Psychologist

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Not to be confused with Psychiatrist.
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Psychologist David Lewis measures a subject's responses to a TV commercial in the early 1980s
using a specially modified EEG device.
A psychologist studies normal and abnormal mental states, cognitive, emotional, and social
processes and behavior by observing, interpreting, and recording how individuals relate to one
another and to their environments.[1]

Contents
• 1 Professional practice
• 1.1 Clinical and counseling psychologists
• 1.2 Contrasted with psychiatrists
• 2 Licensing and regulations
• 2.1 Australia
• 2.2 Belgium
• 2.3 Finland
• 2.4 Germany
• 2.5 Greece
• 2.6 The Netherlands
• 2.7 New Zealand
• 2.8 South Africa
• 2.9 Sweden
• 2.10 United Kingdom
 • 2.10.1 Employment
• 2.11 United States and Canada
• 2.11.1 Regulation
• 2.11.2 Schooling
• 2.11.3 Licensure
• 2.11.4 Employment
• 3 See also
• 4 Notes
• 5 References

Professional practice
Psychologists can be seen as practicing within two general categories of psychology: applied
psychology which includes "practitioners" or "professionals", and research-orientated psychology
which includes "scientists", or "scholars". The training models endorsed by the American
Psychological Association (APA) require that applied psychologists be trained as both researchers
and practitioners,[2] and that they possess advanced degrees.
Psychologists typically have one of two degrees (PsyD or PhD). The PhD prepares a psychologist to
conduct scientific research for a career in academia; whereas, the PsyD prepares for clinical practice
(e.g. testing, psychotherapy). Both PsyD and PhD programs can prepare students to be licensed
psychologists, and training in these types of programs prepares graduates to take state licensing
exams.
Within the two main categories are many further types of psychologists as reflected by the 56
professional classifications recognized by the APA,[3] including clinical, counseling, and
educational psychologists. Such professionals work with persons in a variety of therapeutic
contexts. People often think of the discipline as involving only such clinical or counseling
psychologists. While counseling and psychotherapy are common activities for psychologists, these
applied fields are just two branches in the larger domain of psychology.[4] There are other
classifications such as industrial, organizational and community psychologists, whose professionals
mainly apply psychological research, theories, and techniques to "real-world" problems of business,
industry, social benefit organizations, government,[5][6][7] and academia.

Clinical and counseling psychologists

Clinical and counseling psychologists can offer a range of professional services, including:[8]
• Providing psychological treatment (psychotherapy)
• Administering and interpreting psychological assessment and testing
• Conducting psychological research
• Teaching
• Developing prevention programs
• Consulting (especially with schools and businesses)
• Program administration
• Providing expert testimony (forensics)
In practice, clinical and counseling psychologists might work with individuals, couples, families, or
groups in a variety of settings, including private practices, hospitals, mental health organizations,
schools, businesses, and non-profit agencies.
Most clinical and counseling who engage in research and teaching do so within a college or
university setting. Clinical and counseling psychologists may also choose to specialize in a
particular field. Common areas of specialization, some of which can earn board certification,
include:[9]
• Specific disorders (e.g. trauma, addiction, eating and sleep disorders, sexual
dysfunction, depression, anxiety, or phobias)
• Neuropsychological disorders
• Child and adolescent psychology
• Family and relationship counseling
• Health psychology
• Sport psychology
• Forensic psychology
• Industrial and organizational psychology
• Educational psychology

Clinical and counseling psychologists receive training in a number of psychological therapies,

including behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, existential, psychodynamic, and systemic approaches,
as well as in-depth training in psychological testing, and to some extent, neuropsychological testing.
[citation needed]

