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In the previous discussion, we discussed the measures of central tendency.

These
measures simply approximate the central value of the distribution. However, such
descriptions are not enough to be able to adequately describe the characteristics of a set of
data. Hence, there is a need to consider how the values are scattered on either side of the
mean. Values used to determine the scatter of values in a distribution are called measures of
variability.
Measures of variability are important quantities used by statisticians in evaluating
data. Smaller variability of scores arising from the comparison often indicates more
consistency and more reliability of the given data.
In this lesson, we will consider the most commonly used measures of variability: the
range; the average deviation; the variance; and the standard deviation.
LESSON 1: RANGE

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to do the following:
a. define range
b. calculates the range of ungrouped data
c. compares the range of the data sets

DISCUSSION
Range is considered as the simplest among the measures of variability. It is simply the
difference between the highest value and the lowest value in a given set of data. In comparing
two sets of data in terms of its range, the smaller the range, the less scattered the values is,
which also means the values are more consistent than the other. For example, if the highest
value is 120 and the lowest value is 25, then the range is the difference between 120 and 25
which is 95. In symbols, if we let R be the range, then
𝑹=𝑯−𝑳

where H – represents the highest value


L – represents the lowest value

Example 1.1
The following are the scores of the 6 grade 7 students in their math test: 10, 8, 9, 7,
5, and 3. Find the range:

Solution:
highest score = 10
lowest score = 3
solve for the range
𝑹=𝑯−𝑳
𝑹 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟑
𝑹=𝟕
therefore, the range of the scores of the 6 grade 7 students in their math test is 7.

Example 1.2
In a volleyball game between Ateneo Lady Eagles and De La Salle Lady Spikers,
Lady Eagles defeated Lady Spikers in a five set game with the score 3 – 2. The following
are the scores of the teams in each set of the game.

1
SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 SET 4 SET 5 TOTAL MEAN
Ateneo Lady Eagles 17 30 25 20 20 112 22.4
De La Salle Lady Spikers 25 28 16 25 18 112 22.4

The data above tells that both teams have the same mean score which is 22.4.

Finding the range of the scores of each team: 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 − 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑨𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐 𝑳𝒂𝒅𝒚 𝑬𝒂𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 → 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟏𝟑
𝑫𝒆 𝑳𝒂 𝑺𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒅𝒚 𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒌𝒆𝒓𝒔 → 𝟐𝟖 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐

Comparing the two scores, you will notice that the scores in each set of Lady Eagles
have a higher range than the scores in each set of Lady Spikers. These ranges tell us that
the score in each set of the Lady Eagles are more scattered than the scores in each set of
Lady Spikers. therefore, the Lady Spikers are more consistent in their score in every set
even if they lose against the Lady Eagles.

Example 1.3
The grades of the two grade 7 students in mathematics in every quarter are the
following:
Student 1: 95, 92, 94, 94
Student 2: 96, 97, 93, 92

a. Find the mean grade in Mathematics of each student.


b. Find the range of the grades in Mathematics of each student.
c. Which grades are less scattered and has more consistent grades between the two
student?

Solution:
a. To find the mean grade in Mathematics of each section, add all the scores and divide
with the number of students, in symbols we have

∑ 𝒙𝒊
̅=
𝒙
𝑵

where ̅ → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏


𝒙
𝒙𝒊 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑵 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒓
∑ 𝒙𝒊 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝒊

2
now, we have
∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝟗𝟓+𝟗𝟐+𝟗𝟒+𝟗𝟒 𝟑𝟕𝟓
Student 1: ̅=
𝒙 = = = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟕𝟓
𝑵 𝟒 𝟒
∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝟗𝟔+𝟗𝟕+𝟗𝟑+𝟗𝟐 𝟑𝟕𝟖
Student 2: ̅=
𝒙 = = = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓
𝑵 𝟒 𝟒

Based on the data above, Student 2 has a higher mean than Student 1.

b. To find the range of the grades in Mathematics of each student in every quarter, find the
difference of the lowest and highest grade of each student, we have

Student 1: 𝑹 = 𝑯 − 𝑳 = 𝟗𝟓 − 𝟗𝟐 = 𝟑
Section 2: 𝑹 = 𝑯 − 𝑳 = 𝟗𝟕 − 𝟗𝟐 = 𝟓
Based on the data above, Student 1 has a smaller range than Student 2.

c. Considering the mean grade of each student in the 4 quarters, student 2 has greater
mean, which means there is a quarter in which student 2 perform better than student 1.
Considering the range of the grades in Mathematics for the 4 quarters, student 1 has a
smaller range than student 2, which means the grades of student 1 are less scattered than
student 2. Since the grade of student 1 are less scattered, therefore, student 1 are more
consistent on his/her grades throughout those 4 quarters.

