The 2nd MCL Senior High School Research Congress

Impact of Frequency of Usage of Lip Makeup

Product in the Self-esteem of ABM-SHS Women
Students of Malayan Colleges Laguna A.Y 2018-
2019

Franzil Marix G. Alcantara

Ma. Beatriz B. Sanchez
Aischelle Mhae R. Pagatpat
Reign Angela Sebaga

Rocky Angelo M. Gabatin, MBA

Abstract - The effect of physical appearance on the self-
esteem is evident nowadays. For that reason, this study was
conducted to determine if the wearing of lip makeup and the
frequency of usage of woman has an effect on the self-
esteem. A pretest-posttest design was used involving 60
purposively selected women from ABM-SHS of MCL.
Participants were asked to answer Rosenberg Self-esteem
Scale before the intervention for their initial level of self-
esteem. For a week, the participants were tasked to apply lip
tints, and then they were again asked to answer the same test
at the end of the intervention to know their current level of
self-esteem. The findings were women who usually do not
wear makeup had an increase in their level of self-esteem
after one week of applying lip makeup and that the
frequency of applying lip makeup was not significant in the
level of self-esteem of woman.
Keywords - Self-esteem, lip makeup, frequency of usage,
intervention.
I. INTRODUCTION
Background. In today’s society where physical
appearance highly affects different aspects of life. One of it is
self-esteem which is in psychology is defined as a person’s
evaluation of his/her self-worth (Madsen, 2014). In simpler
terms, it is how one see oneself. According to Smith (2011),
self-esteem is an important attribute of a person for it is
deemed as a cause of positive life outcomes. These positive
life outcomes include happier marriages and overall improved
life satisfactions (Smith, 2011). This suggests that a person
with a high level of self-esteem is expected to be more
confident of themselves; thus, he/she is more successful in
life. On the other hand, people with low self-esteem tend to
have negative outlook in life, resulting to problems in mental
health, in relationships, etc. Makeup has been the solution for
some women, as it is said that when using makeup, they can
hide their imperfections and highlight certain parts of their
faces, which makes them confident (Kaplan, 2015). But as
years went by, high standards of physical beauty are
becoming more unhealthy and unrealistic for women, which
makes them feel less confident of themselves, therefore,
affecting different aspects of life.
In this study, the researchers focused on the effect of wearing
lip makeup products and the frequency of usage to the level of
self-esteem of people who use it, which can help women
boost their self-confidence to a certain level when wearing lip
makeup products.
Significance. This study is significant to people who
have low-self-esteem. The use of lip makeup products,
 The 2nd MCL Senior High School Research Congress

regardless if you are a first time user or not, can affect self- and users were asked to apply lip tints. The experimental
esteem positively. The findings can also contribute to lip group were monitored daily by the researchers to tell them the
makeup companies because they can use it in their marketing frequency of applying the lip product. At the end of the data
that their products can improve one’s self-esteem thus gathering, all the participants were given a post-test using the
boosting their sales. Rosenberg’s Self-esteem scale to determine if there are
changes in their self-esteem.
Objectives. The main objective of the study is to
determine the effects of wearing lip makeup products on the Data Analysis. The data collected from the participants
self-confidence of a woman who normally does not wear any were analyzed using the Dependent and Independent T-test.
makeup. The researchers aim to determine if there is a The researchers used paired t-test (dependent t-test) for the
difference between the frequency of using lip makeup and the before and after of the data. They used Independent T-test for
level of confidence of a woman. In order to meet the main the control and experimental group of the study.
objective, the following questions were established:
1. Is the wearing lip makeup provides improved self-esteem to
women who usually do not wear lip makeup?
2. Is the frequency of wearing lip makeup sustain high level III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
of self-esteem to women? Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants
Classification of Participants f %
Limitation. Although there are various kinds of lip
makeup products, this study chose to use lip tints only as their Nonuser-Control 15 25.86
instrument because lip tints are what most of women use these
days. Given time constraints, this study did not cover the Nonuser-Experimental 14 24.14
long-term effect of using lip tints to self-esteem. This study
could have been in a laboratory setting, but because of the User-Control 15 25.86
availability of the participants and the conflict in schedule, the
User-Experimental 14 24.14
observation was only done in a classroom setting
Total 58 100

II. METHODOLOGY

Research Design. The research used quasi-experimental Table 2

design to measure the difference between two groups--non- Result in dependent t-test (Difference between level of self-
user group (control) and two users group (experimental). All esteem of participants before and after the intervention)
three groups took pretest and post-test for self-esteem.
Group Test statistic p-value Conclusion
Respondents/Participants/Locale. The respondents of
the study are Grade 11 and 12 SHS-ABM female students of Non-user, control -1.78 0.05 Significant
Malayan Colleges Laguna. The total number of population is
156. A purposive sampling method was used in the selection
of the respondents since the study focused on a particular User, control -2.28 0.02 Significant
group, which are users and non-users of lip-makeup product .
Fifteen (15) respondents were chosen for each group. Non-user, -2.86 0.01 Significant
experimental
Instrumentation. The researchers used pre-test and post-
test on their study. In pre-test and post-test, the researchers
used the free version of the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale to User, experimental -2.61 0.01 Significant
measure the level of self-esteem of the ABM strand women.
Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale is composed of 10 items that
served as a basis if using lip makeup will be effective in Respondents were divided into four groups: nonuser-
increasing the level of self-esteem. The experiment used lip control, user-control, nonuser-experimental and user-
tints as an instrument. Then after that post-test was held. experimental. The study was conducted to know if there
Microsoft Excel was used to tally the gathered data. Stata would be a difference on the pretest and posttest of the
software was also used to evaluate the gathered data. respondents. Nonuser-control group used a p-value of 0.05
and had a test statistic of -1.78 while user-control group used
Data Gathering. The duration of the data gathering was
a p-value of 0.02 and had a test statistic of -2.28. Nonusers-
from December 10, 2018 to December 14, 2018. Throughout
experimental group used a p-value of 0.01 and had a test
the study, the experimental groups, which were the non-users
 The 2nd MCL Senior High School Research Congress