Contrasted with psychiatrists

Main article: Psychiatrist
See also: Clinical psychology
Although clinical and counseling psychologists and psychiatrists share the same fundamental aim—
the alleviation of mental distress—their training, outlook, and methodologies are often different.
Perhaps the most significant difference is that psychiatrists are licensed physicians, and, as such,
psychiatrists are apt to use the medical model to assess mental health problems and to also employ
psychotropic medications as a method of addressing mental health problems.[10]
Psychologists generally do not prescribe medication, although in some jurisdictions they do have
prescription privileges. In five US states (New Mexico, Louisiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho),
psychologists with post-doctoral clinical psychopharmacology training have been granted
prescriptive authority for mental health disorders.[11][12]
Clinical and counseling psychologists receive extensive training in psychological test
administration, scoring, interpretation, and reporting, while psychiatrists are not trained in
psychological testing. In addition, psychologists (particularly those from Ph.D. programs) spend
several years in graduate school being trained to conduct behavioral research; their training includes
research design and advanced statistical analysis. While this training is available for physicians via
dual MD/Ph.D. programs, it is not typically included in standard medical education, although
psychiatrists may develop research skills during their residency or a psychiatry fellowship (post-
residency). Psychologists from Psy.D. programs tend to have more training and experience in
clinical practice (e.g. psychotherapy, testing) than those from Ph.D. programs.
Psychiatrists, as licensed physicians, have been trained more intensively in other areas, such as
internal medicine and neurology, and may bring this knowledge to bear in identifying and treating
medical or neurological conditions that present with primarily psychological symptoms such as
depression, anxiety, or paranoia, e.g., hypothyroidism presenting with depressive symptoms, or
pulmonary embolism with significant apprehension and anxiety.[13]

Licensing and regulations

To become a psychologist, a person often completes a degree in psychology, but in other
jurisdictions the course of study may be different and the activities performed may be similar to
those of other professionals[14].

Australia
In Australia, the psychology profession, and the use of the title "psychologist", is regulated by an
Act of Parliament, the Health Practitioner Regulation (Administrative Arrangements) National Law
Act 2008, following an agreement between state and territorial governments. Under this national
law, registration of psychologists is administered by the Psychology Board of Australia (PsyBA).
[15] Before July 2010, the professional registration of psychologists was governed by various state
and territorial Psychology Registration Boards.[16] The Australian Psychology Accreditation
Council (APAC) oversees education standards for the profession.
The minimum requirements for general registration in psychology, including the right to use the
title "psychologist", are an APAC approved four-year degree in psychology followed by either a
two-year master's program or two years of practice supervised by a registered psychologist.[17][18]
There is also a '5 + 1' registration pathway, including a four-year APAC approved degree followed
by one year of postgraduate study and one year of supervised practice.[19][20] Endorsement within
a specific area of practice (e.g. clinical neuropsychology, clinical, community, counselling,
educational and developmental, forensic, health, organisational or sport and exercise) requires
additional qualifications.[21] These notations are not "specialist" titles (Western Australian
psychologists could use "specialist" in their titles during a three-year transitional period from 17
October 2010 to 17 October 2013).[22][23][24]
Membership with Australian Psychological Society (APS) differs from registration as a
psychologist. The standard route to full membership (MAPS) of the APS usually requires four years
of APAC-accredited undergraduate study, plus a master's or doctorate in psychology from an
accredited institution. An alternate route is available for academics and practitioners who have
gained appropriate experience and made a substantial contribution to the field of psychology.
Restrictions apply to all individuals using the title "psychologist" in all states and territories of
Australia. However, the terms "psychotherapist", "social worker", and "counselor" are currently
self-regulated, with several organizations campaigning for government regulation.[25]

Belgium
Since 1933, the title "psychologist" has been protected by law in Belgium. It can only be used by
people who are on the National Government Commission list. The minimum requirement is the
completion of five years of university training in psychology (master's degree or equivalent). The
title of "psychotherapist" is not legally protected. As of 2016, Belgian law recognizes the clinical
psychologist as an autonomous health profession. It reserves the practice of psychotherapy to
medical doctors, clinical psychologists and clinical orthopedagogists.[26]