EXERCISE 1.1
Compute for the range of the following data:
1. 15, 29, 27, 36, 59, 52, 36, 23
2. 55, 45, 47, 58, 49, 44, 57, 65, 52
3. 2.1, 2.5, 3.9, 5.1, 3.6, 4.7, 2.8, 1.9, 4.2
4. 99, 82, 80, 89, 93, 91, 75, 77, 70, 78, 85, 84, 94, 98
5. 0.7, 1.3, 2.9, 1.6, 1.4, 0.2, 0.37, 0.05, 0.39, 0.67, 0.9, 2.7, 2.3, 2.01

EXERCISE 1.2
Solve the following:
a. Two students have the following grades in seven (7) math tests. Compute the mean and
the range. Which of the two students performed better and has more consistent scores on
the seven math tests?
Quiz 1 Quiz 2 Quiz 3 Quiz 4 Quiz 5 Quiz 6 Quiz 7
Student 1 82 98 86 80 100 94 98
Student 2 88 94 89 87 92 90 96

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LESSON 2: AVERAGE DEVIATION

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to do the following:
a. defines average deviation
b. calculates the average deviation of ungrouped data
c. compares the average deviation of the data sets

DISCUSSION
Another measure of variability known as the average deviation takes into account
each and every values in the given data, unlike range which only takes into consideration
the highest and lowest value of the given data.
Average Deviation refers to the arithmetic mean of the absolute deviation of the
values from the mean of the distribution. This measure is sometimes referred to as the
mean absolute deviation.
In computing the average deviation for ungrouped data, the formula is given by
Let AD be the average deviation.
∑|𝒙−𝒙
̅|
𝑨𝑫 = 𝒏

where 𝒙 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔


̅ → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒙
𝒏 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
|𝒙 − 𝒙
̅| → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙
̅
∑|𝒙 − 𝒙
̅| → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 |𝒙 − 𝒙
̅|
We have the following procedures in computing the average deviation:
1. Find the mean for all the cases.
2. Find the absolute difference between each score and the mean.
(We take the absolute value to avoid negative deviation because if we get the sum of
all deviation including the negatives it will be equal to 0.)
3. Find the sum of all the absolute differences and divide by n.

Example 2.1
Find the average deviation of the following data: 12, 17, 13, 18, 18, 15, 14, 17, and
11.

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̅)
1. Find the mean (𝒙
∑𝒙 𝟏𝟐+𝟏𝟕+𝟏𝟑+𝟏𝟖+𝟏𝟖+𝟏𝟓+𝟏𝟒+𝟏𝟕+𝟏𝟏
̅=
𝒙 =
𝑵 𝟗
𝟏𝟑𝟓
̅=
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓
𝟗

2. Find the absolute difference between each score and the mean.
|𝒙 − 𝒙
̅| = |𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟑
= |𝟏𝟕 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟐
= |𝟏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟐
= |𝟏𝟖 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟑
= |𝟏𝟖 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟑
= |𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟎
= |𝟏𝟒 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟏
= |𝟏𝟕 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟐
= |𝟏𝟏 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟒
3. Find the sum of all the absolute difference ∑|𝒙 − 𝒙
̅|
|𝒙 − 𝒙
̅| = |𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟑
= |𝟏𝟕 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟐
= |𝟏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟐
= |𝟏𝟖 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟑
= |𝟏𝟖 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟑
= |𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟎
= |𝟏𝟒 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟏
= |𝟏𝟕 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟐
= |𝟏𝟏 − 𝟏𝟓| = 𝟒

∑|𝒙 − 𝒙
̅| = 𝟐𝟎
This can be represented in a tabular form as shown below.
𝒙 ̅
𝒙 |𝒙 − 𝒙
̅|
12 15 3
17 15 2
13 15 2
18 15 3
18 15 3
15 15 0
14 15 1
17 15 2
11 15 4
̅| = 𝟐𝟎
∑|𝒙 − 𝒙

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4. Solve for the average deviation by dividing the result in step 3 by 𝑵.
∑|𝒙−𝒙
̅| 𝟐𝟎
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐
𝑵 𝟗

Therefore, the average or mean absolute deviation of the given data is 2.22. This
means that the dispersion of the data can still be consider as less scattered.
The average or mean absolute deviation gives a better approximation than the
range. However, it does not lend itself readily to mathematical treatment for deeper
analysis.

