Iot Based Smart Electrical Distribution System

A Project Report on
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF IOT BASED SMART ELECTRICAL

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND SMART CONSUMPTION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
S.S.Nagendra Kumar 14A31A0253
S.Koteswara Rao 14A31A0250

M.Suresh Raju 14A31A0236
T.Ram Manohar Reddy 14A31A0254
S.Trimurthulu 15A35A0214
K.Sivaji 14A31A0233
Under the esteemed guidance of

Sri.M.Veera Chandra Kumar
M.Tech
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, KAKINADA & Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade )
1-378, A.D.B. Road, Surampalem, Near Peddapuram-533437
2014-18
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, KAKINADA & Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade )
1-378, A.D.B. Road, Surampalem, Near Peddapuram-533437
2014-18
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
OF IOT BASED SMART ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND SMART
CONSUMPTION” is being submitted by S.S.Nagendra Kumar (14A31A0253),
S.Koteswara Rao (14A31A0250), M.Suresh Raju (14A31A0236), T.Ram Manohar
Reddy (14A31A0254), S.Trimurthulu (15A35A0214), K.Sivaji (14A31A0233) in
partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Pragati Engineering College, for the record of
bonafide work carried out by them.
Sri.M.Veera Chandra Kumar

M.Tech
Assistant Professor
Dr. K. SATYANARAYANA
M. Tech., PhD, MIE, MIEEE, MISTE, C Eng
Professor& H.O.D – EEE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our thanks to project guide Sri.M.Veera Chandra Kumar,

Assistant Professor of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, who deserves a
special note of thanks and gratitude, for having extended their fullest co-operation and
guidance, without this, project would never have materialized.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr.K.SATYANARAYANA, Vice-

Principal & Head of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
for having shown keen interest at every stage of development of our project work and
for guiding us in every aspect.
We wish to express our special thanks to our beloved Dr.S.SAMBHU

PRASAD, Principal for giving guidelines and encouragement.
We wish to express sincere gratitude to our beloved and respected Dr. P.

KRISHNARAO, Chairman and Sri.M.V.HARANATHA BABU, Director
(Management), and Sri. M. SATISH, Vice-President for their encouragement and
blessing.
We are thankful to all our faculty members of the department for their valuable
suggestions. Our sincere thanks also extended to all the teaching and the non-teaching
staff of Pragati Engineering College.
S.S.Nagendra Kumar 14A31A0253
S.Koteswara Rao 14A31A0250

M.Suresh Raju 14A31A0236
T.Ram Manohar 14A31A0254
Reddy
S.Trimurthulu 15A35A0214
K.Sivaji 14A31A0233
CONTENTS
Page No.
Abstract i
List of Figures ii
List of Abbreviations iii
CHAPTER 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW: 2
1.2 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: 2
1.2.1 Feeders: 3
1.2.2 Distributor: 3
1.2.3 Service mains: 4
1.2.4 Classification of Distribution Systems: 4
1.2.5 REQUIREMENTS OF A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: 12
1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE: 12
CHAPTER 2 14
LITERATURE SURVEY 14
2.1 PRESENT POWER SCENARIO AND FUTURE PROJECTION: 15
2.2 STATUS OF DISTRIBUTION SECTOR IN INDIA: 15
2.2.1 SMART GRID DRIVERS: 16
2.3 SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: 17
2.3.1 POWERGRID(PGI) INITIATIVE ON SMART GRID: 17
2.3.2 NATIONAL SMART GRID MISSION: 18
2.3.3 SECURITY AND PRIVACY IN SMART GRID: 20
2.4 ALTERNATIVE POWER GENERATIONS OR RENEWABLE SOURCES
OF ENERGY: 21
2.5 DEVELOPMENT OF SMART GRIDS IN THE UK: LITERATURE
REVIEW: 22
2.5.1 Supply-side aspects: 22
2.5.2 Demand-side aspects: 23
2.5.3 Policy and Regulatory Aspects of Smart Grids: 23
2.6 LATEST REPORTS: 24
CHAPTER 3 25
PROBLEM STATEMENT AND SOLUTION 25
3.1 ELECTRIC POWER THEFT: 26
3.1.1 Power Theft Techniques: 26
3.1.2 Existing solutions to reduce Power Theft: 27
3.1.3 Proposed Solution to detect Power Theft: 29
3.2 AUTOMATED BILLING: 29
3.2.1 The latest trends in Metering Technology: 29
3.2.2 Proposed Automated Billing System: 30
3.3 PEAK DEMAND MANAGEMENT: 31
3.3.1 Demand Response: 31
3.3.2 Existing Demand Management Solutions: 31
3.3.3 Proposed solution to peak demand management: 32
3.4 RETURNING EXCESS POWER (RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES) TO
GRID: 32
3.5 MARKET DRIVERS: 33
3.5.1 Individual Monitoring: 33
3.5.2 Power Sector Reforms: 33
3.5.3 Increasing Non-Technical Losses: 33
3.5.4 Opportunities in The Emerging Electrifying Markets: 33
3.6 MARKET RESTRAINTS: 34
3.6.1 Consumer Behavior: 34
3.6.2 Initial Investment: 34
3.6.3 Risk of Privacy and Security Breaches: 34
3.6.4 High Cost of Smart Maters: 34
3.7 Advantages of Proposed System with Existing System: 34
CHAPTER 4 37
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 37
4.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM: 38
4.2 COMPONENTS REQUIRED: 38
4.2.1 Transformer: 39
4.2.2 Rectifier: 39
4.2.3 Voltage Regulator: 39
4.2.4 Node MCU: 40
4.2.5 Arduino Uno: 41
4.2.6 Arduino Nano: 41
4.2.7 HC-05 Module: 42
4.2.8 Light Dependent Resistance: 43
4.2.9 Energy Meter: 43
4.2.10 Relay: 44
4.2.11 Electrical load: 45
4.3 Hardware Interfacing: 45
4.3.1 Interfacing Node MCU with HC-05 Module: 45
4.3.2 Interfacing Energy Meter to Arduino Nano and NodeMCU: 46
4.3.3 Interfacing Arduino Uno with HC-05 Module: 46
4.3.4 Interfacing Energy Meter with Arduino Uno: 46
CHAPTER 5 47
Software Implementation 47
5.1 Amazon Elastic compute (EC2): 48
5.1.1 Get Started with Amazon EC2: 48
CHAPTER 6 49
RESULT 49
6.1 Power Theft: 51
6.2 Automatic Billing: 51
6.3 Peak Demand Management: 52
6.4 Returning Excess Power to Grid: 52
CONCLUSION: 54
FUTURE SCOPE: 54
REFERENCES: 55
APPENDIX-1: 56
Abstract
IOT based Smart Distribution System is an evolution of the existing
Electrical Distribution System. Advancement in high speed communication and
low-cost sensor coupled with the increased deployment of the advanced provide
utilities with better information to manage the distribution System. It comprises
of a two-way communication where electricity and information are exchanged
by the consumer and utility to maximize efficiency. The control center ensures
the smart grid optimize circuit VAR flow and voltages, there by power theft
location can be monitored with help of the smart transformers and smart energy
meters.
By using the IOT technology the distribution system can be digitalized
and detect every change in it. The system has a two communication between
the consumer and utility. The node MCU which is used for controlling and data
transfer between sending end and receiving end side through cloud. The
consumer will have a smart meter which consist of Arduino Uno and HC-05
wireless trans receiver. For each transformer there will be node MCU smart
meter communication hub, which has a wireless connection to every smart
meter in that area. The HC-05 module transfers the smart meter data to the hub.
The entire digital data is sent to the cloud platform (internet) through node
MCU.
The consumer meter reading is calculated with help of LDR which is

connected to the Arduino Uno, convert it into the digital value. The reading is
transmitted from the Arduino Uno with help of HC-05 trans-receiver. The
meter at transformer receives the data through HC-05 receiver connected to the
node MCU. Similarly, transformer meter also calculates the no of units
consumed at the transformer. The enter data is updated in the amazon web
service cloud with help of the node MCU.
There by electrical bills are automatically generated in the
internet(cloud). We can also manage the total loads on the transformer, by
fixing the consumer load. This system also helps the consumers to monitor their
daily usage of electricity through internet. He can able to control the heavy
appliances to reduce his electrical billing. The communication between the
consumer and utility increases the efficiency and reliability.
i
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No Description of Figure Page No
1.1 Substation and Distribution System 2
1.2 Feeders 3
1.3 2 Wire DC System 4
1.4 3 Wire DC System 4
1.5 Primary Distribution System 5
1.6 Secondary Distribution System 6
1.7 Radial System 8
1.8 Radial System for AC system 9
1.9 Ring Main Distribution System 10
1.10 Interconnected System 11
1.11 Block Diagram of The Project 12
2.1 Load Prediction in India 14
2.2 Monthly Energy Audit in Puducherry 17
2.3 Security and Privacy in Smart Grid 19
2.4 Renewable generation Growth Trend 19
2.5 Supply Side Aspects of SG in UK 21
3.1 Reverse Tampering of Energy Meter 26
3.2 Tamper Detection Meter 26
3.3 Block Diagram of The Prepaid Meter 29
3.4 Plastic Case Closed Energy Meter 29
3.5 Leveling OF Demand Curve 35
4.1 Voltage Regulator 39
4.2 NODE MCU 41
4.3 Arduino UNO 42
4.4 HC-05 Bluetooth Module 44
4.5 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 45
4.6 Block Diagram of Energy Meter 46
4.7 Relay 46
4.8 Four Channel Relay 47
4.9 Classifications of Loads 48
4.10 Interfacing NodeMCU with HC-05 48
4.11 Interfacing Transformer Meter with NodeMCU 49
4.12 Interfacing Arduino UNO with HC-05 49
4.13 Interfacing Energy Meter with Arduino UNO 50
ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
IOT INTERNET OF THINGS