Finland
In Finland, the title "psychologist" is protected by law. The restriction for psychologists (licensed
professionals) is governed by National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Finland)
(Valvira).[27] It takes 330 ECTS-credits (about six years) to complete the university studies
(master's degree). There are about 6,200 licensed psychologists in Finland.[28]

Germany
In Germany, the use of the title Diplom-Psychologe (Dipl.-Psych.) is restricted by law, and a
practitioner is legally required to hold the corresponding academic title, which is comparable to a
higher M.Sc. degree and requires at least five years of training at a university. Originally, a diploma
degree in psychology awarded in Germany included the subject of clinical psychology. With the
Bologna-reform, this degree was replaced by a master's degree. The academic degree of Diplom-
Psychologe or M.Sc. (Psychologie) does not include a psychotherapeutic qualification, which
requires three to five years of additional training. The psychotherapeutic training combines in-depth
theoretical knowledge with supervised patient care and self-reflection units. After having completed
the training requirements, psychologists take a state-run exam, which, upon successful completion
(Approbation), confers the official title of "psychological psychotherapist" (Psychologischer
Psychotherapeut).[29] After many years of inter-professional political controversy, non-physician
psychotherapy was given an adequate legal foundation through the creation of two new academic
healthcare professions.[30]

Greece
Since 1979, the title "psychologist" has been protected by law in Greece. It can only be used by
people who hold a relevant license to practice as a psychologist. The minimum requirement is the
completion of university training in psychology at a Greek university, or at a university recognized
by the Greek authorities.[31]

The Netherlands
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In the Netherlands, the title of "psychologist"[32] is not restricted by law. The Dutch professional
association of psychologists (NIP), using trademark law, posited its own title "Psychologist NIP"
(Psycholoog NIP). This title is granted exclusively to holders of a master's degree in psychology
after a year of postgraduate experience. The titles "psychotherapist" (psychotherapeut) and
"healthcare psychologist" (gz-psycholoog for gezondheidszorgpsycholoog) are restricted through the
Individual Healthcare Professions Act (wet BIG) to those who have followed further postgraduate
(PsyD/DPsych or licentiate level) training. The use of the titles "clinical psychologist" (klinisch
psycholoog) and "clinical neuropsychologist" (klinisch neuropsycholoog) are reserved for those who
have followed specialist post-licentiate training.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, the use of the title "psychologist" is restricted by law. Prior to 2004, only the title
"registered psychologist" was restricted to people qualified and registered as such. However, with
the proclamation of the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act, in 2003, the use of the title
"psychologist" was limited to practitioners registered with the New Zealand Psychologists Board.
The titles "clinical psychologist", "counseling psychologist", "educational psychologist", "intern
psychologist", and "trainee psychologist" are similarly protected.[33] This is to protect the public by
providing assurance that the title-holder is registered and therefore qualified and competent to
practice, and can be held accountable. The legislation does not include an exemption clause for any
class of practitioner (e.g., academics, or government employees).

South Africa

South African psychologist Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela.

In South Africa,[34] psychologists are qualified in either clinical, counseling, educational,
organizational, or research psychology. To become qualified, one must complete a recognized
master's degree in Psychology, an appropriate practicum at a recognized training institution,[35]
and take an examination set by the Professional Board for Psychology.[36] Registration with the
Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA)[37] is required and includes a Continuing
Professional Development component. The practicum usually involves a full year internship, and in
some specializations, the HPCSA requires completion of an additional year of community service.
The master's program consists of a seminar, coursework-based theoretical and practical training, a
dissertation of limited scope, and is (in most cases) two years in duration. Prior to enrolling in the
master's program, the student studies psychology for three years as an undergraduate (B.A. or B.Sc.,
and, for organizational psychology, also B.Com.), followed by an additional postgraduate honours
degree in psychology; see List of universities in South Africa. Qualification thus requires at least
five years of study and at least one internship. The undergraduate B.Psyc. is a four-year program
integrating theory and practical training, and—with the required examination set by the Professional
Board for Psychology—is sufficient for practice as a psychometrist or counselor.[38]
Sweden
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In Sweden, the title "psychologist" is restricted by law. It can only be used after receiving a license
from the government. The basic requirements are a completed five-year specialized course in
psychology (the equivalent of a master's degree) and twelve months of practice under supervision.
All other uses are banned, though often challenged.
The title "Psychotherapist" is governed by similar rules, but the basic educational demands require
another one-and-a-half years (spread out over three years) in a specialized course in psychotherapy
(courses vary regarding theory), in addition to an academic-level degree within a field concerning
the treatment of people (psychologist, social worker, psychiatrist).

