Document

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES – GYAN ( JOIN OUR PAID GROUP 8564880530)
STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN

CH - 01
MODERN INDIAN SOURCES
➢ James rennel--1st surveyor general of Bengal in 1767.

➢ In constructing history of modern india priority needs to be given to archives (collection of historical records and documents).
➢ Archives--central government archives+state government archive+archives of 3 presidency (bengal+madras+bombay)+ archives of other
european powers+judicial records+published archives+private archives+foreign repositories.
➢ Sources--archives; biographies, memoirs and travel accounts; newspapers and journals; oral evidence; creative literature; paintings.
➢ Newspaper ➢ Editor
➢ The hindu; swadesamitran ➢ G.Subramaniya iyer
➢ Kesari; mahratta ➢ B.G.Tilak
➢ Bengalee ➢ S.N.Bannerjee
➢ Amrita Bazar Patrika ➢ Shishir and motilal Ghosh
➢ Sudharak ➢ G.K. Gokhale
➢ Indian mirror ➢ N.N.Sen
➢ Voice of india ➢ Dadabhai Naoroji
➢ Indian sociologist ➢ Shyamji varma
➢ Bande matram ➢ Madam cama
➢ Company painting--Patna kalam.

➢ Kalighat painting--calcutta.
Chapter -02
Major approaches to the History of modern India-
• Historiography is the science of history interpretation

• The history of India is mainly divided into 4 approach -
Colonial, Nationalist , Marxist and Subaltern
Colonial Approach -
• It is the approach which is dominated by the Europeans

• In this they they criticise the indegeneous society and culture.
• There were glorification of the western society
• Some famous historain are- Vincent Smith , James Mill
Nationalist Approach -
• It contribute to the growth of nationalist feeling and unified India.

• It look national movement as movement of nation.They deal mainly with the ancient and medieval periods.
• Famous historain - M.G ranade , R.C duty ,G.K ghokle,A.C majumdar.
Marxist approach -
STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES – GYAN ( JOIN OUR PAID GROUP studyforcivilservices@gmail.com)
• It begin with the two books
(a) Rajni Plame Dutt's India Today
( b) A.R Desai social background of Indian nationalism.
• It focus on primary contradiction between the interest of colonial masters and native subjects.
• Famous historain - R.P duty
Subaltern Approach -
• Begin with Ranjit Guha in 1980s

• It think that the historiagraphy is based on the elite class.
• It focus that the role of common class is neglected.
• It sees nationalism as exploitative in terms of caste ,gender , religion.
Other approcahes-
• Communist approach - It take a view that the Hindus and Muslims are hostile group and thier interest are different.It take medieval history as a long
history of Hindu Muslim conflict.
• Cambridge school - It take a view that Indian nationalism was not a product of struggle of India people against colonial exploitation but it arose from
the conflict among the Indian for getting the benefits given by Britishers.
• Feminist approach - It is a approach in which women role is centric in the writings .The role of movement is defined.Attempt was made to archive the
writing of women's.
• STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN
CH-03
ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS IN INDIA:-
Dicovery of Sea route –
• Direct control of Europeans were lost with India due to domination by Arab trade routes.
• The europeans renaissance gave a boost for the exploration to europeans.
• Economic development and industrial revolution compel them for the expansion of thier market.
• Europeans love for luxury goods,peppers,spices.
Portuguese:
• Vasco da gama discovered sea route to india in 1498.

• Early settlements at calicut,coachin,and cannanore.
• The portuguese want to monopolise the hughely profitable eastern trade by removing thier competitiors.
• Vasco da gama come to India again in 1501.
• Almeida- He was the 1st governor appointed by the Portuguese in 1505. He initiated blue water policy(cartaze system).
• Albuquerque—He captured goa from bijapur, bhatkal from srikrishna deva rai.He initiated policy of marrying with natives and banned
sati. He is the real founder of portuguese power.
• Nino da cunha—He assumed the office in 1529. He won diu and bassein from bahadur shah of Gujarat and shifted capital from cochin
to goa.
• Decline—
(a) The rise of english and dutch
(b) Rampant corruption by the officials
(c) The emergence of powerful dynasties in north India such as marathas.
(d) Portuguese shifting of colonisation ambitions towards other colonies
(e) Religious policy of portuguese to promote christianity and to persecute all muslims.
(f) portuguese loss favour of mughals.
• Came first in India and went last from India.
DUTCH:-
• United East Company; formed in 1602 by charter of Dutch parliament.
• 1st factories founded in 1605 at Masulipatnam.