VAR VOLTAGE AMPERE RATING
MCU MULTI POINT CONTROL UNIT
DC DIRECT CURRENT
AC ALTERNATING CURRENT
AT&C AGGREGATE TECHNICAL COMMERCIAL LOSSES
RE RENEWABLE ENERGY
DG DISTRIBUTION GENTERATOR
ISGTF INDIAN SMART GRID TASK FORCE
PMU PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT
PV PHOTO VOLTAIC CELL
IPDS INTEGRATED POWER DEVELOPMENT SCHEME
SCADA SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA AQUISITION
SEZ SOCIAL ECONOMIC ZONE
JNNSM JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION
ESD ELECRO STATIC DISCHARGE
MCCB MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER
iii
IOT BASED SMART ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 1

1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW:
Now a days, the energy consumption and energy distribution has become a
major problem because of huge difference in energy production and consumption. In
this regard, energy consumers are facing so many problems due to the frequent power
failures and the un-limited energy consumption of rich people.
IOT based Smart electrical distribution system is an evolution of the existing
distribution system. Advancement in high speed communication and low-cost sensors
coupled with the increased deployment of the advanced provide utilities with better
information to manage the distribution grid.
It comprises of a two-way communication where electricity and information
are exchanged by the consumer and utility to maximize efficiency. The control center
ensure that smart distribution grid optimizes circuit VAR flow and voltages, there by
power theft location can be monitored with help of the smart transformers and smart
energy meters.
The consumer has a smart meter which consists of Node-MCU and relays. For
each area there is Node-MCU meter hub which is connected to cloud for data analysis.
The entire digital data is sent to the Amazon web services cloud platform (internet).
The electrical bills are automatically generated in the internet (cloud) for every
consumer with unique Id’s.
This system also helps the consumers to monitor their daily usage of electricity
through internet. He can control the heavy appliances to reduce his electrical billing.
The communication between the consumer and service provider through web
increases the efficiency and reliability.
1.2 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
The part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is
known as distribution system [1]. In general, the distribution system is the electrical
system between the substation fed by the transmission lines and the consumer meters.
It generally consists of feeders, distributors and the service mains.

Fig 1.1: Substation and Distribution System
1.2.1 Feeders:
A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localized generating

station) to the area where power is to be distributed. Generally, no tapings are taken
from the feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. The main
consideration in the design of a feeder is the current carrying capacity.
Fig 1.2: Feeders
1.2.2 Distributor:
A distributor is a conductor from which tapings are taken for supply to the
consumers. In Fig. 1.2 AB, BC, CD and DA are the distributors. The current through a
distributor is not constant because tapings are taken at various places along its length.
While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the main consideration
since the statutory limit of voltage variations is ± 6% of rated value at the consumers’
terminals.

1.2.3 Service mains:

A service main is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the
consumer’s terminals.
1.2.4 Classification of Distribution Systems:
A distribution system is classified as follows.
1.2.4.1 Nature of current:
According to nature of current, distribution system may be classified as
1.2.4.1.1 DC Distribution System:
For certain applications, DC supply is absolutely necessary. DC supply is
required for the operation of variable speed machinery (i.e., DC motors, storage
battery.) For this purpose, AC power is converted into DC power at the substation by
using converting machinery. E.g., mercury arc rectifiers, rotary converters and motor
generator sets. The DC supply obtained is in the form of 2-wire or 3-wire for
distribution.
2-WIRE D.C. SYSTEM
• As the name implies, this system of distribution consists of two wires.
• One is the outgoing or positive wire and the other is the return or negative
wire.
• The loads such as lamps, motors etc. are connected in parallel between the
two wires as shown below
.
Fig 1.3 2: Wire DC System
• This system is never used for distribution purposes due to low efficiency
but may be employed for distribution of DC power.
3-WIRE D.C. SYSTEM.

• It consists of two outers and a middle or neutral wire which is earthed at
the substation.
• The voltage between the outers is twice the voltage between either outer
and neutral.
• The principal advantage of this system is that it makes available two
voltages at the consumer terminals.
• Voltage between any outer and the neutral and 2V between the outers.

• Loads requiring high voltage (e.g., motors) are connected across the
outers, whereas lamps and heating circuits requiring less voltage are
connected between either outer and the neutral.
Fig 1.4 3-Wire DC System
1.2.4.1.2 AC Distribution System:
Now-a-days electrical energy is generated, transmitted and distributed in the

form of alternating current. Alternating current in preferred to direct current is the fact
that alternating voltage can be conveniently changed by means of a transformer. High
distribution and distribution voltages have greatly reduced the current in the
conductors and the resulting line losses. The AC distribution system is the electrical
system between the stepdown substation fed by the distribution system and the
consumers’ meters. The AC distribution system is classified into
(i) Primary Distribution System
(ii) Secondary Distribution System.
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

• It is that part of AC distribution system which operates at voltages somewhat
higher than general utilization than the average low-voltage consumer uses.
• The most commonly used primary distribution voltages are 11 kV, 6·6kV and
3·3 kV.
• Primary distribution is carried out by 3-phase, 3-wire system.
• Electric power from the generating station is transmitted at high voltage to the
substation located in or near the city. At this substation, voltage is stepped
down to 11 kV with the help of step-down transformer.
• Power is supplied to various substations for distribution or to big consumers at
this voltage. This forms the high voltage distribution or primary distribution.
Fig. shows a typical primary distribution system.

Fig 1.5 Primary Distribution System
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
• It is that part of AC distribution system employs 400/230 V, 3-phase, 4-wire

system.
• The primary distribution circuit delivers power to various substations, called
distribution substations. The substations are situated near the consumers’
localities and contain step down transformers.
Fig 1.6: Secondary Distribution System

• At each distribution substation, the voltage is stepped down to 400 V and

power is delivered by 3-phase,4-wire AC system.
• The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and
neutral is 230 V.
• The single phase domestic loads are connected between any one phase and the
neutral.
• Motor loads are connected across 3-phase lines directly.
Advantages of AC system:
• The power can be generated at high voltages.
• The maintenance of AC sub-stations is easy and cheaper.
• The AC voltage can be stepped up or stepped down by transformers with ease
and efficiency. This permits to transmit power at high voltages and distribute
it at safe potentials.
Disadvantages of DC system:
• An AC line requires more copper than a DC line.
• The construction of AC distribution line is more complicated than a DC
distribution line.
• Due to skin effect in the AC system, the effective resistance of the line is
increased.
• An AC line has capacitance. Therefore, there is a continuous loss of power
due to charging current even when the line is open.
1.2.4.2 Type of Construction:
According to type of construction, distribution system may be classified as

• Overhead system
• Underground system.
The overhead system is generally employed for distribution as it is 5 to 10
times cheaper than the equivalent underground system. In general, the underground
system is used at places where overhead construction is impracticable or prohibited
by the local laws.
1.2.4.2.1 OVERHEAD VERSUS UNDERGROUND SYSTEM:

• The distribution system can be overhead or underground.
• Overhead lines are generally mounted on wooden, concrete or steel poles
which are arranged to carry distribution transformers in addition to the
conductors.

• The underground system uses conduits, cables and manholes under the
surface of streets and sidewalks.
• The choice between overhead and underground system depends upon several
differing factors.
(i) Public safety: The underground system is safe than overhead system because all
distribution wiring is placed underground and there are little chances of any hazard.
(ii) Initial cost: The underground system is more expensive due to the high cost of
trenching, conduits, cables, manholes and other special equipment. The initial cost of
an underground system may be five to ten times than that of an overhead system.
(iii) Flexibility: The overhead system is much more flexible than the underground
system. In the latter case, manholes, duct lines etc., are permanently placed once
installed and the load expansion can only be met by laying new lines. However, on an
overhead system, poles, wires, transformers etc., can be easily shifted to meet the
changes in load conditions.
(iv) Faults: The chances of faults in underground system are very rare as the cables
are laid underground and are generally provided with better insulation.
(v) Appearance: The general appearance of an underground system is better as all the
distribution lines are invisible. This factor is exerting considerable public pressure on
electric supply companies to switch over to underground system.
(vi) Fault location and repair. In general, there are little chances of faults in an
underground system. However, if a fault does occur, it is difficult to locate and repair
on this system. On an overhead system, the conductors are visible and easily
accessible so that fault locations and repairs can be easily made.
(vii) Current carrying capacity and voltage drop: An overhead distribution
conductor has a considerably higher current carrying capacity than an underground
cable conductor of the same material and cross-section. On the other hand,
underground cable conductor has much lower inductive reactance than that of an
overhead conductor because of closer spacing of conductors.
(viii) Useful life: The useful life of underground system is much longer than that of an
overhead system. An overhead system may have a useful life of 25 years, whereas an
underground system may have a useful life of more than 50 years.
(ix) Maintenance cost: The maintenance cost of underground system is very low as
compared with that of overhead system because of less chances of faults and service
interruptions from wind, ice, lightning as well as from traffic hazards.
(x) Interference with communication circuits: An overhead system causes
electromagnetic interference with the telephone lines. The power line currents are
superimposed on speech currents, resulting in the potential of the communication
channel being raised to an undesirable level. However, there is no such interference
with the underground system.
1.2.4.3 Scheme of Connection:

According to scheme of connection, the distribution system may be classified as
(1) Radial system
(2) Ring main system
(3) Interconnected system.
1.2.4.3.1 Radial System:
• In this system, separate feeders radiate from a single substation and feed the
distributors at one end only.
• Below Figure shows a single line diagram of a radial system
Fig 1.7 Radial System

• For DC. distribution where a feeder OC supplies a distributor AB at point A
distributor is fed at one end only i.e., point A is this case.
• The following figure shows a single line diagram of radial system for AC
distribution
Fig 1.8 Radial System For AC Distribution
• This is the simplest distribution circuit and has the lowest initial cost.

DRAWBACKS:
• The end of the distributor nearest to the feeding point will be heavily
loaded.
• Any fault on the feeder or distributor cuts off supply to the consumers who
are on the side of the fault.
• The consumers at the distant end of the distributor would be subjected to
serious voltage fluctuations when the load on the distributor changes.
• Due to these limitations, this system is used for short distances only.
1.2.4.3.2 Ring Main System:
• In this system, the primaries of distribution transformers form a loop

• The loop circuit starts from the substation bus-bars, makes a loop through
the area to be served, and returns to the substation.
• The following figure shows the single line diagram of ring main system for
AC distribution where substation supplies to the closed feeder
LMNOPQRS.
• The distributors are tapped from different points M, O and Q of the feeder
through distribution transformers.
Fig 1.9 Ring Main Distribution System
ADVANTAGES:
• There are less voltage fluctuations at consumer’s terminals.