United Kingdom
In the UK, "registered psychologist" and "practitioner psychologist" are protected titles.[39] The
title of "neuropsychologist" is not protected.[39] In addition, the following specialist titles are also
protected by law: "clinical psychologist", "counselling psychologist", "educational psychologist",
"forensic psychologist", "health psychologist", "occupational psychologist" and "sport and exercise
psychologist".[40] The Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) is the statutory regulator for
practitioner psychologists in the UK. In the UK, the use of the title "chartered psychologist" is also
protected by statutory regulation, but that title simply means that the psychologist is a chartered
member of the British Psychological Society, but is not necessarily registered with the HCPC.
However, it is an offense for someone who is not in the appropriate section of the HCPC register to
provide psychological services.[41] The requirement to register as a clinical, counseling, or
educational psychologist is a professional doctorate (and in the case of the latter two the British
Psychological Society's Professional Qualification, which meets the standards of a professional
doctorate).[42] The title of "psychologist", by itself, is not protected.[39] The British Psychological
Society is working with the HCPC to ensure that the title of "neuropsychologist" is regulated as a
specialist title for practitioner psychologists.[citation needed]
In the UK, clinical psychologists undertake a doctorate in Clinical Psychology (D.Clin.Psych.,
Clin.Psy.D., or similar), which has both clinical and research components. This is a three-year full-
time salaried program provided by thirty centers across the UK, sponsored by the National Health
Service (NHS). These clinical-psychology doctoral degrees are accredited by the British
Psychological Society and the HCPC. Entry into these programs is highly competitive and requires
at least a three-year undergraduate degree in psychology, plus some form of experience, usually in
either the NHS, as an assistant psychologist, or in academia, as a Research Assistant.[43][44] More
information about the path to training in the UK can be found at the central clearing house for
clinical psychology training applications, and at www.ClinPsy.org.uk, where questions can be
answered on the forum run by qualified UK clinical psychologists.

Employment
As of December 2012, in the United Kingdom, there are 19,000 practitioner psychologists
registered[45] across seven categories: clinical psychologist, counseling psychologist, educational
psychologist, forensic psychologist, health psychologist, occupational psychologist, sport and
exercise psychologist. At least 9,500 of these are clinical psychologists,[46] which is the largest
group of psychologists in clinical settings such as the NHS. Around 2,000 are educational
psychologists.[47]