• Factories--Masulipatnam, pulicat, Surat, Bimlipatam, karikal etc.
• In battle of budara (1759) English defeated Dutch.
• Decline--loss to English; shift of attention towards Malay Archipelago.
ENGLISH:-
• English East India Compan formed in 31dec 1600 by the charter issues by Elizabeth1.
• First settlement at surat(1613) by captain Best's victory over portuguese.
• Thomas roe in court of jahangir got permission to establish factory at agra,ahmedabad,broach.
• Bombay on lease from charles2 who got this in Portuguese dowry.
• Fort st george(madras) given by chandragiri chief to english in 1639.
• Magna carta of the east india company-- farrukhsiyar's farmans; led by John surman;significant privileges to company in bengal,gujarat
and hyderabad.
• Golden farmaan by sultan of Golconda in 1632.
• Village of sutanuti, gobindapur,kalikata formed fort william.
• In 1616 first factory in south in masulipatnam.
• 1635--rival company named Courteen Association (assada company).
• In 1657 both companies merged.
• In 1698 another rival company emerged; all 3 got amalgated in 1708 under the title 'the united company of merchants of england trading
to East Indies'.
• In 1698 english succeded in getting the permission to buy the zaminari of three villages which form modern calcutta and
fortified setllement fort william in 1700 become a seat of eastern presidency.
FRENCH:-
• French East India Company formed in 1664 by colbert(minister of LouisXIV).It was granted for 50 years.In 1667 caron head a
expedition and established a factory at surat.
• Pondicherry was founded in 1674 and caron replace martin as France governor.
• Rivalry between English and french-- in India coincided with wars between English and french in Europe.
• Causes of rivalry--for protection and expansion of commercial interests.
• Causes of french failure--inadequate military and financial support; involvement in europe; ill managed policy;sound commercial base of
english.
• Dutch vs french-- treaty of Ryswick(1697).
• 1st carnatic war(1740-48)—It was Extension of anglo french war in europe which was caused by austrian war of succession; ended with
treaty of Aix La Chapelle.It was remembered for the battle of st .Thome fought between French and forces of Nawab of carnatic.
• 2nd carnatic war(1749-54)—The background provided by rivalry in india.Dupleix(french governor) sought to increase power and
influence.It started with the death of Nizam-Ul –Mulk. The accession of Nasir Jung the son of Nizam was opposed by the Muzaffar
jaung. French sided with muzaffar jang and chanda sahib in deccan and carnatic respectively while english sided with nasir jung and
anwar-ud –din.
• Result – French authorities annoyed of heavy fianancial losses and was not happy with the dupleix policies and he was recalled in
1754.French and Englsih agreed naot to interfere with each other.
• 3rd carnatic war(1758-63)--Background was 7 year war when austria wanted to recover silsea. The battle of wandiwash(1760) won by
eyre coot against French.The treaty of peace of paris(1763 ended the french political influence. English became supreme european
power.
DANES:-
• Danish east india company; established in 1616; factory at Tranquebar near tanjor;principal settlement was at serampore;better known
for their missionary activities than for commerce.
REASON FOR ENGLISH SUCCESS:-
• Its organised Structure and nature of the trading company.

• It’s naval superiority against the french
• Industrial revolution started in the 18th century with the invention of new technology
• British military skill and discipline;
• British have stable government while france witnessed violent revolution
• Britain was lesser zealous and less interested in spreading of religion
• British use of debt market to fund the wars.The Bank of England was established.


CH-04
INDIA ON THE EVE OF BRITISH CONQUEST:-
DECLINE OF MUGHALS:-
• The first half of 18 th century saw decline of Mughals and with the end of reign of Aurangzeb the decline started fastly.
CHALLENGES BEFORE MUGHALS -
• External challenge - The north west border was neglected by the later Mughals and no effort was done in thier protection.Nadir Shah Persian empire
attacked India and conquered Lahore and defeated Mughal at Karnal.Kohinoor and peacock throne was also plundered from India.Ahmad Shah abdali
captured Delhi in 1757 and in 1761 Abdali defeated Marathas in Third battle of Panipat.
Weak Ruler after Aurangzeb -
• Bhahdur Shah ( 1709 -12)- Muzzam the eldest son of Aurangzeb become emperor and take the title Bahadur Shah.Sikh leader Banda Bahadur attacked
the during his reign.
• Jahandar Shah ( 1712-13) - He introduce Izra system to improve financial condition.
• Farrukhsiyar ( 1713 -19 ) - He gave farman to the British in 1719 and abolished Jaziyah and Pilgrimage tax.
• Rafi - Ud - Darajat - He ruled for the shorest period among Mughals.
• Muhammad Shah ( 1719 -48 ) - He has been given the title of Rangeela due to his luxurious life style.He with the help of Nizam ul Mulk killed Sayyid
brothers and founded the independent state of Hyderabad.In 1739 in battle of Karnal Nadir Shah defeated Mughals.
• Ahmad Shah( 1748 -1754 ) - He left all state affairs into the hand of his mother Udham Bai under the title of Qibla- I - Alam.
• Alamgir II - During his reign the Battle of Plassey was fought in June 1757.
• Shah Alam - II ( 1759 - 1806 ) - His regin saw battle of Third battle of Panipat in 1761 and Battle of Buxar in 1764 and with the treaty of Allahabad he
was taken under East India company.
• Akbar -II ( 1806 -37 ) - He gave the title of Raja to Rajamohan Rai.
• Bahadur Shah II ( 1837 -1857 ) - He was the last ruler of Mughal emperor.
Reasons of Decline -
➢ Weak successors; absence of definite law of succession; Aurangzeb's religious and deccan policy(antagonising rajputs,sikhs,jats and marathas);
degeneration of rulers and nobles; deterioration of army; too vast an empire; external invasions( nadir shah, ahmad shah abdali);economic
decline(endless war, stagnation in agriculture, decline in trade); advent of europeans; shifting allegiance of zamindars; jagirdari crisis; rise of regional
aspirations( awadh,bengal, hyderabad, mysore, kerala, rajput, jat).
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION:-
• AGRICULTURE-- It is almost stagnant and technologically backward.The peasants paid revenue to state,zamindars,jagirdars,revenue farmer. They
produced rice ,wheat, sugar, pepper, spices, cotton etc.
• TRADE AND INDUSTRY--textile industry, ship building industry, metal industry; cotton textiles, raw silk, silk fabrics, hardware, indigo, spices, saltpetre,
opium etc were exported; gold, musk, woolen cloth, copper, iron, lead, pearls, dates, coffee, tea etc were imported.
Important center of textile Industry - Dacca ,Patna ,Murshidabad , Ahmedabad ,Broach
• EDUCATION-- The education was traditional and doesn't match with rapid development of west.The elementary education imparted through
pathsalas and maktabs.chatuspathis among hindus and Madrasah aming muslims for higher education and there is absence of study of science and
technology and geography.
• SOCIETY-- The society was traditional in outlook and people were divided by Caste,Religion ,tribe and language.The hindus, were divided into 4 varnas
and in this into many sub castes differing in nature from place to place.The muslims were also divided by caste, race, tribe and status even though
their religion propogated equality.The choice of profession was mainly determined by caste.The sharif Muslim consist of nobles,Scholars,priest and
army.
• Position of women in society - The society is patriarchal and women enjoy a little individuality.Purdah system,sari ,child marriage system prevailed.The
evil of Dowry was widespread in many region.
• Menace of Slavery - widespread of slave presence in India and people were compelled to sell offspring as slave due to thier economic stress,natural
calamities and extreme poverty.
• Art, architecture, and culture-- bada imambara at lucknow by asaf-ud-daula(1784); sawai jai singh built pink city of jaipur, and five astronomical
observatories( delhi, jaipur, mathura, benares, ujjain); kangra and rajputana paintings; in northen india growth of urdu language by Mir, Sauda, Nazir,
Mirza Ghalib; regional languages developed, tamil language was enriched by sittar poetry.
RISE OF REGIONAL STATES:-
1)SUCCESSOR STATES--were mughal provinces; turned into states after breaking away from empire; did not challenge sovereignity of mughals; example being
awadh,bengal,awadh.
2)INDEPENDENT KINGDOMS--due to destabilisation of mughal control over provinces such as mysore,kerala,rajputs.
3)THE NEW STATES--set up by the rebels against mughals such as marathaa,sikhs,jats.
REGIONAL KINGDOMS:-
HYDERABAD--Founded by Kilich khan(nizam-ul-mulk); zulfikar khan first conceived idea of independent state in deccan.
AWADH--by saadat khan(burhan-ul-mulk); committed suicide due to pressure from nadir shah.
BENGAL--By Murshid kuli khan; succeeded by shuja-ud-din--sarfaraz khan--alivardi khan.
RAJPUTS--Alliance between ajit singh,jai singh2, durgadas rathore.
MYSORE--ruled by wodeyars; later brought under Haidar ali.
KERALA--by Martanda varma.
JATS--Churaman and badan singh set up the jat state of Bharatpur; reached zenith under Surajmal.
SIKHS-- Gurugovind Singh transformed the Sikhs into a militant sect for thier defence.Raja Ranjit Singh was one of the greatest ruler of sikhs.He has conquered
from sutlej to Jhelum.By tripartite treaty in 1838 he allow a passage to British.
MARATHAS--Leadership of peshwas; lost battle of panipat third.
ROHILAKHAND--By ali muhammad khan.
FARUKHABAD--By mohammad khan bangash.
CH-05
EXPANSION AND CONSOLIDATION OF BRITISH POWER IN INDIA:-
British Imperial History -
• Britain started with the conquest of Ireland in 16th century.