EXERCISE 2.1
Solve for the average deviation of the following:
1. Science achievement test score: 60, 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95
2. The weight in kilograms of 10 students are: 52, 55, 50, 55, 43, 45, 40, 48, 45, and
47
3. The diameter (in cm) of balls: 12, 13, 15, 15, 15, 16, and 18

EXERCISE 2.2
Solve the following:
a. The following are the efficiency rating of 10 teachers in Mathematics Department and 10
teachers in Filipino Department. Calculate the average deviation. Compare the average
deviation of each data.
Teachers in Mathematics Department
Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache
r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r 10
87 90 89 88 88 93 87 94 94 93

Teachers in Filipino Department


Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache Teache
r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r 10
89 87 87 88 91 90 89 93 91 94

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LESSON 3: VARIANCES
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to do the following:
a. defines population variance and sample variance
b. calculates the population variance and sample variance
c. compares the population variance and sample variance of the data sets

DISCUSSION
In average deviation, we noticed that the sum of the deviations from the mean is equal
to 0 if the signs are considered. If the signs are ignored, that is, assuming that all the
deviations are positive numbers, then the sum is also be a positive number. Now, we shall
consider another procedure of handling signed numbers, which is the negative numbers, by
performing a valid arithmetical operation – the squaring operation.
̅ are squared, then the sum of the squared of all deviations will
If the deviations 𝒙 − 𝒙
be equal to a positive number. If this sum is divided with the sample size denoted by n, then
we will be able to come up with the mean of squared deviations. We call this measure of
variability as variance.
Variance is a measure that considers position of each observation relative to mean or
average of your data. It is also defined as the squares of all deviations. We have two (2) types
of variances. The population variance and sample variance.

3.1 POPULATION VARIANCE


The population variance denoted by 𝝈𝟐 of N measurement is defined to be the average
of the squares of the deviations of the measurements about the mean 𝒙 ̅. The population
variance is given by
̅)𝟐
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙
𝝈𝟐 =
𝑵
where 𝒙 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
̅ → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒙
𝑵 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆
̅)𝟐 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅
̅)𝟐 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 (𝒙 − 𝒙
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅) 𝟐

Example 3.1.1
The following scores are given by the 10 judges for a gymnastic performance in a regional
meet: 8, 7, 7, 8, 9, 8, 6, 10, 9, and 7. Find the population variance.
Solution:
First, we compute the mean
∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝟖+𝟕+𝟕+𝟖+𝟗+𝟖+𝟔+𝟏𝟎+𝟗+𝟕 𝟕𝟗
̅=
𝒙 = = = 𝟕. 𝟗
𝒏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

7
𝒙𝒊 ̅
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 ̅) 𝟐
(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
8 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
7 −𝟎. 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
7 −𝟎. 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
8 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
9 𝟏. 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏
8 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
6 −𝟏. 𝟗 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏
10 𝟐. 𝟏 𝟒. 𝟒𝟏
9 𝟏. 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏
7 −𝟎. 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
∑ 𝒙𝒊 = 79 ̅)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗
∑(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎

and then the population variance


̅)𝟐
∑(𝒙𝒊 −𝒙 𝟏𝟐.𝟗
𝝈𝟐 = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗
𝑵 𝟏𝟎

Since our population variance is 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗, therefore 1.29 is the distance of the observation
from the mean.

EXERCISE 3.1.1
The following are the scores of the 10 students in their 40-item test in Geometry, 25,
22, 19, 34, 36, 27, 18, 26, 28, and 20. Find the population variance.