United States and Canada

Regulation
A professional in the U.S. or Canada must hold a graduate degree in psychology (MA, Psy.D.,
Ed.D., or Ph.D.), or have a state license to use the title psychologist.[48][49] The exception to this is
the profession of school psychology, which most states certify or license separately or under
different requirements than healthcare provider psychologists. The most commonly recognized
psychology professionals are clinical and counseling psychologists, who provide psychotherapy, or
administer and interpret psychological tests. Requirements vary state-by-state for academics in
psychology, as well as for government employees.
Psychologists in the United States campaigned for legislative changes to enable specially trained
psychologists to prescribe psychiatric medicine. Legislation in Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, New
Mexico, and Illinois has granted those who complete an additional master's degree program in
psychopharmacology permission to prescribe medications for mental and emotional disorders.[50]
As of 2019, Louisiana is the only state where the licensing and regulation of the practice of
psychology by medical psychologists (MPs) is regulated by a medical board (the Louisiana State
Board of Medical Examiners) rather than a board of psychologists.[51] While other states have
pursued prescriptive privileges, they have not succeeded. Similar legislation in the states of Hawaii
and Oregon passed through their respective legislative bodies, but in each case the legislation was
vetoed by the state's governor.[50]
In 1989, the U.S Department of Defense was directed to create the Psychopharmacology
Demonstration Project (PDP). By 1997, ten psychologists were trained in psychopharmacology and
granted the ability to prescribe psychiatric medications.[52]
In the United States and Canada, full membership in the American Psychological Association
requires doctoral training (except in some Canadian provinces, such as Alberta, where a master's
degree is sufficient).[a] The minimal requirement for full membership can be waived in
circumstances where there is evidence that significant contribution or performance in the field of
psychology has been made. Associate membership requires at least two years of postgraduate
studies in psychology or an approved related discipline.[53]
Sample Curriculum for MA in Clinical Psychology in the U.S.
State Required School Required Electives
Process and Psychotherapy: 4
Personality Theory: 6
Chemical Dependency: 3
Cross-Cultural: 3 Gay and Lesbian Issues: 2
Human Sexuality: 2
Comparative Theories: 6 ADHD: 1
Child Abuse: 2
Psychology and Society: 2 Crisis Intervention: 2
Domestic Violence: 2
Systems Theory & Family: 5 Cognitive/Behavioral: 2
Aging: 2
Assessing and Planning: 3 Existential Psychology: 2
Ethics & Law: 3
Brief Therapy: 2 Clinical Intervention with Adolescents: 2
Psychological Testing: 3
Group and Couples Treatment: 6 Narratives of Women's Lives: 2
Psychopharmacology: 3
Applied Therapeutic Techniques: 9
Developmental Psych and pathology: 9

Where subject is required by both the state and the school, it is shown under the school's required column. Similar courses have been lumped together, for example, "Group Treatment Techniques" and
"Couples Counseling" were combined, their units added together and called "Group and Couples Treatment"—just to keep the table of manageable size.

