4/26/2019 Water Metering

Mechanism
(For Household)

Submitted To:
Dr. Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh
Submitted By:
Fahad Ahmed Minhas 677-FET/BSME/F17A
Fahad Ahmed Khan 690-FET/BSME/F17A
Muhammad Saqib 694-FET/BSME/F17A
 Water Metering Mechanism for household

Abstract:
Water meters are used to measure the volume of water used by residential
and commercial buildings that are supplied with water by a public water supply
system. Water meters can also be used at the water source, well, or
throughout a water system to determine flow through a particular portion of
the system. In most of the world water meters measure flow in cubic meters
(m3) or liters.

Flow rate meters:

Three of the main common devices used to measure the instantaneous
flowrate in pipes are the orifice meter, the nozzle meter and the venturi meter.

Flow-rate meter mechanism:

We will use nozzle meter to calculate flow rate, meter operates on the
principal that a decrease in flow area in a pipe causes an increase in velocity
that is accompanied by a decrease in pressure. Correlation of the pressure
difference with the velocity provides a means of measuring the flowrate.

Nozzle Meter:
This device uses a contoured nozzle (typically placed between flanges of pipe
sections) rather than a simple and less expensive plate with a hole . The
resulting flow pattern for nozzle meter is closer to ideal. There is only a slight
vena contracta and the secondary flow separation is less severe, but there are
viscous effects. These are accounted by use of nozzle discharge coefficient Cn
where,
 2(𝑃1 −𝑃2 ) Π.d2
Q = Cn.QIDEAL = CnAn √ A=
𝜌(1−𝛽4 ) 4

𝑑
Cn is a function of the diameter ratio 𝛽 = and the Reynolds number
𝐷
𝜌𝑣𝐷
Re =
𝜇

Derivation:
As it is the application of Bernoulli equation , so we can use bernoulli’s
equation.

(
2 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 )
𝐴2 4
𝜌(1 − 𝛽 )

D1 is the diameter of pipe.

D2 is the diameter of nozzle.
𝑫𝟐
Where 𝜷 =
𝑫𝟏

There will be head loss between point 1 and point 2, so the governing equation
becomes
Q = A1V1 = A2V2
𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ = +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
We will use nozzle meter to calculate the water flow rate
We will observe following assumptions,

Assumptions:
• We will neglect the viscous effects.
• We assume pipe to be horizontal.
• The fluid to be used (water) will be incompressible.
 Water flows at standard temperature and pressure
 Mechanism For Measuring Household
Water Usage
Apparatus:
 Turbine (Pelton wheel)
 Revolution counter meter
 Stop watch (for 1 time use only)

Procedure:
 First we will couple turbine with RCM (revolution counter meter).
 Then we will allow water to pass through the turbine and will calculate
the volume passed in specific number of revolutions which can be
obtained from revolution meter.
 We conclude that when the No. of revolutions were 500 , then volume
of the fluid passed is 34 Lt or 8.98 gallons.
 From the above data we can conclude that 1.796 gallons of water passes
in 100 number of revolutions of the turbine.

Conclusion:
After setting the apparatus, take readings after several intervals,
Let’s say turbine covers 20000 revolutions whole day so we can obtain the
daily usage of water as;
100 revolutions = 1.796 gallons
1 revolution = 1.796/ 100 = 0.01796 gallons
20000 revolutions = 20000 X 0.01796 = 359.2 gallons
Hence daily usage of water obtained is 359.2 gallons

By Product:
The main reason we added up a turbine to water metering mechanism is
that we can couple it with a generator and can produce a valuable energy
as output which would be enough to run a fan or few bulbs.
Data:
(Using previous values)
Pressure = 0.22 bar = 0.22 X 105 Pa
Q = 6.612 X 10-4 m3/s
N = 500 rpm
Radius of turbine = 30mm = 0.03m
F (as calculated from spring balance) = 3.5 N

Calculations:
Pin = 𝜌gh.Q
(As pressure head ‘h’ reaches zero hence )
Pin = P.Q
Pin = (0.22 X 105) . (6.612 X 10-4)
Pin = 14.5 watt
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
Pout =
60

T=rXF
T = 0.105 Nm
By putting values, we conclude that
Pout = 5.59 watt

Result:
 We can obtain 5.59 watt of energy of energy as a by product every
time water flows through a turbine which could be used to charge a
small battery.