the atom is in a magnetic field.
Shortage of Thomson's atomic theory:

1. Can not explain the order of positive and negative charge within the atom.

3. Rutherford Model of the atom

The PERFECT model of the atom, according to j. j. Thomson, succeeded by Rutherford who was a pupil
of j. j. Thomson

Rutherford Atomic illustrates that consists of atoms are positively charged and are at the center
of atoms, and electrons moving to surround the nucleus. The downside of the Rutherford model of the
atom that is, an inability to explain why the electron does not fall into the nucleus due
to electrostatic attraction style, so that the model of the atom was abandoned.

The advantages of Rutherford's atomic theory:

1. x-ray scattering events can explain α on plates of gold.

2. Can explain the existence of the atomic nucleus.

the periodic properties of elements

The main tendency of the properties of the element and its compounds are classified according to the
period and the. Throughout the period from left to right, the atomic number increases, while the size of
the skin (the size of the atom) is reduced, because the nuclear charge increases. This causes the control
of atoms (nuclei) against the electron increases throughout the period from left to right. In
one group from top to bottom of the Atomic nuclear charge increases and the skin of the
atom also increased. These two factors in giving conflicting effects regarding the influence of the atomic
nucleus electron in the atom's skin against. But the larger effect of the increase of the skin rather
than the increase of the charge of the atom nucleus. Electron configuration in
addition in skin sub (orbital) also give significant effects against the attributes of elements. The
above factors affecting the keperiodikan nature of the elements in one period or in a group.

Regularity properties of the elements in the periodic table that is

1. Atomic RADIUS
The size of the atom is the distance from the core up to a place that has the greatest opportunity to
find electron in their outer skin. This distance is called the radius of the atom. The metal used for the
definition of radius of metal as the shortest distance between two half nuclei in solids. The
metal used for the definition of Covalent radii as half the distance between the center
of two identical atoms covalently bonded.

The greater the positive charge is getting smaller Ionic RADIUS, is the greater negative charge the
larger ionic radii. It can be formulated as follows:

a. from left to right within a period of fewer fingers.

b. in a group from top to bottom RADIUS grew big, although the nuclear charge increases, the
effective nuclear charge by the influence of the electron is almost unchanged since the inner skin
of the embargo is fully charged.

2. Ionization energy (ionization potential)

Ionization energy, I of an atom is the energy that must be absorbed by the atoms of the gas so
that the smallest colour lektron (weakest bound) can be separated completely or loose.

The magnitude of the ionization energy is affected by nuclear

charge and Atomic radii. Increasingly larger nuclear charge more pull-style core against
the electron that increasingly greater ionization energy. Conversely, the larger the Atomic RADIUS, the
farther the jar