• In India some views are there that the British conquest was totally blind, unintentional and accidental.They believe that British have come only for
trade not for any conquest .The other group believe that the Britain came to India with clear vision of establishing a large and powerful empire.
• In India British period start has different time period acc to different Historains some regard 1740 Anglo french struggle is the beginning while some
see 1757 the battle of Plassey is the beginning of British era .Many other believe it start from 1761.
Factors for success--
• The superior arms used by English were better than Indian arms.
• Military discipline and regular salary system of army make their army more organized with respect to Indian Army
• civil discipline- The positions of officer were given on basis of thier skill not on basis of hereditary while Indian officer were appointed on basis of
Religion and caste.
• Brilliant leadership- Many brilliant leader like Clive,Warren Hastings ,Munro etc displayed rare quality of leadership.Thier secondary leadership was
also more capable than the Indians leaders.
• financial strength- English trade have fabulous profit with trade which help it in having r sources for the wars.

English vs bengal:-
• British conquest of Bengal - Bengal is the richest province and East India has vital commercial interest in trading in Bengal .By the foundation of
Calcutta by English complete the process of commercial settlement.
• Alivardi khan and English - He is the Deputy governor of Bihar and killed Nawab of Bengal sarfaraz khan.He ruled for 15 yrs and fought with
Maratha.English men took advantage of Maratha incursion and make settlement around fort William.
• Challenge Before Siraj - ud - Dalula - He was young when he succeeded the alivardi khan.There were many rebbelious leader were present against
him.Many dominant nobles were against him.
➢ Battle of plassey(23-06-1757)--
➢ The English officials misused the privileges provided by the Nawab.Black hole tragedy insitigate the rivalary between the British and Nawab of
Bengal.
➢ Robert clive's victory in battle of plaseey over siraj-ud-daula laid the territorial foundation of british rule in india.
➢ Clive formed a secret alliance with Mir Jafar ,Rai Durlabh ,Jagat Seth
➢ Victory of Plassey made Mir Jafar Nawab of Bengal it established military supremacy of British.
Battle of buxar(1764)--
➢ Mir Jafar failure to make payment to the company and Mir kasim son in law claim the throne finally Mir Jafar resign from the throne.He was
succeeded by Mir Kasim.
➢ The misuse of Dastak and unequal competition of local merchant with company merchant irritated the Mir Kasim.It lead to a war between English and
Mir kasim in 1763.
➢ Company victory lead by Hector munro over the combined armies of nawab of bengal,nawab of awadh,and the mughal emperor at buxar laid the real
foundation of english power.
➢ Treaty of allahabad(1765)--Granted the diwani rights of bengal,bihar,and orissa to english; english signed two treaties-1)treaty with nawab of awadh,
2) treaty with shah alam II(mughal emperor).
➢ Dual government--(1765-72)- Robert Clive introduce dual Government in Bengal which means that there is ruled of two two one is by company and
another by Nawab.The company hold diwani right means right to collect revenue while Nawab has function to maintain peace and order of state.It
ended in 1772 by Robert Clive.
➢ WAR ➢ YEAR
➢ 1ST ANGLO-MYSORE ➢ 1767-69; TREATY OF MADRAS
➢ 2ND ANGLO-MYSORE ➢ 1779-84;TREATY OF MANGALORE
➢ 3RD ANGLO-MYSORE ➢ 1790-92;TREATY OF SERINGAPATAM
➢ 4TH ANGLO-MYSORE ➢ 1799;MYSORE IS CONQUERED
➢ 1ST ANGLO-MARATHA ➢ 1775-82;TREATY OF SALBAI(1782),TREATY