• The system is very reliable as each distributor is fed via *two feeders. In the
event of fault on any section of the feeder, the continuity of supply is
maintained.
1.2.4.3.3 Interconnected system:
• When the feeder ring is energized by two or more than two generating
stations or substations, it is called inter-connected system.
• Fig. shows the single line diagram of interconnected system where the
closed feeder ring ABCD is supplied by two substations S1 and S2 at points
D and C respectively.
• Distributors are connected to points O, P, Q and R of the feeder ring
through distribution transformers.
ADVANTAGES:
• It increases the service reliability.
• Any area fed from one generating station during peak load hours can be fed
from the other generating station.
• This reduces reserve power capacity and increases efficiency of the system.
Fig 1.10 Interconnected System

1.2.5 REQUIREMENTS OF A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
1.2.5.1 Proper Voltage:

One important requirement of a distribution system is that voltage variations at
consumer’s terminals should be as low as possible. The changes in voltage are
generally caused due to the variation of load on the system. Low voltage causes loss
of revenue, inefficient lighting and possible burning out of motors. High voltage
causes lamps to burn out permanently and may cause failure of other appliances.
Therefore, a good distribution system should ensure that the voltage variations at
consumers terminals are within permissible limits. The statutory limit of voltage
variations is ± 6% of the rated value at the consumer’s terminals. Thus, if the declared
voltage is 230 V, then the highest voltage of the consumer should not exceed 244 V
while the lowest voltage of the consumer should not be less than 216 V.
1.2.5.2 Availability of Power on Demand:

Power must be available to the consumers in any amount that they may
require from time to time. For example, motors may be started or shut down, lights
may be turned on or off, without advance warning to the electric supply company. As
electrical energy cannot be stored, therefore, the distribution system must be capable
of supplying load demands of the consumers. This necessitates that operating staff
must continuously study load patterns to predict in advance those major load changes
that follow the known schedules.
1.2.5.3 Reliability:
Modern industry is almost dependent on electric power for its operation.
Homes and office buildings are lighted, heated, cooled and ventilated by electric
power. This calls for reliable service. Unfortunately, electric power, like everything
else that is man-made, can never be absolutely reliable. However, the reliability can be
improved to a considerable extent by (a) interconnected system (b) reliable automatic
control system (c) providing additional reserve facilities.
1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE:
The core idea of the project is to DIGITALISE the distribution system based on
IOT. A digitalized smart distribution system includes the application of information
technology systems to handle new data and permits utilities to more effectively and
dynamically manage system operations. The information provided by smart
distribution systems also enables customers to make informed choices about the way
they manage energy use of electric power. By using IOT technology every change in
the distribution system can be detected. It comprises of two-way communication
system where information is exchanged at regular intervals of time for better

monitoring of distribution system. The minute information of the distribution system
is also useful for analytic operation and Artificial Intelligence based power generation.
The solutions provided in our project are
1.Detection of Electrical Power Theft
2.Automated Billing
3.Peak Demand Management
4. Returning excess power (renewable energy sources) to grid.
The basic block diagram of the project is shown below:
Fig 1.11 Block Diagram Of The Project

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 PRESENT POWER SCENARIO AND FUTURE PROJECTION:
India is the fourth largest energy consumer in the world. The fast paced growth
of Indian economy has resulted in a surging demand for energy. Projected electricity
demand growth in India is shown in below figure. Since independence, India has seen
a phenomenal development in power sector, despite that about 400 million people in
India have no access to electricity and hundreds of millions get electricity for only a
few hours. To maintain the pace of economic development, provide access of
electricity to all along with meeting environmental concerns, India needs to explore
non-conventional sources of energy for long term energy security and sustainability.
Unlike conventional generation renewables are non-dispatchable i.e. there are
uncertainties and variability associated with large scale wind / solar generation. Smart
Grid development in India is expected to facilitate in integration of large scale
renewable generation through enhanced monitoring of power system and greater
consumer participation as well as address the various issues associated with the
distribution sector[2].
Fig 2.1 Load Prediction in India
2.2 STATUS OF DISTRIBUTION SECTOR IN INDIA:
Distribution sector in the Indian power system suffers from operational in

efficiencies such as high AT&C (Aggregate Technical and commercial losses) losses,
frequent and long outages etc.. The average AT&C loss for utilities selling directly to
consumers is 27% in 2011-12. Other aspects like reliability in supply, power quality
etc. are causes of concern. Good health of the distribution sector is the key for the
success of entire power sector. Consumers are mostly passive, i.e. they are least
informed about their consumption pattern and rarely participate in energy
management [3].

2.2.1 SMART GRID DRIVERS:
Unlike conventional energy sources, renewable generations are highly

intermittent and variable type. Large Scale Integration of renewable generation
requires special balancing mechanism to deal with the uncertainty and variability to
maintain grid stability & security. To supplement capacity addition as well as
electrification of remote areas, development of micro-grid also needs attention.
Successful integration of such large scale RE integration would require active
participation of all players i.e. from government agencies to NGO’s, from
manufactures to R&D institutions, from financial institution to developers and of
course a new breed of energy entrepreneurs. To address these issues and bring
efficiency, seamless integration of emerging technologies in the field of monitoring,
automation, control, communication and IT systems with active participation of all
stakeholders are inevitable. In this direction, smart grid which integrates 21st century
technology with the 20th century electrical grid has potential to revolutionize
electricity delivery system and provide access to electricity for all. It offers hundreds
of millions of populations the possibility of accessible, reliable power - a fundamental
requirement of inclusive growth. Every global driver for smart grids applies to India,
but it has additional drivers, which are as given below.
2.2.1.1 For Utilities:

• Reduction of T&D losses in all utilities as well as improved collection
efficiency
• Peak load management – multiple options from direct load control to
consumer pricing incentives
• Reduction in power purchase cost
• Better asset management
• Increased grid visibility
• Self-healing grid
• Renewable integration
2.2.1.2 For Customers:
• Expand access to electricity – “Power for All”
• Improve reliability of supply to all customers – less or no power cuts, lesser
of no more DG sets and inverters
• Improve quality of supply
• User friendly and transparent interface with utilities
• Increased choices for consumers, including green power
• “Pro-sumer” (producer and consumer) enablement
• Options to save money by shifting loads from peak periods to off-peak
periods

2.2.1.3 For Government & Regulators:

• Satisfied customers
• Financially sound utilities
• System upgrade and modernization
• Reduction in emission intensity
2.3 SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA:
It is evident that the far-reaching goals of the modern Indian power system can
be achieved by development of smart grids which can help to improve efficiency of
Indian power sector. Smart Grid Vision for India is: “Transform the Indian power
sector into a secure, adaptive, sustainable and digitally enabled ecosystem that
provides reliable and quality energy for all with active participation of stakeholders.”
It is aligned to the Government’s overreaching policy of “Access, Availability and
Affordability of Quality Power for all”.
Indian Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF) under MoP, GoI has shortlisted fourteen
(14) Smart Grid Pilot Projects spread across the country for demonstration of
technology. Govt. of India will finance 50% of the cost of the project as grant and
balance cost has to be borne by respective state utilities [4].
2.3.1 POWERGRID(PGI) INITIATIVE ON SMART GRID:
POWERGRID has taken initiative in deployment of smart grid technology in

all facets of electricity supply value chain. In “Distribution” sector a pilot smart grid is
being developed at Puducherry through open collaboration with manufacturer,
academicians, solution providers & consultants. Similarly, Synchro phasor pilot
projects have been undertaken in “Transmission” for real time dynamic state
measurement of system in all the five regions across India. Based on the experience of
synchro phasor pilot project large scale deployments of PMUs are being undertaken in
the form of “Unified Real Time Dynamic State Measurement” (URTDSM) scheme.
For large scale integration of upcoming renewable capacity in Indian grid, a
comprehensive report titled “Green Energy Corridors” has been developed by
POWERGRID. It comprises transmission system strengthening, Control
Infrastructure, Energy Storage & REMC establishment. A case study of Smart Grid
pilot Project implemented at Puducherry is being presented in this paper.

2.3.1.1 Puducherry Smart Grid Pilot Project:
POWERGRID has taken a pioneering initiative to develop Smart Grid Pilot

Project at Puducherry through open collaboration jointly with Electricity Department,
Govt. of Puducherry for demonstration of technology efficacy, provide input for
standardization and inter-operability framework of various technologies, policy
advocacy and regulatory framework for tariff design & net metering, electric vehicle
deployment with charging through renewables etc. [9]Under this project various
Smart Grid attributes have already been implemented and are being scaled up in
progressive manner. Presently, more than 1600 smart meters at consumer premises
along with Data Concentrator Units(DCU) & Meter Data Management System
(MDMS) have been integrated at one common platform at Smart Grid Control Centre
at Puducherry
.
Fig 2.2 Monthly Energy Audit in Puducherry
Real time monitoring of energy consumption pattern, various alarms

associated with it, etc. have been made possible with AMI system installed at
Puducherry. Meters with various communication technologies have been deployed
including narrow band & broad band PLC, RF-2.4GHz, RF-865 MHz & GPRS. Smart
Grid Control Centre at Puducherry is the first of its kind in the country has been
established under this project. Real time Distribution Transformer (DT) wise energy
audit is also possible, an example of monthly audit of a given DT is shown.
2.3.2 NATIONAL SMART GRID MISSION:

The efforts for the development and deployment of Smart Grids in India were
being carried out through India Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF) and India Smart Grid
Forum (ISGF) since 2010 under the aegis of Ministry of Power (MoP). During the
implementation of 14 Smart Grid Pilot projects in State utilities, it was felt that smart
grid efforts required urgent concerted focus for which it was necessary to create a

comprehensive institutional arrangement capable of dedicating the manpower,

resources and organizational attention needed to take it forward [5].
A Smart Grid Vision and Roadmap for India was approved by the Ministry of
Power in August 2013 which also envisaged the launch of a National Smart Grid
Mission (NSGM) having its own resources, authority, functional & financial
autonomy to plan and monitor implementation of the policies and programs prescribed
in the roadmap.
2.3.2.1 Interventions in Smart Grids for 12th Plan:
• The indicative components of smart grids in 12th plan would be broadly as
follows:
• Deployment of Smart Meters and AMI.
• Substation renovation and Modernization with deployment of GIS wherever
economically feasible.
• Development of medium sized Micro grids.
• Development of Distributed Generation in form of Roof Top PVs.
• Real-time monitoring and control of Distribution Transformers.
• Provision of Harmonic Filters and other power quality improvement
measures.
• Creation of EV Charging Infrastructure for supporting proliferation of EVs.
• Smart grid being a new and evolving field, the activities presently envisaged
are only indicative and during implementation, further activities can be
incorporated based on evolution of technology.
2.3.2.2 Methodology for Implementation:
• Leveraging RAPDRP:
The basic infrastructure is being created under RAPDRP/IPDS in large
towns, over which the Smart Grid development can be superimposed. IT
implementation and SCADA being carried out will be leveraged for Smart grid. The
Infrastructure being created under System strengthening being done in Part-B will be
leveraged for better and effective use to be ready to support Smart Grid technologies /
functionalities upon completion. AMI will be implemented and all the consumer
meters being installed in these cities will preferably be Smart Meters. Under Part-B
works utility should preferably provision for RMUs, sectionalizes, path for alternate
feeding etc. Substation modernization will be done under Part-B and wherever there is
economic feasibility GIS will be installed.
• Micro grids:
As envisaged in the Roadmap, NSGM will promote development of Microgrids
in islands, SEZs, institutions and commercial hubs that would dovetail the existing
projects under renewable energy projects and other international support programs.

• Promotion of EVs:
Deployment of EV Charging Infrastructure envisaged under the National
Mission for Electric Mobility of MoHI can be coordinated under NSGM in some of
these cities.
• Distributed Generation in form of Roof top PVs:
The promotion of grid connected solar capacity addition, JNNSM also has a
mandate to encourage the rooftop solar segment. The promotion of Roof top PV based
Distributed Generation will be encouraged with invigoration of Central and state
government’s schemes in association with MNRE and respective state governments
and mechanism of funding and incentives will be worked out under their schemes.
• Technology Demo Projects for Real Time Monitoring:
These initiatives are directed towards improving Quality and reliability of
Power and will be partly-funded under NSGM in these cities.
2.3.3 SECURITY AND PRIVACY IN SMART GRID:

Security is a challenging game of wits, pitting security attackers versus assets
holders. Security in smart grid is of no exception to this paradigm. Cyber security is
intended as one of the crucial challenges for SG. Vulnerabilities usually allow an
attacker to break a system, corrupts user privacy, acquire access to control software,
and modifies load conditions to destabilize the grid in unexpected ways. Below Fig.
shows the classification of the function on security and privacy for SG. We must take
a note that the advanced infrastructure employed in SG on one hand encourages us to
exercise more powerful mechanisms to defend against cyber-attacks and handle
failures efficiently, on the other side opens so many new vulnerabilities. Hence in the
following, it is going to be discussed countless new security and privacy issues due to
the deployment of many smart meters, sensors, and PMUs, together with some
solutions [6].
Fig 2.3 Security and Privacy in Smart Grid

2.4 ALTERNATIVE POWER GENERATIONS OR RENEWABLE

SOURCES OF ENERGY:
Renewable Development in India In line with international development,
portfolio of installed generation capacity is also changing in India. Out of total
installed capacity about 12% i.e. 29.5 GW is through renewable (RE) generation. In
energy terms, RE energy penetration is about 6%. In this direction, Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy Sources (MNRE) projected that RE capacities at the end of the
12th & 13th Plan would be around 55 GW and 98 GW respectively. The renewable
generation growth trend in India is shown in Fig follows
Fig 2.4 Renewable Generation Growth Trend
Major contribution in renewable capacity addition is envisaged through wind,

solar and small hydro sources. Renewable Generations are not uniformly distributed
across the country. In India, it is mainly concentrated in Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu etc.
India’s long coastline of 7,600 km gives it a high offshore wind power potential.
Center for wind energy technology (CWET) has assessed India’s wind power
potential as 1,02,778 MW at 80 meters height considering 2% land availability.
According to C-WET, Gujarat has highest wind potential in the country followed by
three southern states, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Offshore Potential
of renewable generation is also being explored.
A comprehensive master plan for grid integration of large scale renewable
capacity addition in twelfth Five Year plan across India has been formulated in the
“Green Energy Corridors” report. The master plan covers intra-state & inter-state
transmission systems and mitigating measures for grid interconnection of variable &
intermittent renewable energy like flexible generation, renewable forecasting, setting
up of Renewable Energy Management Center (REMC), energy storage facility etc. It
also covers perspective plan for large scale renewable generation by 2030 and 2050.

India receives nearly 3,000 hours of sunshine every year with a solar
generation potential of about 20-30 MW/ km2. The country’s installed solar power
generation capacity has grown exponentially in the recent past, from mere 2.12 MW
in 2007-08 to 2208 MW in Jan 2014. Four major deserts i.e. Thar, Rann of Kutch,
Ladakh & Lahul Spiti in India have significant renewable (Solar) potential. A report
titled “Desert Power in India: 2050” describes integrated plan for renewable
development in Deserts of India.
2.5 DEVELOPMENT OF SMART GRIDS IN THE UK: LITERATURE

REVIEW:
We have identified four domains which contribute material to the development
of scenarios. These domains focus on different aspects of the electricity grid, its
components, management, function and people’s relationship with it. Understanding
these aspects, and the ways in which they can become “smarter” is at the heart of
smartening the electricity grid. The four domains are: supply-side, demand-side,
policy and technology. We now turn our attention to each of them in detail [7].
2.5.1 Supply-side aspects:
Addressing the challenges associated with smart grids and realizing the
opportunities they can provide depend on the operation and integration of the
following foundational key technology areas: i) sensing and measurements, ii)
advanced components, iii) advanced control schemes, iv) improved interfaces and
decision support system, and v) integrated communications.
Fig 2.5 Supply-Side Aspects of SG in UK

However, the existing grid systems operate in liberalized markets where there
are different actors for transmission, distribution and supply of electricity and the
benefits these technologies can provide might sit with other parties. As a result, smart
grid investment requires a financial model that is different from traditional utility
capital investment analysis. This is mainly because a smart system requires a variety
of technologies and programs, none of which by themselves provide a business case
but together yield the utility’s required return.
2.5.2 Demand-side aspects:

Demand-side measures are of at least equal importance for achieving energy
and climate targets as supply side measures – the traditional focus of UK policy; some
argue that demand-side measures are even more important in this respect (e.g. Grubler
and Riahi, 2010). Public perceptions of and reactions to electricity grid developments
and potential associated smart technologies and management issues will influence the
implementation, acceptance and success of a future ‘smart grid’ (SG). As such,
studying potential demand side responses and implications for lifestyles and everyday
practices becomes important for 35 the understanding of key issues, contingencies,
and possibilities for SG development. It is important to note that at this stage, SGs are
not yet implemented and therefore the literature pertinent to interaction with SGs is
very limited. However, relevant research exists for energy use, perception and
management, as well as interactions with and potential for adoption of renewable
energy, and/or micro-generation (for a recent review see Whitmarsh et al., 2011), all
of which are directly or indirectly linked to operational SGs.
2.5.3 Policy and Regulatory Aspects of Smart Grids:

This section will consider the current regulatory framework of the UK
electricity supply industry (ESI) as it relates to smart grid development, setting out the
policy drivers which underlie the need for smart grid development and the limited
smart grid related initiatives already underway. It will discuss some of the underlying
issues relating to the current regulation of the ESI and the potential for conflict
between these and the way that grid 56 investment and market operation will need to
operate as anticipated policy driven generation and consumption changes take hold. It
will outline the current state of policy specific to smart grids and smart metering. It
will discuss the barriers to the changes that the UK wishes to bring to the ESI and to
the adoption of smart grids as a partial solution to some of the challenges thrown up
by the necessary evolution of the UK ESI. It will discuss the changes that will need to
be introduced and which are already being introduced to enable the solutions that are
increasingly likely to be required for smart grid deployment. The UK has already
taken action to adopt policies specific to implementing the shift in energy production
to renewable energy sources. Additionally, it is considering the infrastructural
requirements of making these changes. This section will consider the key drivers for
smart grid development in the UK, as a solution to future energy system challenges

and as a method for reducing the costs of meeting these challenges. Policy Drivers for
Smart Grids, the UK has legislated a policy goal of an 80% reduction in national
climate change emissions by 2050; further to this the UK has a legal obligation under
EU law for 15% of all energy consumption to come from renewable energy sources by
2020 (Great Britain Climate Change Act, 2008; European Commission, 2009b). This
change will need to occur in the context of an energy system which will see up to a
quarter of existing electricity generating capacity close as nuclear and coal power
stations reach the end of the operational life.
2.6 LATEST REPORTS:

According to the annual Emerging Markets Smart Grid: Outlook 2015 study by
the Northeast Group, LLC, the world loses US$89.3 billion annually to electricity
theft. The highest losses were in India ($16.2 billion), followed by Brazil ($10.5
billion) and Russia ($5.1 billion).[1] President of Northeast Group Ben Gardner stated,
"India loses more money to theft than any other country in the world. The state
of Maharashtra—which includes Mumbai—alone loses $2.8 billion per year, more
than all but eight countries in the world. Nationally, total transmission and distribution
losses approach 23% and some states' losses exceed 50%. A record 3,800 cases of
power theft were registered by Reliance Energy in the suburbs in 2016-17, latest
statistics released by the power utility firm have revealed. This was higher compared
to the previous year, and police FIRs have also more than doubled from 56 registered
in 2015-16 to 116 this fiscal year, it showed
Digital India campaign is launched by Government of India to ensure that
Government services are made available to citizens electronically by improved online
infrastructure and by increasing internet connectivity or by making the country
digitally improved in the field of technology. The Government of India entity Bharat
Broadband Network Limited (BBNL) which executes the BharatNet project will be
the custodian of digital India project. The internet subscribers have increased to 500
million in India till April 2017. In this scenario of development of internet facilities to
rural areas, utilization of internet for digitalization of distribution system will be a
cost-effective method.

CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM STATEMENT AND SOLUTION

3.1 ELECTRIC POWER THEFT:
Electrical power Theft is the criminal practice of stealing electrical power. There
are various ways of electrical power theft, including Tapping a line or bypassing
the energy meter. According to a study, 80% of worldwide theft occurs in private
dwellings and 20% on commercial and industrial premises. The various types of
electrical power theft include [8].
3.1.1 Power Theft Techniques:
The various techniques of electric power theft are explained below

3.1.1.1 Direct hooking from line:
Hooking is the most used method. 80% of global power theft is by direct
tapping from the line. The consumer taps into a power line from a point ahead of
the energy meter. This energy consumption is unmeasured and procured with or
without switches.
3.1.1.2 Bypassing the energy meter:
In this method, the input terminal and output terminal of the energy meter is
short-circuited, preventing the energy from registration in the energy meter.
3.1.1.3 Injecting foreign element into the energy meter:
Meters are manipulated via a remote by installing a circuit inside the meter so
that the meter can be slowed down at any time. This kind of modification can evade
external inspection attempts because the meter is always correct unless the remote is
turned on.
3.1.1.4 Physical obstruction:
This type of tampering is done to electromechanical meters with a rotating
element. Foreign material is placed inside the meter to obstruct the free movement of
the disc. A slower rotating disk signals less energy consumption
3.1.1.5 ESD attack on electronic meter:
This type of tampering is done on electronic meter to make it either latent
damage or permanent damage. Detection can be done correctly in high end meters
only.
3.1.1.6 Reverse Tamper:
When reverse current flow occurs as a result of incorrect neutral wiring, the
metering firmware indicates the incorrect signs during active power readings. The
firmware activates the reversed current indicator when any of the two currents
indicates a sign opposite the one expected. To overcome this, metering firmware
always uses the absolute value of active power for driving the energy pulse therefore,
the reverse current has no effect on the energy calculation or accurate billing.
Fig 3.1 Reverse Tampering Of Energy Meter
3.1.1.7 Cover Open Tamper:

When the meter casing is opened for the purpose of tampering, modifications
to the meter can occur by the following:
• Changing the value of the burden resistance to a lower value so that it
measures less current.
• Removing the RTC battery
3.1.2 Existing solutions to reduce Power Theft:
3.1.2.1 Electronic Tamper Detection Meter:

The microcontrollers with mixed-signal capabilities are best suited to provide
systems-on-chip for smart meters. The low-cost, low-power, powerful analog and
digital peripherals, and firmware flexibility, allow for robust tamper-free meters [9].
Fig 3.2 Tamper Detection Meter

3.1.2.2 Prepaid Meters:

This meter uses an 8051 microcontroller to which a GSM modem is
interfaced. The microcontroller program then starts to deduct the recharge amount as
per the consumption of load power. Once the recharge amount reaches to zero then the
microcontroller cuts the power supply to the load through a relay driven duly by a
NPN transistor and sends a message to the phone number stored that contains all the
billing information.
Fig 3.3 Block Diagram of Prepaid Meter
3.1.2.3 Plastic meter encasement:

A plastic case is shielded around the meter so as to prevent any tampering
either mechanical or electronic. The case is closed with a seal by the electrical
authorities. If seal is found broken the consumer is liable for penalty.
.
Fig 3.4 Plastic Case Enclosed Energy Meter

3.1.3 Proposed Solution to detect Power Theft:

There are many solutions to detect power theft done by meter tampering as
explained above, but there is no efficient way to locate theft if it’s done by direct
hooking onto the line which parts about 80%. In this project an energy meter hub is
situated at every transformer, which is connected to Amazon web service cloud
through a micro controller named Node MCU. This micro controller senses the value
of energy meter and uploads it to the cloud database for every 3 minutes. The
consecutive values of meter readings are stored in the cloud. Similarly, every
consumer energy meter uploads the respective meter readings to cloud. The values of
all consumer energy meters under a distribution transformer are added and compared
to transformer meter reading. If there is a considerable deviation of summation value
from main value, the service provider gets a power theft alert in his webpage
indicating the transformer id. The service provider can then take necessary steps to
prevent theft once the location gets identified.
3.2 AUTOMATED BILLING:

3.2.1 The latest trends in Metering Technology:
(1) Electronics meters
(2) Prepaid meters
3.2.1.1 Electronic Meters:
The power utilities across the world are changing over to electronic meters
from traditional electro mechanical meters for the following reasons:
1. The meters are accurate and the variation in error with the load is negligible.
2. The meter can record several parameters as defined by user i.e. maximum
demand, KWH, KVARH, Power factor.
3. Meter has the facility of storing data for 30 to 35 days, to enable the utility to
perform load survey and monitor the contracted demand, power factor and
tampering of meters.
4. Meters does not have any moving parts, therefore the revenue lost due to stuck
meters can be totally eliminated.
5. Meters have a tamper detection facility to detect loss of potential, reversal of
current and by passing of current circuit.
3.2.1.2 Prepaid Meter:
The prepaid meter is fitted with MCCB. The software inbuilt in the meter
opens the MCCB after predetermined energy is delivered. They are of two types,
called key pad meters, smart card meters. In the keypad system, a number is generated
by the credit vending machine which the consumer punches on the key pad provided
on the meter and meter continues to provide electricity up to the amount paid by the

consumer. In this system, there is no feedback available on the pattern of the

consumption of the consumer as well as the reading of energy consumed. Smart Card
provides a communication with the credit vending machine and the utility’s computer.
At the time of re-charging the card, the data stored in the meter memory is conveyed
back to the data base of the utility for analysis of the consumption pattern etc. The
main advantage of the system is that the function of metering, billing and collection is
combined into one activity Modernization of Metering, Billing and Collection System,
the Customer Relationship Management. The disadvantage of the system is that the
consumer by passes the meter and utilizes the energy, the utility might not be able to
detect easily. The customer installation has to be made theft proof, by taking the
service wires through a flexible conduit from the pole and ending in a meter box. The
alternative solution is to go in for a split prepaid meter. The present cost of these
meters are approximately Rs.10,000/-. This cost is prohibitive, as this amount is to be
recovered by consumers. Moreover, the reliability of these meters is still to be proved
in our environmental conditions and usage practices [10].
3.2.1.3 Present Bill Collection System:
The process of on-line bill collection is described herein:
• The consumer goes to the cash collection center and produces either the bill or
informs the consumer number.
• Bill collector enters the consumer number into the system and gets a display of
the bill and the amount to be collected.
• Bill collector collects the amount from the consumer, generates a computerized
receipt for the amount paid and issues the receipt.
• Simultaneously the database and the consumer ledgers are updated. This
ensures that the amount paid is properly accounted.
3.2.2 Proposed Automated Billing System:

The proposed system will be enabled for ecommerce applications at a later
date, providing the following facilities:
• The consumers can login through Internet and print or view the bill.
• The consumer can also review the payments made by him so far.
• A facility will be provided to pay the bill amount through credit cards or debit
cards or bank transfer by issuing an authorization to the bank for debiting the
bill amount to his or her account.
• Facility will be provided for giving a general authorization to utility to debit the
bill amount to his or her bank account provided the bill amount does not exceed
specified amount.
• The main advantage of the system is that the cash collection center is
connected on line to the main computer system at the central office and all the
transactions are recorded in the central database.

• The agency collecting need not maintain any books of account for the
transactions.
3.3 PEAK DEMAND MANAGEMENT:

• Peak demand, peak load or on-peak are terms used in energy demand
management describing a period in which electrical power is expected to be
provided for a sustained period at a significantly higher than average supply
level.
• Peak demand fluctuations may occur on daily, monthly, seasonal and yearly
cycles.
• For an electric utility company, the actual point of peak demand is a single
half-hour or hourly period which represents the highest point of customer
consumption of electricity.
3.3.1 Demand Response:

Any reactive or preventative method to reduce, flatten or shift demand.
Historically, demand response programs have focused on peak reduction to defer the
high cost of constructing generation capacity. However, demand response programs
are now being looked to assist with changing the net load shape as well, load minus
solar and wind generation, to help with integration of variable renewable energy.
Demand response includes all intentional modifications to consumption patterns of
electricity of end user customers that are intended to alter the timing, level of
instantaneous demand, or the total electricity consumption. Demand response refers to
a wide range of actions which can be taken at the customer side of the electricity
meter in response to particular conditions within the electricity system (such as peak
period network congestion or high prices), including the aforementioned IDSM [11].
3.3.2 Existing Demand Management Solutions:

3.3.2.1 Supply Side Response Solutions:
• Renewable Energy Generation: Solar and wind power generation add
additional energy to the grid, help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can
increase efficiency by supplying energy locally (less power lost over shorter
transmission distance) – but they cannot always be relied on due to weather
conditions.
• Aggregated Generator Reserve: Aggregating reserve capacity from existing

assets into virtual power stations that can add additional energy to the grid
helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increases efficiency by supplying
energy locally (less power lost over shorter transmission distance), is
immediate and reliable and does not require new infrastructure development.