Schooling

The University of Pennsylvania was the first institution to offer formal education in clinical
psychology. in U.S.
There are a number of U.S. schools offering accredited programs in clinical psychology resulting in
a master's degree. Such programs can range from forty-eight to eighty-four units, most often taking
two to three years to complete after the undergraduate degree. Training usually emphasizes theory
and treatment over research, quite often with a focus on school, or couples and family counseling.
Similar to doctoral programs, master's level students usually must fulfill time in a clinical practicum
under supervision; some programs also require a minimum amount of personal psychotherapy.[54]
While many graduates from master's level training go on to doctoral psychology programs, a large
number also go directly into practice—often as a licensed professional counselor (LPC), marriage
and family therapist (MFT), or other similar licensed practice.[citation needed]
There is stiff competition to gain acceptance into clinical and counseling psychology doctoral
programs (acceptance rates of 2-5% are not uncommon). Clinical and Counseling psychologists in
the U.S. undergo many years of graduate training—usually five to seven years after the bachelor's
degree—to gain demonstrable competence and experience. Licensure as a psychologist takes an
additional one to two years post Ph.D./Psy.D. (licensure requires 3,000 hours of supervised
training), depending on the state. Today in America, about half of all clinical and counseling
psychology graduate students are being trained in Ph.D. programs that emphasize research and are
conducted by universities—with the other half in Psy.D. programs, which have more focus on
practice (similar to professional degrees for medicine and law).[55] Both types of doctoral programs
(Ph.D. and Psy.D.) envision practicing clinical and counseling psychology in a research-based,
scientifically valid manner, and most are accredited by the American Psychological Association.
[56]
APA accreditation[57] is very important for U.S. clinical, counseling, and school psychology
programs because graduating from a non-accredited doctoral program may adversely affect
employment prospects and present a hurdle for becoming licensed in some jurisdictions.[58][59]
[60][61]
Doctorate (Ph.D. and Psy.D.) programs usually involve some variation on the following 5 to 7 year,
90-120 unit curriculum:
• Bases of behavior—biological, cognitive-affective and cultural-social
• Individual differences—personality, lifespan development, psychopathology
• History and systems—development of psychological theories, practices and scientific
knowledge
• Clinical practice—diagnostics, psychological assessment, psychotherapeutic
interventions, psychopharmacology, ethical and legal issues
• Coursework in statistics and research design
• Clinical experience
• Practicum—usually three or four years of working with clients under
supervision in a clinical setting. Most practicum placements begin in either the
first or second year of doctoral training
• Doctoral internship—usually an intensive one or two-year placement in a
clinical setting
• Dissertation—Ph.D. programs usually require original quantitative empirical research,
while Psy.D. dissertations involve original quantitative or qualitative research,
theoretical scholarship, program evaluation or development, critical literature analysis
or clinical application and analysis. The dissertation typically takes 2-3 years to
complete.
• Specialized electives—many programs offer sets of elective courses for
specializations, such as health, child, family, community or neuropsychology
• Personal psychotherapy—many programs require students to undertake a certain
number of hours of personal psychotherapy (with a non-faculty therapist) although in
recent years this requirement has become less frequent.
• Comprehensive exams or master's thesis: A thesis can involve original data collection
and is distinct from a dissertation

Licensure
The practice of clinical and counseling psychology requires a license in the United States, Canada,
the United Kingdom, and many other countries. Although each of the U.S. states is different in
terms of requirements and licenses (see [62] and [63] for examples), there are three common
requirements:[64]
1. Graduation from an accredited school with the appropriate degree
2. Completion of supervised clinical experience
3. Passing a written examination and, in some states, an oral examination

All U.S. state, and Canada provincial, licensing boards are members of the Association of State and
Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) which created and maintains the Examination for
Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). Many states require other examinations in addition to
the EPPP, such as a jurisprudence (i.e. mental health law) examination or an oral examination.[64]
Most states also require a certain number of continuing education credits per year in order to renew
a license. Licensees can obtain this through various means, such as taking audited classes and
attending approved workshops.
There are professions whose scope of practice overlaps with the practice of psychology (particularly
with respect to providing psychotherapy) and for which a license is required.
• Psychologist. To practice with the title of "psychologist", in almost all cases a doctorate
degree is required (a PhD or PsyD in the U.S.). Normally, after the degree, the practitioner
must fulfill a certain number of supervised postdoctoral hours ranging from 1,500-3,000
(usually taking one to two years), and passing the EPPP and any other state or provincial
exams.[65]
• Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT). An MFT license requires a doctorate or master's
degree. In addition, it usually involves two years of post-degree clinical experience under
supervision, and licensure requires passing a written exam, commonly the National
Examination for Marriage and Family Therapists, which is maintained by the American
Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. In addition, most states require an oral exam.
MFTs, as the title implies, work mostly with families and couples, addressing a wide range
of common psychological problems.[66] Some jurisdictions have exemptions that let
someone practice marriage and family therapy without meeting the requirements for a
license. That is, they offer a license but do not require that marriage and family therapists
obtain one.[67]
• Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC). Similar to the MFT, the LPC license requires a
master's or doctorate degree, a minimum number of hours of supervised clinical experience
in a pre-doc practicum, and the passing of the National Counselor Exam. Similar licenses are
the Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC), Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor
(LCPC), and Clinical Counselor in Mental Health (CCMH). In some states, after passing the
exam, a temporary LPC license is awarded and the clinician may begin the normal 3000-
hour supervised internship leading to the full license allowing to practice as a counselor or
psychotherapist, usually under the supervision of a licensed psychologist.[68] Some
jurisdictions have exemptions that allow counseling to practice without meeting the
requirements for a license. That is, they offer a license but do not require that counselors
obtain one.[67]
• Licensed Psychological Associate (LPA) Twenty-six states offer a master's-only license, a
common one being the LPA, which allows for the therapist to either practice independently,
or, more commonly, under the supervision of a licensed psychologist, depending on the
state.[69] Common requirements are two to four years of post-master's supervised clinical
experience and passing a Psychological Associates Examination. Other titles for this level of
licensing include psychological technician (Alabama), psychological assistant (California),
licensed clinical psychotherapist (Kansas), licensed psychological practitioner (Minnesota),
licensed behavioral practitioner (Oklahoma), licensed psychological associate (North
Carolina) or psychological examiner (Tennessee).
• Licensed behavior analysts
Main article: Professional practice of behavior analysis
Licensed behavior analysts are licensed in five states to provide services for clients with
substance abuse, developmental disabilities, and mental illness. This profession draws on the
 evidence base of applied behavior analysis and the philosophy of behaviorism. Behavior
analysts have at least a master's degree in behavior analysis or in a mental health related
discipline, as well as having taken at least five core courses in applied behavior analysis.
Many behavior analysts have a doctorate. Most programs have a formalized internship
program, and several programs are offered online. Most practitioners have passed the
examination offered by the Behavior Analysis Certification Board.[1] The model licensing act
for behavior analysts can be found at the Association for Behavior Analysis International's
website.