EXERCISE 3.1.2
Solve the following
a. The following are the satisfaction rate of the two famous fast food chain in the
Philippines for the year 2018. Calculate the population variance of each data. Compare the
population variance of each data.
Fast Food
Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Chain
Jollibee 95 95 93 90 92 95 92 90 93 93 95 99
McDonalds 93 95 97 92 92 93 95 92 93 95 97 99

3.2 SAMPLE VARIANCE


The sample variance denoted by 𝒔𝟐 is a statistic that estimates the true parameter on
the average. Dividing by n will underestimate the population variance on the average. To
compensate for the bias in estimating the population variance denoted by 𝝈𝟐 , we use 𝒏 − 𝟏
in the divisor. The number 𝒏 − 𝟏 is called the degrees of freedom.
Thus, if there are n numerical observations 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , . . ., 𝒙𝒏 in a sample, the deviation
̅ . The sample variance 𝒔𝟐 is given by:
of each individual observation from the mean is 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙

̅) 𝟐
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙
𝟐
𝒔 =
𝒏−𝟏

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where 𝒙 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
̅ → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒙
𝒏 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆
̅)𝟐 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅
̅)𝟐 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 (𝒙 − 𝒙
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅) 𝟐
Example 3.2.1
The following are the scores of the 7 students on their 10-item test. Find its sample
variance.
8, 7, 9, 10, 6, 4, 5
Solution:
̅ , we have
To compute for the mean 𝒙
∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝟏𝟎+𝟗+𝟖+𝟕+𝟔+𝟓+𝟒
̅=
𝒙 = =𝟕
𝒏 𝟕

𝒙𝒊 ̅
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 ̅) 𝟐
(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
10 𝟑 𝟗
9 𝟐 𝟒
8 𝟏 𝟏
7 𝟎 𝟎
6 −𝟏 𝟏
5 −𝟐 𝟒
4 −𝟑 𝟗
∑ 𝒙𝒊 = 49 ̅)𝟐 = 28
∑(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
𝒏=𝟕

To compute for the sample variance 𝒔𝟐 , we have


̅)𝟐
∑(𝒙𝒊 −𝒙 𝟐𝟖
𝒔𝟐 = = = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟕
𝒏−𝟏 𝟔

Since our sample variance is 4.67, therefore each values is 4.67 away from the mean of the
data.

EXERCISE 3.2.1
The following are the scores of the 10 students in their 40-item test in Algebra, 25,
22, 19, 34, 36, 27, 18, 26, 28, and 20. Find the sample variance.

EXERCISE 3.2.2
Solve the following
a. The following are the satisfaction rate of the two famous malls in the Philippines for the
year 2018. Calculate the sample variance of each data. Compare the sample variance of
each data.
Malls Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
SM 93 95 92 94 93 94 92 92 93 95 96 99
GASISANO 95 95 96 91 92 94 94 92 90 93 98 98

9
LESSON 4: STANDARD DEVIATION

Learning Objectives
a. defines population and sample standard deviation
b. calculates the population and sample standard deviation of the data sets
c. compares the population and sample standard deviation of the data sets

DISCUSSION
We are now going to consider one of the most important measure of variability – the
standard deviation. Recall that in the computation of variance, the deviation 𝒙 − 𝒙̅ was
squared. This implies that the variance is expressed in square units. Extracting the square
root of the variance will give the value of standard deviation. We have two types of
standard deviation. The Population and Sample standard deviation.

4.1 POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION


The population standard deviation 𝝈, is defined as the positive square root of the
population variance, 𝝈𝟐 . Thus we have

̅) 𝟐
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙
𝝈 = √𝝈𝟐 = √
𝑵

where 𝒙 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔


̅ → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒙
𝑵 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆
̅)𝟐 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅
̅)𝟐 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 (𝒙 − 𝒙
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅) 𝟐

Example 4.1.1
The following scores are given by the 10 judges for a gymnastic performance in a
regional meet: 8, 7, 7, 8, 9, 8, 6, 10, 9, and 7. Find the population standard deviation.

Solution
First, we compute the mean
∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝟖+𝟕+𝟕+𝟖+𝟗+𝟖+𝟔+𝟏𝟎+𝟗+𝟕 𝟕𝟗
̅=
𝒙 = = 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟕. 𝟗
𝒏 𝟏𝟎

𝒙𝒊 ̅
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 ̅) 𝟐
(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
8 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
7 −𝟎. 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
7 −𝟎. 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
8 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏

10
9 𝟏. 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏
8 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
6 −𝟏. 𝟗 𝟑. 𝟔𝟏
10 𝟐. 𝟏 𝟒. 𝟒𝟏
9 𝟏. 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏
7 −𝟎. 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
∑ 𝒙𝒊 = 79 ̅)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗
∑(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎

and then the population variance


̅)𝟐
∑(𝒙𝒊 −𝒙 𝟏𝟐.𝟗
𝝈𝟐 = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗
𝑵 𝟏𝟎

Therefore, our population variance is 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗.

then, compute for the population standard deviation, we have

̅)𝟐
∑(𝒙𝒊 −𝒙 𝟏𝟐.𝟗
𝝈 = √𝝈𝟐 = √ = √ 𝟏𝟎 = √𝟏. 𝟐𝟗 = 𝟏. 𝟏
𝑵

Therefore, our population standard deviation is 1.1.