3.3.2.2 Demand Side Response Solutions:

• Energy Use Reduction: Turning off non-essential loads lowers demand on the
grid and cuts back carbon pollution.
• Load Shifting: Delaying or bringing forward energy intensive activities to
non-peak periods decreases the load on the grid when demand is at its
highest.
3.3.2.3 Combined Supply Side and Demand Side Response Solution:
• Smart Grid virtual power solutions: Smart Grid virtual power solution
aggregates generator reserve to provide controllable, rapid and reliable
capacity to the grid during periods of peak demand. With real time reactivity,
the stations can respond to peak events by quickly powering up, adding
capacity and reducing connected loads (loads connected to the standby or
emergency generators).
3.3.3 Proposed solution to peak demand management:

• The authorities can set a maximum limit of power supply for a single consumer
or group of consumers. If the customer exceeds this limit he initially gets an
alert asking him to reduce his power consumption,
• If the customer continues to consume at excessively the authorities can
interrupt supply with a four-channel relay connected at customer energy meter.
• The 4 channel relays are operated from provider webpage through Node-MCU
• This improves reliability of power supply by controlling the excess
consumption by customer.
• This method of peak demand management is very advantageous during less
availability of electrical energy.
3.4 RETURNING EXCESS POWER (RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOURCES) TO GRID:
This proposed smart electrical distribution system also facilitates net metering
technique through which excess solar power can be returned to main distribution
system. This solution is mainly used for solar powered residential and commercial
unit [12].
Solar powered systems can be categorized in two:
▪ Grid connected solar power system.
▪ Standalone off grid system.
A grid connected system as the name suggests is the one in which solar power
system is connected to the local main grid. In this case, loads can run on solar power
as long as there is sufficient energy available from the sun during the day. Any deficit
is taken care by the main utility supply. However, if the solar energy production is in

excess as compared to the load requirement at that moment, the excess energy can be
either stored in the batteries (if available) or can be sold back to the utility grid. This
difference of energy can be tracked using a meter connected to your solar PV system.
Net metering is an agreement that allows the solar PV system owner to sell
excess solar energy to the utility company or buy deficit energy from the utility
company using a meter to track this energy exchange.
Following 2 cases take place in this scenario:
Case 1: If at any moment of time, if solar energy generation (kWh) is less than
the load requirement at that time, the difference of energy is taken from the
distribution system and the meter runs forward, as usual. In this case, the system
owner is charged for the units (kWh) consumed from the main grid.
Case 2: If at any moment of time, if solar energy generation (kWh) is more than
the load requirement at that time, the excess solar energy is fed back to the distribution
system and the meter now runs backward. In this case, the system owner gets credit
for the units (kWh) fed back to the main grid.
All the meter readings are adjusted in the cloud database itself, which makes it
easy during bill payments.
3.5 MARKET DRIVERS:
3.5.1 Individual Monitoring:

One positive factor of smart grid technology is that individuals can more
accurately monitor and manage their energy use by checking their smart meters. Smart
meters interact with the grid by sending energy consumption and production data back
and forth, allowing consumers a real-time view of their energy use.
3.5.2 Power Sector Reforms:
The upcoming competitive and customer focused deregulated power
distribution market will force the market participants to make the existing metering
and billing process more competent. This is likely to drive the smart distribution
market.
3.5.3 Increasing Non-Technical Losses:
Metering errors, tampering with meters leading to low registration and
calibration related frauds are some of the key components of non-technical losses.
India reports greater than 10 percent of non-technical losses. It has been reported that
smart meters control non-technical losses better than conventional ones.
3.5.4 Opportunities in The Emerging Electrifying Markets:
Most of the Asian countries do not have 100 percent electrification; hence new
markets are being created by the increasing generating capacity. Digital systems can
be more easily introduced in such new markets rather than the existing ones.

3.6 MARKET RESTRAINTS:
3.6.1 Consumer Behavior:

Consumers have not had any major problems with the existing normal
distribution system, and hence it is likely to be difficult to convince them to change
over to digital system. Consumers might not appreciate the concept of
DIGITILISATION as far as electricity is concerned because it might be perceived as
an instrument to control common man’s life style.
3.6.2 Initial Investment:
Utilities might be discouraged by the huge initial investment, which includes
the cost of instrument, marketing campaign, establishing distribution channel, and
other management costs.
3.6.3 Risk of Privacy and Security Breaches:
A third challenge of installing a smart grid is that utilizing the internet to
provide real time grid data increases the risk of privacy and security breaches. One
simulation found that malware experts could infiltrate one smart meter and spread the
virus to 15,000 meters within a day, enabling hackers to remotely shut off power with
the click of a button. In a recent article in the Washington Examiner, the chief of the
NSA confirmed that China and at least one other country are capable of hacking into
US electrical and water infrastructure, potentially causing the failure of these critical
systems.
3.6.4 High Cost of Smart Maters:
Another concern is that the real-time pricing of smart meters may negatively
affect particular industries. One example is that institutions, such as hospitals, are not
able to change the temperature of their buildings as they must obey health
regulations. As a result, institutions such as these will be heavily billed by utility
companies, and these expenses may be carried over to consumers.
3.7 Advantages of Proposed System with Existing System:
The present power usage reading is made manually by moving to the consumer
locations. This requires large number of labour operators and long working hours to
accomplish the task. Manual billing is sometimes restricted and delayed by bad
weather conditions. The printed billing also has the tendency of getting lost. Over the
last few years, Smart (Prepaid) Energy Meter has been proposed as an innovative
solution aimed at facilitating affordability and reducing the cost of utilities.
The proposed system has the following advantages over conventional system:
• Energy savings through reducing consumption: One of the advantages of
smart distribution system is that they can tell us the consumption at an energy
meter at any time, so users are better informed of their real consumption.

Moreover, with better consumption monitoring, contracted power can be

adjusted to meet the real need of each consumer. These two factors result in
users reducing their consumption and tailoring their contracted power to their
real needs.
• Better customer service and more accurate bill: Another key advantage
offered by digital systems is that bills are more accurate. They always reflect
the real consumption of each month instead of estimates, reducing the cost of
the old system of manual energy meter readings. In addition to being able to
access information about the installation remotely, problems become easier to
diagnose and solutions can therefore be implemented faster, improving
customer service. Nowadays customers have to notify companies for them to
take action. But with remote management the system itself automatically
reports all incidents to the electric company so it can respond faster to users.
• Fraud detection and technical losses: Digital systems can detect fraud much
more accurately, as the units do not contain any parts that are subject to
mechanical wear. Moreover, the new energy meters with PLC PRIME
communications have systems that detect the opening of the terminal strip
cover and send an automatic alert to the managers of the grid warning of
potential fraud. Units with PLC technology can perform energy balances. The
system adds together the energy of all the energy meters installed and compares
it to the measurement taken by a tantalizer at the head of the line to see if there
are any losses (or theft) at any point that the company is not aware of.
• Reduced Balancing Cost: Smart distribution systems can collect much more
data than the manual energy meter reading system. This permits the use of data
analysis techniques and the preparation of highly realistic consumption
forecasts as many more variables are considered. Utilities can then better tailor
their production to consumption (balances) and reduce energy surpluses.
• Increased competition: Having real load curve data invites marketing
companies to adjust their prices based on energy demand. When the marketing
companies have more data, they can make better offers that are more in line
with their customers' reality, increasing competitive options through a wider
variety of offers (hourly tariffs, energy packages, etc.). This benefits consumer
in that more competition leads to more competitive pricing.
• Leveling of the demand curve (Peak reduction): Through the use of different
pricing profiles, utilities can level out the daily demand curve to shift
consumption peaks to times with lower demand, optimizing usage of the
electrical network. So, customers can intentionally connect loads at off-peak
times when each kWh is less expensive. As an example: a customer may decide
to change their consumption habits by using the washing machine during off-
peak hours, at night, instead of when each kWh is more expensive, saving
money and helping the utility balance consumption and avoid line saturation
during peak hours. Having consistent consumption means that power plants do

not have to switch on and off as many times to generate energy, which lowers
generation costs.
Fig 3.5 Leveling of Demand Curve
• Reduction of carbon emissions: All the benefits above involve reducing

consumption, which entails a reduction in CO2 emissions. We can thus say that
Smart Distribution systems lead to a more sustainable future. All this will
directly contribute to the future integration of electric vehicle charging systems
on the mains. The deployment of renewable energy systems is also made easier
as utilities gain greater control of their grids.

CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:

Fig shows the schematic diagram of the project. The supply voltage of 230V is
stepped down to 30V by the transformer. Rectifier gives a voltage of 12V DC. The
equipment in the project work with 5V DC supply, so a voltage regulator 7805 is
used.
4.2 COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an
electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of
electrical energy to and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as
electric power converters. The Components used in the project are: Transformer,

Rectifier, Voltage Regulator, Node MCU, Arduino Uno HC-05 Module, LDR, Energy
Meter, Relays, Electrical loads.
4.2.1 Transformer:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical
circuit to another through mutual electromagnetic induction and without change in
frequency. Transformers are used to increase or decrease alternating current (AC)
voltage in circuits. The transformer is usually built with two coils around the same
core. The primary coil or input coil is connected to supply side while secondary coil
supplies power to load. The second one is called the output coil. Energy is transferred
from the primary to the secondary by electromagnetism. The Step-down transformer
of (220Vto 12V) is used in this project.
4.2.2 Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
direction. The process is known as rectification. Because of the alternating nature of
the input AC sine wave, the process of rectification alone produces a DC current that,
though unidirectional, consists of pulses of current. Many applications of rectifiers,
such as power supplies for radio, television and computer equipment, require
a steady constant DC current (as would be produced by a battery). In these
applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter, which may
be a capacitor, choke, or set of capacitors, chokes and resistors, possibly followed by
a voltage regulator to produce a steady current.
4.2.3 Voltage Regulator:
For ICs within the 78xx family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating
the output voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5-volt output, while the 7812 produces
12 volts). The 78xx line are positive voltage regulators: they produce a voltage that is
positive relative to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which
are complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in
combination to provide positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit.
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically
maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are
required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are
to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12
represent the required output voltage levels. 7812 is a famous IC which is being
widely used in 12V voltage regulator circuits. Truly speaking it is a complete
standalone voltage regulator. We only need to use two capacitors, one on the input and
second one on the output of 7812 in order to achieve clean voltage output and even
these capacitors are optional to use. To achieve 12V 1A current, 7812 should be
mounted on a good heat sink plate.