statistic of -2.86 while the users-experimental group used a p- makeup-hurt-self-esteem/makeup-can-provide-a-fleeting-

value of 0.01 and had a test statistic of -2.61. It was proven confidence-boost-to-some
that the post-test is significantly higher than the pre-test. It Figure 2f from: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic
supports the claim that wearing lip makeup increases the self- revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales).
esteem level of women. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: E7720.
https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720. (n.d.). doi:
10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f
Table 3
Harris, A. D., McGregor, J. C., Perencevich, E. N., Furuno, J.
Result in independent t-test (Difference between level of self-
P., Zhu, J., Peterson, D. E., & Finkelstein, J. (2006). The Use
esteem of users-control and experimental group and non
and Interpretation of Quasi-Experimental Studies in Medical
users-control and experimental group)
Informatics. Retrieved October 6, 2018, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380192/
p-value Conclusion Fowler, C. (2017, December 13). This One Product Is
Scientifically Proven to Enhance Confidence-Here's Why.
User 0.16 Not significant Retrieved from https://verilymag.com/2017/12/confidence-
self-esteem-self-confidence-low-self-esteem-building-
Non-user 0.62 Not significant confidence-how-to-build-self-confidence-lipstick-red-lipstick-
the-power-of-red-lipstick-the-science-between-makeup-self-
worth-psychological-makeup.
A t-test on two related groups was used to check if
there is a difference between the level of self-esteem of users- How Makeup Can Improve Your Self Esteem. (2018, July
control and experimental group. Independent t-test was used 24). Retrieved from https://makeupandbeauty.com/how-
to determine the differences. It compares the means between makeup-can-improve-your-self-esteem/
two unrelated groups on the same continuous dependent
variable (Independent t-Test Using SPSS Statistics). For Mingoia, J., Hutchinson, A. D., WIlson, C., & Gleaves, D. H.
nonusers, test statistic is -0.50 and has a p-value of 0.62. For (2017, July 24). The Relationship between Social Networking
users, it had a test statistics of -1.46 and a p-value of 0.16. Site Use and the Internalization of a Thin Ideal in Females: A
Meta-Analytic Review. Retrieved September 23, 2018, from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.0135
Although, according to Fowler (2017), lip makeup is 1/full
a tool that will help a woman wearing it to emphasize her lips
and to enhance her self-esteem at the same time. The study Palumbo, R. (2017). Does make-up make you feel smarter?
resulted that the frequency of using lip makeup does not The “lipstick effect” extended to academic achievement.
necessarily gives a higher level of self-esteem to women who Retrieved from
wore it frequently nor does gives a lower level of self-esteem https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2017.1327635
to women who wore it rarely.
Prokopets, Elena. “6 Bold Reasons To Stop Wearing
Makeup.” Lifehack, Lifehack, 3 June 2015,
www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/6-bold-reasons-stop-
wearing-makeup.html.
REFERENCES
Salkind, N. (2010). Pretest–Posttest Design. Retrieved
Chee, J. (2015, May). Retrieved from ResearchGate: November 4, 2018, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277324930_Pearson http://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-
's_Product-Moment_Correlation_Sample_Analysis design/n331.xml
Cosmetic Usage.Retrieved from Self-Esteem in Psychology: A Definition, Examples, Books (
https://www.academia.edu/237990/Who_wears_Cosmetics_In TED Talks). (2018, August 29). Retrieved from
dividual_Differences_and_their_Relationship_with_Cosmetic https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/self-esteem/
_Usage
Spinney, M. (2014, July 07). Your 101 Guide to Buying and
Dependent t-test for paired samples. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wearing Lip Products. Retrieved from
https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/dependent-t-test- https://www.brit.co/buying-wearing-lipstick-101/
statistical-guide.php
Sinks, T. (2017, February 17). Everything You Need to Know
Etcoff, N. (2013, January 2). The New York Times Company. About Lipstick and How to Apply It. Retrieved from
Retrieved from https://lifehacker.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-
https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/01/02/does- lipstick-and-how-to-a-179455600
 The 2nd MCL Senior High School Research Congress

Tomlin, A., & Anderson, B. (2013, January 4). Does Makeup

Affect Women's Self Esteem? Retrieved from
https://www.refinery29.com/makeup-self-esteem
What is Simple Linear Regression? (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat501/node/251/
University of Maryland. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2018,
from https://socy.umd.edu/quick-links/using-rosenberg-self-
esteem-scale
The 2nd MCL Senior High School Research Congress