EXERCISE 4.1.1
The following are the number of goals scored by a college lacrosse team for a given
season are 4, 9, 0, 1, 3, 24, 12, 3, 30, 12, 7, 13, 18, 4, 5, and 15. Treating the data as a population,
find the standard deviation.

4.2 SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION


The sample standard deviation s, is defined as the positive square root of the sample
variance, 𝒔𝟐 . Thus, we have

̅) 𝟐
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙
𝒔 = √𝒔𝟐 = √
𝒏−𝟏

where 𝒙 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔


̅ → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒙
𝑵 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆
̅)𝟐 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅
̅)𝟐 → 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 (𝒙 − 𝒙
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅) 𝟐

Example 4.2.1
The following scores are given by the 7 judges for dance performance in a municipal
contest, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, and 4. Find the sample standard deviation.
̅ , we have
To compute for the mean 𝒙
∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝟏𝟎+𝟗+𝟖+𝟕+𝟔+𝟓+𝟒
̅=
𝒙 = =𝟕
𝒏 𝟕

11
𝒙𝒊 ̅
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 ̅) 𝟐
(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
10 𝟑 𝟗
9 𝟐 𝟒
8 𝟏 𝟏
7 𝟎 𝟎
6 −𝟏 𝟏
5 −𝟐 𝟒
4 −𝟑 𝟗
∑ 𝒙𝒊 = 49 ̅)𝟐 = 28
∑(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
𝒏=𝟕

To compute for the sample variance 𝒔𝟐 , we have


̅)𝟐
∑(𝒙𝒊 −𝒙 𝟐𝟖
𝒔𝟐 = = = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟕
𝒏−𝟏 𝟔

Therefore, our sample variance is 4.67.

To compute for the standard deviation, use the sample variance, we have

̅) 𝟐
∑(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 ̅)𝟐 𝟐𝟖
∑(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
𝒔 = √𝒔𝟐 = √ =√ = = √𝟒. 𝟔𝟕 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝟔

Therefore, the standard deviation of the given data is 2.16.

EXERCISE 4.2.1
The grade-point average of 10 college seniors selected at random from the
graduating class are the following. Find the sample standard deviation.
3.2 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.5
2.1 3.2 2.5 2.3 1.9

12
ASSESSMENT
Directions: Solve the following items neatly and completely. Show necessary solutions.
A. Solve the following:
1. The two sections of grade 7 students have the following MPS (Mean Percentage Score) in
every quarter. Compute the mean and the range. Which of the two sections has more
consistent MPS throughout the school year? What section performed better?

First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter


Section 1 82 98 86 80
Section 2 88 94 89 87

2. The 10 grade 7 students have the scores 96, 94, 90, 87, 89, 94, 82, 89, 95, 91, in the
National Achievement Test. Compute for the mean absolute deviation.

3. Out of 20 grade 8 students, 5 students got a final grade of 93, 4 students got a final grade
of 97, 8 students got a final grade of 88 and 3 students got a final grade of 98. Compute the
variance (sample and population variance) and standard deviation (sample and population
standard deviation)

4. The following data represent the fluctuation of the value rate of U.S dollar in the
Philippines for the month of January:
40 46 44 49 47
44 43 48 42 45
42 41 42 43 46

Compute the following:


a.) mean and range of the given data.
b.) mean absolute deviation.
c.) variances (sample and population variance)
d.) standard deviation (sample and population standard deviation)

13
ANSWER KEY
Exercise 1.1
1. 44
2. 21
3. 3.2
4. 29
5. 2.85
Exercise 1.2
The mean for student 1 is 91.14. Student 1 has a greater mean, therefore, student 1
The mean for student 2 is 90.86. perform better than student 2.

The range for student 1 is 20. Student 2 has a lower range which means the values is
less scattered, therefore, student 2 has more consistent
The range for student 2 is 9. scores than student 2.
Exercise 2.1
1.

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