Fig 4.1 Voltage Regulator
4.2.4 Node MCU:

Node MCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the
ESP-12 module. The term "Node MCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than
the dev kits. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua
project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open
source projects, such as lua-cjson, and spiffs.
4.2.4.1 Arduino-like hardware IO:
Advanced API for hardware IO, which can dramatically reduce the redundant
work for configuring and manipulating hardware. Code like arduino, but interactively
in Lua script.
4.2.4.2 Nodejs style network API:
Event-driven API for network applications, which facilities developers
writing code running on a 5mm*5mm sized MCU in Nodejs style. Greatly speed up
your IOT application developing process.
4.2.4.3 Lowest cost WI-FI:
Less than $2 WI-FI MCU ESP8266 integrated and easy to be prototyping
development kit. We provide the best platform for IOT application development at the
lowest cost.
4.2.4.4 Development Kit:
The Development Kit based on ESP8266, integrates GPIO, PWM, IIC, 1-
Wire and ADC all in one board. Power your development in the fastest way
combination with NodeMcu Firmware!
• USB-TTL included, plug and play
• USB-TTL included, plug and play
• FCC CERTIFIED WI-FI module, PCB antenna

Fig 4.2 Node MCU
4.2.5 Arduino Uno:

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware
and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning
on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by
sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the
Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE),
based on Processing.
Over the years, Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from
everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of
makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered
around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible
amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.
The arduino unit is as shown.
Fig 4.3 Arduino Uno
4.2.6 Arduino Nano:

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the
ATmega328 (Arduino Nano 3.x) or ATmega168 (Arduino Nano 2.x). It has more or
less the same functionality of the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package.

It lacks only a DC power jack, and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead of
a standard one. The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-
20V unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power
supply (pin 27). The power source is automatically selected to the highest voltage
source.
4.2.7 HC-05 Module:

HC‐05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module,
designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. The HC-05 Bluetooth
Module can be used in a Master or Slave configuration, making it a great solution for
wireless communication. This serial port bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth
V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio
transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Bluecore 04‐External single chip bluetooth
system with CMOS technology and with AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping
Feature).
Button switch is used to switch the module into AT command mode. To
enable AT command mode, press the button switch for a second. With the help of
AT commands, the user can change the parameters of this module but only when
the module is not paired with any other BT device. If the module is connected to
any other bluetooth device, it starts to communicate with that device and fails to
work in AT command mode.
Fig 4.4 HC-05 Bluetooth Module

4.2.8 Light Dependent Resistance:

A photoresistor (or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or photo-conductive cell) is
a light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with
increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A
photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light-activated and
dark-activated switching circuits.
A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a
photoresistor can have a resistance as high as several megaohms (MΩ), while in the
light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident
light on a photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the
semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band.
The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby
lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor can
substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors may
react substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.
Fig 4.5 Light Dependent Resistance
4.2.9 Energy Meter:

An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a
device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence,
a business, or an electrically powered device. Electric utilities use electric meters
installed at customers' premises for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in
billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour (kWh). They are usually
read once each billing period.
When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may
measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day"
metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak
high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods.
Energy meter or Watt hour meter is an instrument which measures amount of
electrical energy used by the consumers. Utilities install these instruments at every
place like homes, industries, organizations to charge the electricity consumption by

loads such as lights, fans and other appliances. Most interesting type are used as
prepaid electricity meters.
In analog type meters, voltage and current values of each phase are obtained by
voltage divider and current transformers which are directly connected to the load.
Fig 4.6 Block diagram of Energy Meter
ADC converter converts these analog values to digitized samples and it is then
converted to corresponding frequency signals by frequency converter. These
frequency pulses then drive a counter mechanism where these samples are integrated
over a time to produce the electricity consumption.
4.2.10 Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a
circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by
one signal. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control
an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor.
Fig 4.7 Relay Fig 4.8 Four Channel Relay

The Relay has Electromagnetic Coil turned around a metal piece this will reacts
as magnet when coil gets energized. Movable Armature attached with spring exactly
placed above the electromagnet setup and makes contact between common terminal
and Normally closed contact (N/C), without any supply or zero input supply, this
condition may be termed as normally open relay. When the coil get energized
movable armature attracted by electromagnet and N/O contact becomes closed and
N/C becomes open.
4.2.11 Electrical load:
The device which takes electrical energy is known as the electric load. In other
words, the electrical load is a device that consumes electrical energy in the form of the
current and transforms it into other forms like heat, light, work, etc. The electrical load
may be resistive, inductive, capacitive or some combination between them.
The classifications of loads are shown in the figure below.
Fig 4.9 Classifications of Loads
4.3 Hardware Interfacing:

4.3.1 Interfacing Node MCU with HC-05 Module:
Bluetooth HC-05 module is interfaced to Node MCU as a Master mode. This
module automatically connects to the slave hc-05 module of Arduino. The connection
of HC-05 is as follows:
Fig 4.10 Interfacing NodeMCU with HC-05 Module

4.3.2 Interfacing Energy Meter to Arduino Nano and NodeMCU:

Energy meter reading is calibrated with help of Ldr. Energy meter gives 3200
blinks per units, so NodeMCU detects number of blinks with help of LDR.
Fig 4.11 Interfacing Energy Meter to Arduino Nano and NodeMCU
4.3.3 Interfacing Arduino Uno with HC-05 Module:

Bluetooth HC-05 module is interfaced to Arduino Uno as a slave mode. This
module automatically connects to the Master HC-05 module of NodeMCU. The
connection of HC-05 is as follows:
Fig 4.12 Interfacing Arduino Uno with HC-05 Module
4.3.4 Interfacing Energy Meter with Arduino Uno:

Energy meter reading is calibrated with help of Arduino Uno. Energy meter
gives 3200 blinks per units. So Arduino detects number of blinks with help of LDR.
Fig 4.13 Interfacing Energy Meter with Arduino Uno

CHAPTER 5
Software Implementation

5.1 Amazon Elastic compute (EC2):

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) provides scalable computing
capacity in the Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud. Using Amazon EC2 eliminates
your need to invest in hardware up front, so you can develop and deploy applications
faster. You can use Amazon EC2 to launch as many or as few virtual servers as you
need, configure security and networking, and manage storage. Amazon EC2 enables
you to scale up or down to handle changes in requirements or spikes in popularity,
reducing your need to forecast traffic.
5.1.1 Get Started with Amazon EC2:
The first thing you need to do is get set up to use Amazon EC2. After you are
set up, you are ready to complete the Getting Started tutorial for Amazon EC2.
Whenever you need more information about a feature of Amazon EC2, you can read
the technical documentation.
5.1.1.1 Get Up and Running
• Set Up with Amazon EC2
• Get started with Amazon EC2 Linux Instances

5.1.1.2 Basics
• Instances and AMIs
• Regions and Availability Zones
• Instance Types
5.1.1.3 Storage
• Amazon EBS
• Instance Store
5.1.1.4 Working with Linux Instances
• Remote Management (Run Command)
• Install a LAMP Web Server with the Amazon Linux AMI
• Configure Apache Web Server on Amazon Linux 2 to Use SSL/TLS
• Getting Started with AWS: Hosting a Web App for Linux

CHAPTER 6
RESULT

This kit explains about the project “IOT BASED SMART ELECTRIC
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM”. In this prototype we create unique websites for both the
provider and consumer.
Consumer Dashboard
Provider Dashboard

6.1 Power Theft:

When power theft occurs, “POWER THEFT” alert will be shown on provider
dashboard, service men will be send to check for it.
Power Theft Location

YES ADB Road,
Transformer1
6.2 Automatic Billing:

The customer can view his energy consumption along with price
(AUTOMATED BILLING) through his dashboard whereas the provider control and
monitor the energy consumption.

6.3 Peak Demand Management:

To reduce the power outages, the provider sets the consumption limit “PEAK
DEMAND MANAGEMENT” which can be viewed on both Consumer and provider
Dashboard. When any consumer crosses the Limit, He will get the alert regarding
peak consumption for the first time, If he continues Power supply will be interrupted.
Provider can only solve this interruption through his dashboard.
Peak demand Consumer
YES Notified
NO ----------
Peak demand Consumer

violated
YES Supply intterupted
NO ----------
6.4 Returning Excess Power to Grid:

To return the excessive power (Roof Top) to the grid. The consumer have an
option “SELL ELECTRICITY” in his dashboard, if needed Provider will select
“YES” on his dashboard, then the relay operated so as the energy meter acts as
Bidirectional Meter.

Consumer Power Service Provider Smart meter

Pooling
Yes Accepted Acts as Bi-
directional meter
Yes Not accepted No change

CONCLUSION:
With the growing world population, thus increasing demand the need for
resource depleting intelligent and efficient in our energy consumption has to have
become an imperative. Implementation of the smart distribution concept would go a
long way in solving many of today's energy issues and problems. The entire network
needs to be improved to meet the requirements, i.e., transmission and distribution
level requirements. Researches continue to find to make all the desired properties
possible the optimal solution and new technologies. Through the use of smart
distribution technology, energy can be used up to and would not be wasted. This
technology also helps to save the earth from global warming. It refers to the
modernized version of the earlier traditional methods of energy supply. Smart meters,
Smart Homes, Smart City and so would make the Smart distribution. As the new
technologies would be invented and strengthened existing ones to the desired
specifications meet the Smart distribution system would be reality and change the
whole pattern of energy in the world
FUTURE SCOPE:
Future research will focus primarily on machine learning, plug and play
technology, self-healing grid and total automation of the grid.
Plug and play technology for smart distribution system can enable and incentivize
consumers to give back i.e., redistribute energy generated by the consumer via
personal means (solar cells, wind turbines) through the smart system to other
consumers in need.
A self-healing system comprising of sensors, automated controls and advanced
software that utilizes real time distribution data to detect and isolate faults and to
reconfigure the distribution network to minimize the customers impacted.
As technology evolves further, the goal is to completely automate the grid –from
power generation to distribution and service management.