OF SURAT(1775),TREATY OF PURANDHAR(1776)
➢ 2ND ANGLO-MARATHA ➢ 1803-05;TREARY OF BASSEIN
➢ 3RD ANGLO-MARATHA ➢ 1817-19
➢ 1ST ANGLO-SIKH ➢ 1845-46;TREATY OF LAHORE1846;TREATY

OF BHAIROWAL.
➢ 2ND ANGLO-SIKH ➢ 1848-49; ANNEXATION OF PUNJAB.
➢ 1ST ANGLO-BURMA ➢ 1824-26;TREATY OF YANDABO
➢ 2ND ANGLO-BURMA ➢ 1852
➢ 1ST ANGLO-AFGHAN ➢ 1839-42; dost mohammad

surrendered(1840)and shah shuja made the amir of
afghanistan; unacceptable to afghans shah shuja;
dost mohammad restored to afghanistan.
➢ 2ND ANGLO-AFGHAN ➢ 1870-80;TREATY OF GANDAMAK(1879)
➢ 3RD ANGLO-BURMA ➢ 1885
CAUSES OF DEFEAT OF MARATHA--inept leadership; defective nature of state; loose political setup; inferior military system; unstable economic policy;
superior english diplomacy and espionage; progressive english outlook.
SUBSDIARY STATES--hyderabad1798; mysore1799; awadh1801; peshwa1801; bhonsle of berar1803; sindhia1804; jodhpur1818; jaipur1818; macheri1818;
bundi1818; bharatpur1818.
DOCTRENE OF LAPS STATES-- satara1848;sambhalpur1849; bhagat1850; udaipur1850; nagpur1854; jhanshi1855; awadh1856( due to maladministration).
• Haidar ali--became ruler of mysore in 1761; set up an arms factort at dindigul with help from french; introduced western methods to train his army;
earlier lost to marathas(1764,1766,1771) but after death of madhavrao's death, raided marathas number of times; lost to eyre coot at porto novo in
second anglo mysore war.
• Tipu sultan-- organised his army on european model; patron of science and technology; gave support to set up jacobian club and became member of it;
planted tree of liberty at seringapatam; sanctioned funds for repair of sringeri temple and installation of idol of goddess sarada; fought in 2nd, 3rd and
4th anglo-mysore war; got defeated in both 3rd and 4th war and died in 1799.
• Under marathas each prominent family under a chief was assigned a sphere of influence which he was supposed to conquer and rule, but in name of
then maratha king shahu.
• Gaekwad • Baroda
• Bhonsle • Nagpur
• Holkar • Indore
• Sindhia • Gwalior
• Peshwa • Poona
• English vs maratha--cause was inordinate ambition of the english, and divided house of marathas.
• Treaty of surat--raghunathrao and english against 12 maratha chief(barabhai) led by nana phadnavis.
• Scorched earth policy--burning farmland and poisoning wells; by marathas.
• Defeat of • Treaty of
• Bhonsle(1803) • Devgaon
• Sindhia(1803) • Surajianjangaon
• Holkar(1806) • Rajpurghat
• In 3rd anglo maratha war peshwa was defeated at khirki (treaty of poona), bhonsle at sitabuldi, holkar at mahidpur.
• In june 1818 peshwa surrendered and maratha confederacy was dissolved; peshwaship was abolished.
• In 1783, the Talpuras, under leadership of Mir fatah ali khan( his brothers popularly known as char yar), established complete hold over sindh and sent
Kallora( before talpuras) prince into exile.
• Due to fear of french initially and later russian invasion in british india, sindh was very important for britishers.
• Sindh was turned into british protectorate in 1838; sindh accepts subsdiary alliance in 1839; in 1843 under governor general Ellenborough, sindh was
merged into british empire and charles napier became its first governor.
• Banda bahadur was defeated by farrukhsiyar and put to death in 1716.
• Khalsa in 2 sections--budha dal(army of veterans); taruna dal(army of young); sikhs consolidated in misls( arabic word meaning equal or alike) which
were military brotherhoods with a democratic set up; central administration of misl was based on Gurumatta sangh which was essentially a political,
social and economic system.
• Ranjit singh--sukarchakiya misl; followed policy of blood and iron; acquired jammu and amritsar, multan, kashmir, peshawar; signed treaty of amritsar
with english in 1809; signed tripartite treaty with english in 1838.
• 2 fold method for imperial expansion during 1757-1857--1)policy of annexation by conquest or war; 2) policy of annexation by diplomacy and
administrative mechanism.
• Policy of ring-fence=> It is followed by warren hastings which is aimed for creating buffer zones to defend the company's frontiers such as awadh as
buffer state for bengal.It was reflected in his war against the Marathas and Mysore.
• Subsdiary alliance=>by lord wellesly; permanent stationing of british force in indian state's empire and to pay subsidy for its maintainance by indian
ruler; indian ruler had to agree to posting of british resident in his court; indian ruler could not employ any european in his service without prior
consultation with company; british would defend indian ruler and adopt a policy of non interference in internal matters of the allied state.
• Stages of subsidiary alliance=> in first britishers provided troops; in second both britishers and indian ruler fight for commion cause; in third britishers
demanded money and everything would be done by them; and in 4th stage due to non payment of fee( as it was fixed very high) indian ruler's
territory was ceded.
• Doctrine of lapse=>adopted son could be the heir to his foster father's private property but not the state, it was for britishers to decide whether to
bestow the state on the adopted son or to annex it; widely used by dalhousie but he was not the originator of this.
• Treaty of Sagauli(1816) between english and nepal which was in favour of the british; britishers reached himalayas.
• British vs Burma=> expansion of both; forest resources of burma; market; need to check french ambitions.
• English vs tibet=> minimal commerce; threat of russias influence on lhasa; britisher send gorkha contingent under colonel Younghusband.
ANGLO-AFGHAN RELATIONS:-
• Forward policy of Auckland--company had to take initiatives to protect boundaries of british india from probable russian attack.
• John lawrence and policy of master=>outcome of reaction to disasters of first anglo-afghan war; an intimate knowledge of frontier problem.
• Lytton and policy of proud reserve=>lytton nominee of conservative government; aimed at having scientific frontiers and safegaurding spheres of
influence.
• DURAND LINE=>by durand agreement(1893); boundary line between afghan and british territories.
CH-06
PEOPLE'S RESISTANCE AGAINST BRITISH BEFORE 1857
Meaning of people resistance-
• It means resistance of people of India towards the British rule and people comprise all the section of society.
• Some early resistant by people are - Agitation against house tax in 1810, Surat riots against salt tax in 1814
• People resistance took three broad forms -
(a) civil rebellion
( b) Tribal uprising
(c) Peasant movement
• The genesis of people resistance arises with the colonial law and judiciary favours Britishers.The blunt policies left no choice with people except the
resistance.
• Tribal were exploited which compel them rise thier voice against British.
FACTORS=> colonial land revenue settlements; heavy burden of new taxes and eviction of peasants from their land; growth of intermediary revenue collectors;
tenants and money lenders; expansion of revenue administration over tribal lands; destruction of indigenous industry and promotion of british manufactured
goods; end of patronage to priestly and scholarly classes; foreign character of british rule.
FORMS OF PEOPLE UPRISING=>civil uprisings; peasants movement; tribal revolt; military revolts.
CIVIL UPRISINGS BEFORE 1857:-
Cause of Civil Uprising -
• Changes in the land revenue system ,economy and administration was against the people.
• Zamindar lost control on thier land and revenue due to colonial rule.
• Zamindar were replaced by the merchant and money lender.
• Handicraft industries was ruined due to colonial policies.
• Preistly class was affected by the fall of Zamindar and they instigated hatered and rebellion against foriegn rule
Revolt Year Place Leader
Sanyasi 1763-1800 Bihar and bengal Manju shah,Musa shah
Rebellion in 1766-67 Bengal Damodar singh