Employment
Comparison of mental health professionals in USA
Ave. 2004
Common Prescription
Occupation Degree Income
Licenses Privilege
(USD)
PhD/
Clinical Psychologist Psychologist Mostly no $75,000
PsyD
Counseling
PhD/
Psychologist Psychologist No $65,000
PsyD
(Doctorate)
Counseling MA/MS/ MFT/LPC/
No $49,000
Psychologist (Master's)MC LPA
PhD,
School Psychologist Psychologist No $78,000
EdD
Psychiatrist MD/DO Psychiatrist Yes $145,600
PhD/
Clinical Social Worker LCSW No $36,170
MSW
PhD/
APRN/
Psychiatric Nurse MSN/ No $53,450
PMHN
BSN
Psychiatric and mental
DNP/ Yes (Varies
health Nurse MHNP $75,711
MSN by state)
Practitioner
Expressive/Art
MA ATR No $45,000
Therapist
Sources: [70][71][72][73][74][75]
In the United States, of 170,200 jobs for psychologists, 152,000 are employed in clinical,
counseling, and school positions; 2,300 are employed in industrial-organizational positions, and
15,900 are in "all other" positions.
The median salary in the U.S., in 2012, for clinical, counseling, and school psychologists was
USD$69,280 and the median salary for organizational psychologists was USD$83,580.[1][76]

See also
• List of psychologists
• Mental health professional
• List of psychological topics
 • List of psychologists on postage stamps

Notes
1.
1. APA membership is not a requirement for licensure in any of the 50 states. This fact should
not be confused with APA accreditation of graduate psychology programs and clinical
internships.

References
1.
• U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook:
Psychologists
• See: Scientist–practitioner model and Practitioner-scholar model
• "Divisions of APA". Retrieved 15 August 2016.
• What is Psychology? at everydaypsychology.com
• Peterson, Donald R. (1976). "Is psychology a profession?". American Psychologist. 31 (8):
572–581. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.31.8.572. PMID 1008340.
• Spector, P.E (2011). Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice, (6th
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• Compas, Bruce & Gotlib, Ian. (2002). Introduction to Clinical Psychology. New York, NY :
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Bertelsmann Education Group. ISSN 0746-2506. LCCN 83008791. OCLC 09881608.
Retrieved 23 May 2018.
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