Submitted to:

Engr. Sumureen
Submitted By:
Group 2
Roll.no: (11,18,22,23,39)
Subject:
Water Resources
Defination

Hydropower or water power (from Greek: ύδωρ, "water") is power

derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water, which may be harnessed
for useful purposes.

Factors Affecting a Selection Site for a Hydroelectric Station Selection

Site for a Hydroelectric Station

1. Raw Materials
The materials used in the construction of dams determine whether it will
last for long or effectively serve its purpose. The materials that are used to make the
walls of the dam should be able to hold the force of the water. This means that the site
for the dam should be at a place where these materials, such as cement and ballast, can
be easily found. It is crucial to use high-quality materials to prevent disasters, such as
water flooding in areas near the dam.

2. River Path

The best location for a hydroelectric station should be along the path
of a river. It should be at least at the river canyon or at the place where the river
narrows. This enables the collection of the water or the diversion of the river. If
the hydroelectric station aims to store maximum water on the dam, the volume
of the basin located way above the dam should be calculated to ensure that the
dam does not suffer from the problems of insufficient water supply, which, in
turn, would affect the running of the turbines.

3. Geological Structure

The station should be located in a place where the land or the rock
structure on which the dam will be built on is strong enough to hold the weight
and the force of the water in the dam. The walls should have a capability of
holding and sustaining both visible and invisible forces, whether man-made or
natural. The rock structure should have the capability of withstanding an
earthquake and it should not allow seepage of water, since this weakens the dam.
The walls should be waterproof to avoid being weakened by water.

4. Sufficient Water

The flow of the water to the place where the dam is located should
be sufficient enough to fill the dam. Hydroelectric dams are usually big, and this
makes them lose a lot of water through evaporation. The flow of the water from
the river should be high enough to accommodate this loss of water without
affecting the amount of electric power produced.

5. Water pollution

Polluted water may cause excessive corrosion and damage to

metallic structure . this may make the operation of the plant un reliable and
UN economical so it is necessary to sea the water is of good quality .

6. Sedimentation

The capacity of storage reserve wire is reduced dew to the gradual

deposition of snit .Snit may cause damage to turbine plate.

7. Environmental effect

Hydro project submerge use areas and many villages the

environmental effect are also importation . The site should ensure safe
soundings, avoid heath hazard and presser important cultural and storage
aspect of the area.
 Components of Site Selection
 Reservoir:

The function or purpose of reservoir is to store the water during rainy

season and supply the same during dry season. This is in simple, water storage
area.

 Dam

The function of dam is to increase the height of the water level

(increase in the potential energy) behind it which ultimately increases the
reservoir capacity. The dam also helps in increasing the working head of the
power plant. Dams are generally built to provide necessary head to the power
plant.

 Power House

A power house consists of two main parts, a sub-structure to support

the hydraulic and electrical equipment and a superstructure to house and protect
this equipment.

The superstructure of most power plants is the buildings that house

all the operating equipment. The generating unit and the exciter is located in the
ground floor. The turbines which rotate on vertical axis are placed below the floor
level while those rotating on a horizontal axis are placed on the ground floor
alongside of the generator.

 Control Gates

These are the gates built on the inside of the dam. The water from
reservoir is released and controlled through these gates. These are called inlet
gates because water enters the power generation unit through these gates. When
the control gates are opened the water flows due to gravity through the penstock
and towards the turbines. The water flowing through the gates possesses
potential as well as kinetic energy.

 The Penstock

The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water
flowing from the reservoir towards the power generation unit, comprised of the
turbines and generator. The water in the penstock possesses kinetic energy due
to its motion and potential energy due to its height.

 Water Turbines

Water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power

generation unit, which houses the turbine and the generator. When water falls on
the blades of the turbine the kinetic and potential energy of water is converted
into the rotational motion of the blades of the turbine. The rotating blades causes
the shaft of the turbine to also rotate. The turbine shaft is enclosed inside the
generator. In most hydroelectric power plants there is more than one power
generation unit.

There is large difference in height between the level of turbine and

level of water in the reservoir. This difference in height, also known as the head of
water, decides the total amount of power that can be generated in the
hydroelectric power plant.

There are various types of water turbines such as Kaplan turbine, Francis
turbine, Pelton wheels etc. The type of turbine used in the hydroelectric power
plant depends on the height of the reservoir, quantity of water and the total
power generation capacity.

 Generators

It is in the generator where the electricity is produced. The shaft of

the water turbine rotates in the generator, which produces alternating current in
the coils of the generator. It is the rotation of the shaft inside the generator that
produces magnetic field which is converted into electricity by electromagnetic
field induction. Hence the rotation of the shaft of the turbine is crucial for the
production of electricity and this is achieved by the kinetic and potential energy of
water. Thus in hydroelectricity power plants potential energy of water is
converted into electricity.