midnapore,dhalbhum
Revolt of moamarias 1769-99 Assam Krishnanarayan
Civil uprisings in 1781 Uttar pradesh

gorakhpur,basti
Revolt of raja of Northern circars Vizieram rauze(chinna

vizianagaram vijayaramaraju)
Revolt in bednur 1797-1800 Karnataka Dhundia wagh
Civil rebellion in awadh; 1799 Uttar pradesh Wazir ali khan

massacre of benares
Uprising in ganjam and 1800 Orissa Strikara bhanj

gumsur
Poligar's revolt 1795-1805 Madurai Kattabomman
Revolt of velu thampi 1808-09 Travencore Velu thampi
Parlakimedi 1813-34 Orissa Narayan deo
Kutch rebellion 1819 Gujarat Rao Bharamal
Upsurge in hathras 1817 Aligarh,agra Dayaram
Paika rebellion 1817 Orissa Jagabandhu

bidyadhar,mukunda
deva, dinabandhu
Waghera rising 1818-20 Baroda Waghera chief of okha

mandal
Ahom revolt 1828 Assam Gomdhar konwar
Gadkari revolt 1844 Kolhapur Gadakaria
Revolt of savantavadi 1844-59 North konkan Phond savant, subana
nikam
Wahabi 1830-61 Bihar,bengal,punjab etc Syed ahmad of rai

movement( islamic bareilly; shah waliullah
revivalist movement) of delhi
Islamic revivalist
movement
Kuka movement 1840-72 Punjab Bhagat mal,ram singh
Restoration of the Sikh

rule
PEASANT MOVEMENTS:-
Narkelberia 1831 Bengal Titu mir(mir nithar ali)
Pagal panthis 1825-35 Bengal Karam shah,tipu
Faraizi 1838-57 Faridpur bengal Haji Shariat-allah(son of

dadu mian)
Advocate radical
religious,social and
political changes.
Moplah 1836-54 Malabar kerala
TRIBAL REVOLTS:-
Causes-
• Land settlement affected the tradition among tribals and disrupted the social fabric.
• There was influx of non tribal people in these areas.
• Britishers extend its control over the forest areas.
• Exploitation by money lenders ,police and traders aggravated tribal suffering.
Characteristics -
• A common cause for the resentment against the imposition of laws by the foreign governments.
• Uprising were lead by the figures who encouraged people to revolt
• Outdated arms were used.
IMPORTANT TRIBAL REVOLTS-
Pahariyas 1778 Rajmahal hills
Chuar 1766-72,1795-1816 Midnapore bengal Sham ganjan,durjan

singh,madhab
Kol 1831 Ranchi,singhbhum,hazaribagh,palamau Buddho bhagat
Ho and munda 1820-22, 1831-37, Chotanagpur region Birsa munda(1899-

1899-1900 1900)
Santhal 1855-56 Rajmahal hill bihar Sidhu and kanhu
Khond 1837-56 Hilly tracts extending from tamil nadu Chakra bisoi
to bengal
Koya 1803, 1840-62, Andhra pradesh Tomma sora, raja
1879-80 anantayyar
Bhil 1817-19, 1913 Khandesh,dhar,malwa,western ghat
Koli 1829, 1839, 1844- Western ghats

48
Ramosi 1822-29, 1839-41 Western ghats Chittur singh
Khasi 1829-33 Sylhet,khasis, garos, khamptis,singhpos Tirath singh
Singhpos 1830-31,1843 Assam burma border Nirang phidu
SEPOYS MUTINY:-
Causes -
• Discrimination in payments and promotions.

• Mistreatment of sepoys by British official
• Refusal of government to pay allowance for fighting in remote areas.
Important mutinies-
Mutiny Year
Vellore 1806
47th native infantry 1824
37th native infantrt 1852
Sholapur 1833
➢ Anandmath and devi chaudhurani written by bankim chandra chattopadhyay is based on sanyasi revolt.
➢ Moamarias--low caste peasants of assam who followed the teachings of aniruddhadeva
➢ Kaval=>ancient institution of tamil nadu; hereditary village police office with specified rights and responsibilities.
➢ Kundara proclamatiom=>by velu thampi.
➢ Paiks of odisha were traditional landed militia(foot soldiers); bakshi jagabandhu had been the military chief of the forces of the raja of khurda.
➢ Dar-ul-harb=land of kafirs
➢ Dar-ul-harb=land of islam
➢ Faraizis were the followers of muslim sect founded by haji shariat-allah of faridpur in eastern bengal.
➢ Tana bhagat movement among mundas and oraon tribes led by jatra bhagat,balram bhagat.
➢ Zeliangsong movement=>1920s;manipur; led by zemi,liangmei,and rongmei tribes.
➢ Heraka cult=>1930s; manipur;led by rani gaidinliu.

CH-07
THE REVOLT OF 1857:-
Rising Discontent -
• The British expansionist policies , economic exploitation adversely affected the position of every strata of society.
• This simmering discontent burst in form of 1857 revolt.
• Between 1757 - 1857 many revolts can be seen which are indication of the Discontent.
MAJOR CAUSES OF 1857 REVOLT -
REVOLT is result of product of character and policies of colonial rule.
Economic causes=> heavy taxation under new revenue settlement; discriminatory tariff policy against indian products; destruction of traditional handicrafts
industry; absence of concomitant industrialization in modern lines that hit peasants, artisans and small zamindars.
Adminstrative cause - Rampant corruption in company administration was cause of discontent in people.Laws are in favour of British.
Socio religious cause - Activities of Christian missionaries were looked as suspicion by Indians The socio religious reform such as abolition of sati , Widow re -
marriage and women's education were seen as interference in the sociatal norms.
Influence of outside events - some important events of outside like Afghan war ,Punjab war Crimean war affected the British.
Political causes=>greedy policy of aggrandisement; absentee sovereigntyship character of british rule; british interference in socio religious affairs of indian
public.
Military causes=>discontent among sepoys for economic, psychological and religious reasons, coupled with long history of revolts.
Beginning and Spread of the Revolt -
• The increasing discontent in the company army's due to religious beliefs and discrimination is the beginning of the Revolt.The issue of denial for giving
foreign service allowance work as spark.
• The mixing of bone dust in flour and introduction of Enfield rifle were the immediate cause for this revolt.The greased wrapping of the cartridge of
new rifle had to be bitten off before loading and this was reported to be made of beef and pig fat and this lead to the revolt of army
• The revolt began at Meerut on 10 may 1857 and spread to the Punjab in North to the Narmada in south.
• The 19 th Infantry at Berahmpur who refused to use Enfield rifle broke out mutiny in March 1857.
• Mangal Pandey of 34th infantry fired at sergeant of his unit at Barrackpore and he was executed on 8th April.
• In Meerut 90 men refused to accept the greased cartridge ,they were put in imprisonment for 10 yrs and this lead to Mutiny at Meerut.
• Delhi become the center of this revolt and Bahadur Shah was the symbol.He was choosen as a leader because he last king of Mughal which is a symbol
of India's political unity.
• The revolt started as a sepoys mutiny but it become a common mutiny in which civil population also participated.They participated due give vent to
thier opposition to British rule.The peasants,artisans, shopkeeper ,labourer ,Zamindar ,priest participated in this revolt.
CENTRES AND LEADERS-
Place Leader
Delhi General bakht khan
Kanpur Nana saheb
Lucknow Begum hazrat mahal
Bareilly Khan bahadur
Bihar Kunwar singh(zamindar of jagdishpur)
Faizabad Maulvi ahmadullah
Jhansi Rani laxmibai
Baghpat Shah mal

BRITISH RESISTANCE:-
Place Leader
Delhi Willoughby, john nicholson,hudson
Kanpur Hugh wheeler, colin campbell
Lucknow Henry lawrence,inglis,henry havelock,james

outram, colin campbell
Jhansi Hugh rose
Benares James neill
Suppression of the Revolt-
• The British captured the Delhi on 20 sept 1857 in the leadership of John Nicholson.
• Bahadur Shah was captured and was taken in the prison he was exiled to Rangoon.Nanashaeb was defeated in Kanpur and escaped to Nepal.The Rani
of Jhansi died on the battle field in 1858. In 1859 the British authority was fully re- established.
Causes of failure=>limited territorial and social base; crucial support of certain sections of indian public to british authorities; lack of resources as compared to
britishers; lack of coordination and a central leadership; lack of coherent ideology and a political perspective.
Nature=) Not quite 1st war of independence but sowed the seeds of nationalism and quest for freedom from alien rule.
R.c.mazumdar-- neither first nor national war of independence.

V.d.savarkar--war of independence.
Eric stokes--mere sepoy mutiny.
James outram--a mohammedan conspiracy making capital of hindu grievances.
S.n.sen--not an organised national revolt.
Consequence of the revolt -
• The 1857 revolt was a turning point in Indian history the british parliament passes a act for better Government of India in 1858
• Queen's(victoria) was declared as the sovereign of British India and Secretary of state for India is appointed
• Direct rule of company was abolished and direct responsibility of administration was assumed by the crown.
• The army was reorganised number of Indian soldiers drastically reduced and there was increase of Foreign soldiers
• The British decided not to interfere in traditional structure of Indian society and will not try to reform it.
• The policy of divide and rule started by British by using a class or community against another
• In 1861 civil service act was passed which give an impression that all are equals under the Queen.
Significance of the Revolt -
• For Britishers it showed thier shortcomings in the administration.

• For Indians it is start of thier Independence struggle and made people more aware about the British rule.It gave a platform for the people grievances
CHAPTER - 08
SOCIO RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENT:-
Factors which give desire of REFORM-
• Impact of British rule - British conquest was different it doesn't assimilate with Indian culture.Europe is passing through the phase of Enlightenment
and have scientific outlook which affected the Indian society.
• Social conditions in 19 th century was in the web of Religious superstitions.Idolatry ,polytheism and other social evils become part of society.
• The Position of women degraded due to purdah system; early marriage; lack of education; unequal rights in marriage, divorce, inheritance; polygamy;
female infanticide; restrictions on widow remarriage; sati
• Caste problem - This hierarchical system was based on the the basis of ritual status.In this ladder at bottom were Untouchables who suffered from
many restriction and disabilities.Under it social mobility was checked ,social divisions grew.
• Awareness among Enlightened Indians- The impact of western culture gave birth to the new awakening.The rising tide of Nationalism and democracy
also found position in the reform.
➢ Social base was emerging middle class and western-educated intellectuals.The European middle class was affected by the Renaissance,Reformation
and Enlightenment.
➢ Ideological base was rationalism, religious universalism, humanism, secularism.Raja ram Mohan Roy and other reformist use a rational approach to
study tradition and evaluated contemporary socio religious practices from the view of social utility.They use the rational approach for thier
investigation on the religion.A new view comes out of it that human can progress with human moral values.
The movement was broadly classified into two -
( A )Reforminst - Want to change to the whole system into a new one.ex -brahmo samaj; prarthana samaj etc.
( B ) Revivalist - want to go back to the societal system before British. Ex -arya samaj; deoband movement.
Fight for Betterment of Women Position –
• Women were accorded low status and were considered as inferior to men with no thier own invidual identity.
• The practices like Purdah system, Early marriage, widow marriage ,sari system in which women life are stucked.
• The reformist appealed for the doctrines of individuality and equality.It raised voice against all the evil practices against women.
• Many steps taken by the reformist for the improvement of positions of women.
➢ Abolition of sati was one of the greatest reform of the century.Raja Rammohan Roy with the help of government declared the practices of sati
illegal and punishable.The regulation of 1829 was first applicable on Bengal and then in Bombay presidencies.
➢ The Bengal regulation of 1795 and 1804 declared infanticide illegal and equivalent to murder.In 1870 act was passed for compulsory registration
of the born babies.
➢ Widow remarriage was the main agenda of Braham samaj.Pandit Ishwar Chandra vidyasagar made an effort regarding this and Hindu widow
remarriage act 1856 was passed.sashtri pandit founded widow remarriage association in 1850s.Karsondas Mulji satrted Satya Prakash in Gujarati
to advocate widow remarriage.D.K karwe also dedicated his life to the upliftment of women conditions.
➢ The 1872 child marriage act prohibited the this evil.The sardar act further pushed the marriage of child from 14 to 18.
➢ The Bethune school founded by J.E.D Bethune in 1849 was the first step towards the women education.Charles wood despatch( 1854 ) on
education laid great stress on the need of female education.
Struggle against Cased Based Exploitation-
• Some British polices such as creation of private land and free sale of land upset caste equations.The British administration was based on the concept
of equality before law help in removing caste inequalities.
• Social reform movement from group such as Brahmo samaj, Prathna samaj, Arya samaj worked for the spread of education among untouchables and
remove restriction imposed on lower caste.It also undermine the caste based exploitation.
• The national movement work as string of unity and people from all caste and creed join it which also help in reducing the caste based discrimination.
• The increasing level of education and awakening among the people made powerful movement for thier rights.Jyotiba Phule led a movement against
the brahaminical domination of Hindu society.Baba shaeb Ambedkar organised All India Schedule Caste Federation which condemned the caste
discrimination.
• The constitution of free India was based on eqaulity of law and non discrimination based on caste.

FACTORS UNDERMINING CASTE REGIDITIES=> Forces unleashed by colonial administration; social reform movements; national movement; gandhis campaign
against untouchability; stirrings among lower castes due to better education and employment; free india's constitution.
• Bharat mahila parishad=>1904; ramabai ranade.

• Arya mahila samaj=>pandita ramabai saraswati.
• All india women's conference=>1927; margaret cousins.
• Sri narayana guru=> one religion, one caste, one God for mankind.
• Sahadaran Ayyapan=>no religion, no caste, no God for mankind.
• Positive aspects of reform movements=>liberation of individual from conformity out of fear psychosis; worship made a more personal affair; encouraged
social climate for modernization; ended india's cultural, intellectual isolation from rest of the world; evolution of national consciousness; cultural roots to
middle classes thus mitigating sense of humiliation , much needed self respect gained fostered secular outlook.
• Negative aspects=> narrow social base; indirectly encouraged mysticism; overemphasis on religious, philosophical aspects of culture while
underemphasising secular and moral aspects; hindus confined their praise to ancient india history and muslims to medieval history which led to a notion
of 2 separate peoples and increased communal consciousness; historical process of evolution of composite culture arrested to some extent.

Pp FOR FULL PDF - COMPLETE STUDY MATERIAL - JOIN OUR PAID GROUP - CALL 8564880530
UPPSC PRE 2019 ( NEW BATCH FROM 5 JUNE ) ; BPSC 65TH PT ( NEW BATCH ) ; UPSSSC LOWER PCS ; BPSC
Chapter -09
MAINS 64TH ; UPSC 2020 ( PRELIMS ) ; OPTIONAL GROUPS + STUDY MATERIAL
General Survey of Socio - Cultural Reform Movements
BRAHMO SAMAJ AND RAJA RAMMOHAN ROY:-
• RAJA RAMMOHAN ROY=> 1772-1833; Father of indian renaissance; maker of modern india; faith in monotheism; in 1814 set up atmiya sabha in
culcutta; founded brahmo samaj in 1828; didnot wanted to establish new religion; died in 1833; determined crusader against sati; attacked polygamy
and demanded right of inheritance and property for women; in 1825 founded vedanta college; in 1817 supported david hare's Hindu college
• Twin pillars=> reason and the vedas and upanishads.
• Raja radhakant deb formed dharma sabha to counter brahmo samaj.

Document

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Document

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES – GYAN ( JOIN OUR PAID GROUP 8564880530)

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN

MODERN INDIAN SOURCES

➢ James rennel--1st surveyor general of Bengal in 1767.

➢ The hindu; swadesamitran ➢ G.Subramaniya iyer

➢ Kesari; mahratta ➢ B.G.Tilak

➢ Amrita Bazar Patrika ➢ Shishir and motilal Ghosh

➢ Sudharak ➢ G.K. Gokhale

➢ Indian mirror ➢ N.N.Sen

➢ Voice of india ➢ Dadabhai Naoroji

➢ Indian sociologist ➢ Shyamji varma

➢ Bande matram ➢ Madam cama

➢ Company painting--Patna kalam.

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN

Major approaches to the History of modern India-

• Historiography is the science of history interpretation

• It is the approach which is dominated by the Europeans

• It contribute to the growth of nationalist feeling and unified India.

• Begin with Ranjit Guha in 1980s

• STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN

Dicovery of Sea route –

• Vasco da gama discovered sea route to india in 1498.

• United East Company; formed in 1602 by charter of Dutch parliament.

• 1st factories founded in 1605 at Masulipatnam.

REASON FOR ENGLISH SUCCESS:-

• Its organised Structure and nature of the trading company.

• STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN

INDIA ON THE EVE OF BRITISH CONQUEST:-

CHALLENGES BEFORE MUGHALS -

Weak Ruler after Aurangzeb -

• STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN

RISE OF REGIONAL STATES:-

2)INDEPENDENT KINGDOMS--due to destabilisation of mughal control over provinces such as mysore,kerala,rajputs.

3)THE NEW STATES--set up by the rebels against mughals such as marathaa,sikhs,jats.

BENGAL--By Murshid kuli khan; succeeded by shuja-ud-din--sarfaraz khan--alivardi khan.

RAJPUTS--Alliance between ajit singh,jai singh2, durgadas rathore.

MYSORE--ruled by wodeyars; later brought under Haidar ali.

KERALA--by Martanda varma.

MARATHAS--Leadership of peshwas; lost battle of panipat third.

ROHILAKHAND--By ali muhammad khan.

FARUKHABAD--By mohammad khan bangash.

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN

British Imperial History -

• Britain started with the conquest of Ireland in 16th century.

Factors for success--

• STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN

➢ 1ST ANGLO-MYSORE ➢ 1767-69; TREATY OF MADRAS

➢ 2ND ANGLO-MYSORE ➢ 1779-84;TREATY OF MANGALORE

➢ 3RD ANGLO-MYSORE ➢ 1790-92;TREATY OF SERINGAPATAM

➢ 4TH ANGLO-MYSORE ➢ 1799;MYSORE IS CONQUERED

➢ 1ST ANGLO-MARATHA ➢ 1775-82;TREATY OF SALBAI(1782),TREATY

➢ 2ND ANGLO-MARATHA ➢ 1803-05;TREARY OF BASSEIN

➢ 3RD ANGLO-MARATHA ➢ 1817-19

➢ 1ST ANGLO-SIKH ➢ 1845-46;TREATY OF LAHORE1846;TREATY

➢ 2ND ANGLO-SIKH ➢ 1848-49; ANNEXATION OF PUNJAB.

➢ 1ST ANGLO-BURMA ➢ 1824-26;TREATY OF YANDABO

➢ 2ND ANGLO-BURMA ➢ 1852

➢ 1ST ANGLO-AFGHAN ➢ 1839-42; dost mohammad

➢ 2ND ANGLO-AFGHAN ➢ 1870-80;TREATY OF GANDAMAK(1879)

➢ 3RD ANGLO-BURMA ➢ 1885

STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN

• STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN

• STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES - GYAN