REFERENCES:
[1] Lecture notes on Electrical Distribution Systems B.Tech EEE IV Year I Semester
(Jntua-R13) Mr. Y.Hari Krishna Asst.Professor, Department Of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Chadalawada Ramanamma Engineering College.
[2] “SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA – A CASE STUDY” I S Jha1,
Director (Projects), Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd., Gurgaon, India, Subir Sen2,
General Manager (Smart Grid & Energy Efficiency) Power Grid Corporation of India
Ltd., Gurgaon, India and Rajesh Kumar3 , Chief Manager (Smart Grid) Power Grid
Corporation of India Ltd., Gurgaon, India.
[3] Southern power distribution company of A.P. Limited, ARR & Tariff Proposals
for Retail Supply, Business for FY 2012-13
[4] “Smart Grid in Indian Power System”, I.S.Jha Y. K.Sehgal, Subir Sen, Rajesh
Kumar, NPSC 2012
[5] http://www.nsgm.gov.in/en/nsgm
[6] Smart Grid Security and Privacy: Challenges, Literature Survey and Issues Rajiv
.K. Bhatia, Varsha Bodade Dept. of Information Technology Terna Engineering
College Nerul, Navi-Mumbai 400-706, India
[7] Scenarios for the Development of Smart Grids in the UK: Literature Review
Dimitrios Xenias, Colin Axon, Nazmiye Balta-Ozkan, Liana Cipcigan, Peter Connor,
Rosemary Davidson, Alexa Spence, Gary Taylor, and Lorraine Whitmarsh.
[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft_of_electricity
[9]https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Theft%20of%20electricity
[10] Modernization of Metering, Billing and Collection System, the Customer
Relationship Management Tripta Thakur, Gayatri Agnihotri and Chaturbhuj Ahirwar
[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_demand_management
[12] https://www.bijlibachao.com/using-renewables/net-metering-policy-for-roof-top-
pvs-in-various-states-in-india.html

APPENDIX-1:
Node MCU code:
#include <Wire.h>
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include <Thread.h>
Thread myThread = Thread();
Thread myth = Thread();
int input_pin = A0;
int ldr_value = 0;
int light_on_threshold = 930;
double time_mseconds = 0;
double mseconds_per_minute = 20000;
int number_of_blinks = 0;
int delay_value = 0;
double units_consumed = 0;
int wattage_blinks = 3200;
String cmval="", gmval ="";
float gm=0,cm=0,diff=0,avg=0;
int _mode=1;
int gmid = 100, cmid = 101;
int start=0;
const char WIFI_SSID[] = "AndroidAP";
const char WIFI_PSK[] = "12345678";
const char http_site[] = "18.220.218.148";
const int http_port = 80;
WiFiClient client;
WiFiClient cl;
void anotherCallback()
{ if ( !cl.connect(http_site, http_port) ) {
// return false;
cl.print("GET /smartgrid/getmeterstatus.php");
cl.println(" HTTP/1.1");
cl.print("Host: ");
cl.println(http_site);

cl.println();
delay(10);
int test = 0;
while( cl.available() ) {
String ch = cl.readStringUntil('\n');
test++;
if(test>=7)
if(ch.equals("1")) // CONSUMER FROM GRID // connected to arduino digital pin d8
{ _ Serial.println(ch);}
else if(ch.equals("0")) // CONSUMER TO GRID SOLAR
{ Serial.println(ch); }
if(test>=8)
if(ch.equals("3")) // following the updated demand
else if(ch.equals("2")) // not following
void niceCallback(){
if ( !client.connect(http_site, http_port) ) {
// return false;
client.print("GET /smartgrid/insert_reading.php?gmid=" + String(gmid));
client.print("&cmid=");
client.print(String(cmid));
client.print("&gmval=");
client.print(String(gmval));
client.print("&cmval=");
client.print(String(cmval));
client.println(" HTTP/1.1");
client.print("Host: ");

client.println(http_site);
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println();
cmval = "";
gmval = "";
delay(10);
while( client.available() ) {
char c = client.read();
void setup()
Serial.begin(38400);
Wire.begin(D1, D2);
myThread.onRun(niceCallback);
myth.onRun(anotherCallback);
// Connect to WiFi
connectWiFi();
void loop()
if(start == 0)
int i = 0;
while(i<=6)
{ Serial.println("I");
i++;
Wire.beginTransmission(8); /* begin with device address 8 */
Wire.write("c"); // clear gmval in slave of consumer
Wire.endTransmission(); /* stop transmitting */
start=1;
if(cmval.equals(""))
while (Serial.available()) {
delay(10); //small delay to allow input buffer to fill

char ch = Serial.read(); //gets one byte from serial buffer
cmval += ch;
if(ch == '\n')
Wire.requestFrom(8,4); /* request & read data of size 5 from slave */
while (0 <Wire.available()) {
char c = Wire.read();
//Serial.print(c);/* receive byte as a character */
if(c == (' ')){}
else{ gmval+=c;
/* print the character */
if(myThread.shouldRun())
myThread.run();
if(myth.shouldRun())
myth.run();
break;
}// Attempt to connect to WiFi
void connectWiFi() {
// Set WiFi mode to station (client)+
WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
// Initiate connection with SSID and PSK
WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, WIFI_PSK);
while ( WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED ) {
delay(100);

Code for Arduino Nano:

#include <Wire.h>
char buffer[6];
String s;
int delay_value = 50;
float gmval=0;
int input_pin = A0;
int ldr_value = 0;
int light_on_threshold = 930;
double time_mseconds = 0;
int number_of_blinks = 0;
int wattage_blinks = 3200;
int start=0;
void setup() {
Wire.begin(8); /* join i2c bus with address 8 */
Wire.onReceive(receiveEvent); /* register receive event */
Wire.onRequest(requestEvent); /* register request event */
Serial.begin(38400); /* start serial for debug */
void loop() {
if(start==1){
ldr_value = analogRead(input_pin);
if (ldr_value < light_on_threshold)
{ number_of_blinks++;}
delay(delay_value);
time_mseconds += delay_value;
gmval = number_of_blinks * 1000.0 / wattage_blinks;
s = dtostrf(gmval, 4, 2, buffer);
function that executes whenever data is received from master
void receiveEvent(int howMany) {
while (0 <Wire.available()) {
start=1;

// function that executes whenever data is requested from master
void requestEvent() {
Serial.println(s);
Wire.print(s);
time_mseconds = 0;
number_of_blinks = 0;
gmval=0;
Code for Arduino Uno:
// actual
int input_pin= A0;
int ldr_value=0;
int light_on_threshold=930;
int light_off_threshold=1000;
double time_mseconds=0;
double mseconds_per_minute=60000;
int number_of_blinks=0;
int delay_value=50;
double units_consumed=0;
int wattage_blinks=3200;
int start = 0,meter_stat=1;
int pd=8, solar_ip=9,solar_out=10;
String state;
char st;
void setup()
pinMode(solar_ip,OUTPUT);
pinMode(solar_out,OUTPUT);
pinMode(pd,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(38400);
void loop()
if(start == 0)
digitalWrite(pd,LOW);

digitalWrite(solar_ip,LOW);
digitalWrite(solar_out,LOW);
if (Serial.available()) {
char ch = Serial.read(); //gets one byte from serial buff
state = ch;
if(state == "I")
{ start = 1;
else {
if(time_mseconds==mseconds_per_minute)
if(meter_stat == 0)
Serial.println((number_of_blinks*1000.0/wattage_blinks)*(-1));
if(meter_stat == 1)
Serial.println(number_of_blinks*1000.0/wattage_blinks);
//Serial.println(number_of_blinks);
number_of_blinks=0;
time_mseconds=0;
ldr_value= analogRead(input_pin);
if(ldr_value<light_on_threshold)
number_of_blinks++;
delay(delay_value);
time_mseconds+=delay_value;
// relays code

if (Serial.available()) {
st = Serial.read(); //gets one byte from serial buff
if(st == '0') //power to grid
digitalWrite(solar_ip,HIGH);
digitalWrite(solar_out,HIGH);
digitalWrite(pd,HIGH);
meter_stat = 0;
else if(st == '1') //power from gris to consumer
digitalWrite(solar_ip,LOW);
digitalWrite(solar_out,LOW);
//digitalWrite(pd,LOW);
meter_stat = 1;
if(meter_stat == 1)
if(st == '2') //power off
digitalWrite(pd,HIGH);
else if(st == '3') //normal
digitalWrite(pd,LOW);

Iot Based Smart Electrical Distribution System

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Iot Based Smart Electrical Distribution System

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A Project Report on

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF IOT BASED SMART ELECTRICAL

S.Koteswara Rao 14A31A0250

Under the esteemed guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Sri.M.Veera Chandra Kumar

Professor& H.O.D – EEE

We express our thanks to project guide Sri.M.Veera Chandra Kumar,

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr.K.SATYANARAYANA, Vice-

We wish to express our special thanks to our beloved Dr.S.SAMBHU

We wish to express sincere gratitude to our beloved and respected Dr. P.

S.S.Nagendra Kumar 14A31A0253

S.Koteswara Rao 14A31A0250

The consumer meter reading is calculated with help of LDR which is

IOT INTERNET OF THINGS

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 1

1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW:

1.2 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 2

Fig 1.1: Substation and Distribution System

A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localized generating

Fig 1.2: Feeders

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 3

1.2.3 Service mains:

3-WIRE D.C. SYSTEM.

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 4

Fig 1.4 3-Wire DC System

1.2.4.1.2 AC Distribution System:

Now-a-days electrical energy is generated, transmitted and distributed in the

PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 5

Fig 1.5 Primary Distribution System

SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

• It is that part of AC distribution system employs 400/230 V, 3-phase, 4-wire

Fig 1.6: Secondary Distribution System

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 6

• At each distribution substation, the voltage is stepped down to 400 V and

According to type of construction, distribution system may be classified as

1.2.4.2.1 OVERHEAD VERSUS UNDERGROUND SYSTEM:

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 7

1.2.4.3 Scheme of Connection:

Fig 1.7 Radial System

Fig 1.8 Radial System For AC Distribution

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 9

1.2.4.3.2 Ring Main System:

• In this system, the primaries of distribution transformers form a loop

Fig 1.9 Ring Main Distribution System

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 10

1.2.4.3.3 Interconnected system:

Fig 1.10 Interconnected System

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 11

1.2.5 REQUIREMENTS OF A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

1.2.5.1 Proper Voltage:

1.2.5.2 Availability of Power on Demand:

1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE:

system where information is exchanged at regular intervals of time for better

The basic block diagram of the project is shown below:

Fig 1.11 Block Diagram Of The Project

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 13

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 14

2.1 PRESENT POWER SCENARIO AND FUTURE PROJECTION: